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Liu C, Wang X, Tian JB, Ma PY, Meng FX, Zhang Q, Yu BF, Guo R, Liu ZZ, Wang HL, Xie J, Cheng NL, Wang JH, Niu B, Sun GQ. Construction of a cDNA library and preliminary analysis of the expressed sequence tags of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826). Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2537-2550. [PMID: 30720084 PMCID: PMC6423580 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are useful indicator organisms of soil health and Eisenia fetida have been extensively used as test organisms in ecotoxicological studies. In order to gain insight into the gene expression profiles associated with physiological functions of earthworms, a full-length enriched cDNA library of the Eisenia fetida genome was successfully constructed using Switching Mechanism at 5′End of RNA Template technology. Construction of a cDNA library and analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) are efficient approaches for collecting genomic information and identifying genes important for a given biological process. Furthermore, analysis of the expression abundance of ESTs was performed with the aim of providing genetic and transcriptomic information on the development and regenerative process of earthworms. Phrep and Crossmatch were used to process EST data and a total of 1,140 high-quality EST sequences were determined by sequencing random cDNA clones from the library. Clustering analysis of sequences revealed a total of 593 unique sequences including 225 contiguous and 368 singleton sequences. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database resulted in 593 significant hits (P-value <1×10−8), of which 168 were annotated through Gene Ontology analysis. The STRING database was used to determine relationships among the 168 ESTs, identifying associated genes involved in protein-protein interactions and gene expression regulation. Based on nucleic acid and protein sequence homology, the mutual relationships between 287 genes could be obtained, which identified a portion of the ESTs as known genes. The present study reports on the construction of a high-quality cDNA library representative of adult earthworms, on a preliminary analysis of ESTs and on a putative functional analysis of ESTs. The present study is expected to enhance our understanding of the molecular basis underlying the biological development of earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Bo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Yuan Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Xiu Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Feng Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Zhen Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Niu-Liang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Bo Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Gong-Qin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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Guo Y, Liu C, Lu T, Liu D, Bai C, Li X, Ma Y, Guan W. Generation and analysis of a large-scale expressed sequence tags from a full-length enriched cDNA library of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). Gene 2014; 541:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Liu C, Liu D, Guo Y, Lu T, Li X, Zhang M, Ma J, Ma Y, Guan W. Construction of a full-length enriched cDNA library and preliminary analysis of expressed sequence tags from Bengal Tiger Panthera tigris tigris. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11072-83. [PMID: 23708105 PMCID: PMC3709719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a full-length enriched cDNA library was successfully constructed from Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, the most well-known wild Animal. Total RNA was extracted from cultured Bengal tiger fibroblasts in vitro. The titers of primary and amplified libraries were 1.28 × 106 pfu/mL and 1.56 × 109 pfu/mL respectively. The percentage of recombinants from unamplified library was 90.2% and average length of exogenous inserts was 0.98 kb. A total of 212 individual ESTs with sizes ranging from 356 to 1108 bps were then analyzed. The BLASTX score revealed that 48.1% of the sequences were classified as a strong match, 45.3% as nominal and 6.6% as a weak match. Among the ESTs with known putative function, 26.4% ESTs were found to be related to all kinds of metabolisms, 19.3% ESTs to information storage and processing, 11.3% ESTs to posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones, 11.3% ESTs to transport, 9.9% ESTs to signal transducer/cell communication, 9.0% ESTs to structure protein, 3.8% ESTs to cell cycle, and only 6.6% ESTs classified as novel genes. By EST sequencing, a full-length gene coding ferritin was identified and characterized. The recombinant plasmid pET32a-TAT-Ferritin was constructed, coded for the TAT-Ferritin fusion protein with two 6× His-tags in N and C-terminal. After BCA assay, the concentration of soluble Trx-TAT-Ferritin recombinant protein was 2.32 ± 0.12 mg/mL. These results demonstrated that the reliability and representativeness of the cDNA library attained to the requirements of a standard cDNA library. This library provided a useful platform for the functional genome and transcriptome research of Bengal tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (C.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China; E-Mail:
| | - Dan Liu
- The Northeast Tiger Wooden Land of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150028, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233000, China; E-Mail:
| | - Taofeng Lu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (C.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (C.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Minghai Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150028, China; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Jianzhang Ma
- College of Wildlife Resource, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150028, China; E-Mails: (M.Z.); (J.M.)
| | - Yuehui Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (C.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.M.)
