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Bande-De León C, Buendía-Moreno L, Abellán A, Manzi P, Al Mohandes Dridi B, Essaidi I, Aquilanti L, Tejada L. Clotting and Proteolytic Activity of Freeze-Dried Crude Extracts Obtained from Wild Thistles Cynara humilis L. and Onopordum platylepis Murb. Foods 2023; 12:2325. [PMID: 37372535 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising interest in finding alternatives to animal rennet in cheese production has led to studying the technological feasibility of using and exploiting new species of herbaceous plants. In this research work, and for the first time, freeze-dried extracts from Cynara humilis L. (CH) and Onopordum platylepis Murb. (OP) were studied for mineral and protein content, and their clotting and proteolytic activity were compared to those of Cynara cardunculus L. (CC). The effect of extract concentration (5-40 mg extract/mL), temperature (20-85 °C), pH (5-8), and CaCl2 concentration (5-70 mM) on the milk clotting activity (MCA) of CC, CH and OP extracts was evaluated. The MCA values were significantly higher in CC at the same extract concentration. The extract that showed the most significant increase in clotting activity due to increased temperature was OP, with maximum activity at 70 °C. The pH value for maximum milk clotting was 5.0 for both CC and CH, whereas, in the case of OP, the pH value was 5.5. CaCl2 enhanced the clotting capacity of the extracts, particularly for OP and CH. Furthermore, proteolytic activity (PA) and the hydrolysis rate increased with increasing time and enzyme concentration, with CC being the extract that achieved the highest caseinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Bande-De León
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Buendía-Moreno
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adela Abellán
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pamela Manzi
- CREA, Centro di Ricerca Alimenti e Nutrizione, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Bouthaina Al Mohandes Dridi
- Research Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR21AGR02, High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Ismahen Essaidi
- Research Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology LR21AGR02, High Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Sousse 4042, Tunisia
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Departament of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luis Tejada
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad Católica de Murcia-UCAM, Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Castro MM, Rosa D, Ferro AM, Faustino A, Paulino A, Brás T, Machado E, Cruz CP, Belo ADF, Nozes P, Portugal J, Ramôa S, Mendonça D, Simões F, Duarte MF, Marum L. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cynara cardunculus L. in southern Portugal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252792. [PMID: 34106958 PMCID: PMC8189484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus L. is a cardoon species native to the Mediterranean region, which is composed of three botanical taxa, each having distinct biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to examine wild populations of C. cardunculus established in Portugal, in order to determine their genetic diversity, geographic distribution, and population structure. Based on SSR markers, 121 individuals of C. cardunculus from 17 wild populations of the Portuguese Alentejo region were identified and analysed. Ten SSRs were found to be efficient markers in the genetic diversity analysis. The total number of alleles ranged from 9 to 17 per locus. The expected and observed means in heterozygosity, by population analysed, were 0.591 and 0.577, respectively. The wild population exhibited a high level of genetic diversity at the species level. The highest proportion of genetic variation was identified within a geographic group, while variation was lower among groups. Geographic areas having highest genetic diversity were identified in Alvito, Herdade da Abóboda, Herdade da Revilheira and Herdade de São Romão populations. Moreover, significant genetic differentiation existed between wild populations from North-Alentejo geographic locations (Arraiolos, Évora, Monte da Chaminé) and Centro Hortofrutícola, compared with other populations. This study reports genetic diversity among a representative number of wild populations and genotypes of C. cardunculus from Portugal. These results will provide valuable information towards future management of C. cardunculus germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Miguel Castro
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
| | - Daniela Rosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development – CEBAL, Beja, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Ferro
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development – CEBAL, Beja, Portugal
| | - Ana Faustino
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development – CEBAL, Beja, Portugal
| | - Ana Paulino
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Faculdade de Ciência, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Brás
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- LAQV/ REQUIMTE, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliana Machado
- MED-Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade de Évora, Ap 94, Évora, Portugal
| | - Carla Pinto Cruz
- Ambiente e Desenvolvimento & Departamento de Biologia, MED - Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Ap 94, Évora, Portugal
| | - Anabela D. F. Belo
- Ambiente e Desenvolvimento & Departamento de Biologia, MED - Instituto Mediterrâneo para a Agricultura, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Ap 94, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paula Nozes