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; E-Mails: (C.L.); (T.L.); (X.L.); (Y.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-6281-5992; Fax: +86-10-6289-5371
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KE T, DONG CH, MAO H, ZHAO YZ, LIU HY, LIU SY. Construction of a Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Sesame Developing Seed by DSN and SMART™. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(11)60087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Construction and characterization of a cDNA library from wheat infected with Fusarium graminearum Fg 2. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:613-26. [PMID: 21340003 PMCID: PMC3039969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Total RNA from wheat spikes infected with F. graminearum Fg2 was extracted and the mRNA was purified. Switching Mechanism at 5′ end of the RNA Transcript (SMART) technique and CDS Ill/3′ primer were used for first-strand cDNA synthesis using reverse transcriptase by RT-PCR. Primer extension polymerase chain reaction was used to construct the double-strand cDNA that was digested by proteinase K, then by Sfi I and fractionated. cDNAs longer than 0.5 kb were collected and ligated to λTriplEx2 vector followed λ phage packaging reaction and library amplification. The qualities of both unamplified and amplified cDNA libraries were strictly checked by conventional titer determination. One hundred and sixty five plaques were randomly picked and tested using PCR with universal primers derived from the sequence flanking the vector. A high quality cDNA library from wheat spikes that have been infected by F. graminearum was successfully constructed.
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Liu CQ, Lu TF, Feng BG, Liu D, Guan WJ, Ma YH. Construction of cDNA library and preliminary analysis of expressed sequence tags from Siberian tiger. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:584-9. [PMID: 20941376 PMCID: PMC2952408 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we successfully constructed a full-length cDNA library from Siberian tiger, Panthera tigris altaica, the most well-known wild Animal. Total RNA was extracted from cultured Siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro. The titers of primary and amplified libraries were 1.30×106 pfu/ml and 1.62×109 pfu/ml respectively. The proportion of recombinants from unamplified library was 90.5% and average length of exogenous inserts was 1.13 kb. A total of 282 individual ESTs with sizes ranging from 328 to 1,142bps were then analyzed the BLASTX score revealed that 53.9% of the sequences were classified as strong match, 38.6% as nominal and 7.4% as weak match. 28.0% of them were found to be related to enzyme/catalytic protein, 20.9% ESTs to metabolism, 13.1% ESTs to transport, 12.1% ESTs to signal transducer/cell communication, 9.9% ESTs to structure protein, 3.9% ESTs to immunity protein/defense metabolism, 3.2% ESTs to cell cycle, and 8.9 ESTs classified as novel genes. These results demonstrated that the reliability and representativeness of the cDNA library attained to the requirements of a standard cDNA library. This library provided a useful platform for the functional genomic research of Siberian tigers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Gao PF, Cao GQ, Zhao HT, Zhang GX, Jiang YS, Wang QD. Molecular cloning and characterization of pigeon (Columba liva) ubiquitin and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme genes from pituitary gland library. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 5:34-43. [PMID: 19158944 PMCID: PMC2605574 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study of the regulation of incubation, broodiness and laying performance in pigeons (Columba liva), a cDNA library, which was enriched with full-length brooding-related genes, was constructed by SMART LD-PCR techniques using the pituitary glands of incubating White King pigeons. The titers of optimal primary libraries were 1.54×106 pfu/mL and 1.80×106 pfu/mL and the titers of amplified libraries were 1.89×108 pfu/mL and 2.32×109 pfu/mL. The percentages of recombinant clones of primary libraries and amplified libraries were all over 90%. A positive clone was sequenced and named ubiquitin based on the highly similar from other species. The fragment has the four initial codons of ATG, a termination codon of TAA and a signal sequence of AATAAA for adding the poly-A tail. The open reading frame of 918bp encodes 305 amino acids (NCBI accession number is EU981283). Recombinant pigeon ubiquitin protein was efficiently expressed with the form of insoluble inclusion bodies in E. coli BL21 transformed with a pET28a+ expression vector containing the DNA sequence encoding mature pigeon ubiquitin. The molecular weight of expressed protein is the same as predicted size of approximately 35kD. To improve the efficiency of cloning full-length cDNA, strategies of RACE combined with cDNA library were used. The length of pigeons ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene obtained was 1263 bp containing a complete open reading frame of 435 bp that encodes 144 aa (NCBI accession number is EU914824). The results of this study not only provide a starting point for further study of ubiquitin function in pigeon species, but also provide a starting point for investigating the brooding mechanisms of pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-fei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics & Reproduction, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
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Construction and characterization of a full-length cDNA library for the wheat stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici). BMC Genomics 2007; 8:145. [PMID: 17547766 PMCID: PMC1903366 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Puccinia striiformis is a plant pathogenic fungus causing stripe rust, one of the most important diseases on cereal crops and grasses worldwide. However, little is know about its genome and genes involved in the biology and pathogenicity of the pathogen. We initiated the functional genomic research of the fungus by constructing a full-length cDNA and determined functions of the first group of genes by sequence comparison of cDNA clones to genes reported in other fungi. Results A full-length cDNA library, consisting of 42,240 clones with an average cDNA insert of 1.9 kb, was constructed using urediniospores of race PST-78 of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. From 196 sequenced cDNA clones, we determined functions of 73 clones (37.2%). In addition, 36 clones (18.4%) had significant homology to hypothetical proteins, 37 clones (18.9%) had some homology to genes in other fungi, and the remaining 50 clones (25.5%) did not produce any hits. From the 73 clones with functions, we identified 51 different genes encoding protein products that are involved in amino acid metabolism, cell defense, cell cycle, cell signaling, cell structure and growth, energy cycle, lipid and nucleotide metabolism, protein modification, ribosomal protein complex, sugar metabolism, transcription factor, transport metabolism, and virulence/infection. Conclusion The full-length cDNA library is useful in identifying functional genes of P. striiformis.
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Pepperkok R, Ellenberg J. High-throughput fluorescence microscopy for systems biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2006; 7:690-6. [PMID: 16850035 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this post-genomic era, we need to define gene function on a genome-wide scale for model organisms and humans. The fundamental unit of biological processes is the cell. Among the most powerful tools to assay such processes in the physiological context of intact living cells are fluorescence microscopy and related imaging techniques. To enable these techniques to be applied to functional genomics experiments, fluorescence microscopy is making the transition to a quantitative and high-throughput technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Pepperkok
- Cell Biology/Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gutjahr C, Murphy D, Lueking A, Koenig A, Janitz M, O'Brien J, Korn B, Horn S, Lehrach H, Cahill DJ. Mouse protein arrays from a TH1 cell cDNA library for antibody screening and serum profiling. Genomics 2005; 85:285-96. [PMID: 15718096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is the premier genetic model organism for the study of disease and development. We describe the establishment of a mouse T helper cell type 1 (T(H)1) protein expression library that provides direct access to thousands of recombinant mouse proteins, in particular those associated with immune responses. The advantage of a system based on the combination of large cDNA expression libraries with microarray technology is the direct connection of the DNA sequence information from a particular clone to its recombinant, expressed protein. We have generated a mouse T(H)1 expression cDNA library and used protein arrays of this library to characterize the specificity and cross-reactivity of antibodies. Additionally, we have profiled the autoantibody repertoire in serum of a mouse model for systemic lupus erythematosus on these protein arrays and validated the putative autoantigens on highly sensitive protein microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gutjahr
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Lueking A, Cahill DJ, Müllner S. Protein biochips: A new and versatile platform technology for molecular medicine. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:789-94. [PMID: 15922937 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The human genome has been sequenced and the challenges of understanding the function of the newly discovered genes have been addressed. High-throughput technologies such as DNA microarrays have been developed for the profiling of gene expression patterns in whole organisms or tissues. Protein arrays are emerging to follow DNA chips as possible screening tools. Here, we review the generation and application of microarray technology to obtain more information on the regulation of proteins, their biochemical functions and their potential interaction partners. Already, a large variety of assays based on antibody-antigen interactions exists. In addition, the medical relevance of protein arrays will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Lueking
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Medical Proteome Center, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Wellenreuther R, Schupp I, Poustka A, Wiemann S. SMART amplification combined with cDNA size fractionation in order to obtain large full-length clones. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:36. [PMID: 15198809 PMCID: PMC436056 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND cDNA libraries are widely used to identify genes and splice variants, and as a physical resource for full-length clones. Conventionally-generated cDNA libraries contain a high percentage of 5'-truncated clones. Current library construction methods that enrich for full-length mRNA are laborious, and involve several enzymatic steps performed on mRNA, which renders them sensitive to RNA degradation. The SMART technique for full-length enrichment is robust but results in limited cDNA insert size of the library. RESULTS We describe a method to construct SMART full-length enriched cDNA libraries with large insert sizes. Sub-libraries were generated from size-fractionated cDNA with an average insert size of up to seven kb. The percentage of full-length clones was calculated for different size ranges from BLAST results of over 12,000 5'ESTs. CONCLUSIONS The presented technique is suitable to generate full-length enriched cDNA libraries with large average insert sizes in a straightforward and robust way. The representation of full-coding clones is high also for large cDNAs (70%, 4-10 kb), when high-quality starting mRNA is used.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Agar Gel/methods
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Wellenreuther
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Schupp
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Annemarie Poustka
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Department of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Auffray C, Chen Z, Hood L, Soares B, Sugano S. Foreword: from the TRANSCRIPTOME conferences to the SYSTEMOSCOPE international consortium. C R Biol 2004; 326:867-75. [PMID: 14744093 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2003.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This thematic issue issue of the Comptes rendus Biologies contains review articles, original papers and conference reports presented at the first two TRANSCRIPTOME conferences From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology and IMAGE Consortium Invitational workshops (Paris, November 2000 and Seattle, March 2002), and discussed during the inaugural meetings of the SYSTEMOSCOPE International Consortium (Paris, June 2003). We describe the founding principles, missions, working plan and policy for partnership and industrial development of SYSTEMOSCOPE to promote the study of the complexity of biological systems by integrating scientific, medical, ethical and economic issues in implementation of interdisciplinary projects for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Auffray
- Genexpress, Functional Genomics and Systemic Biology for Health, CNRS FRE 2571, 7, rue Guy-Môquet, BP 8, 94801 Villejuif cedex, France.
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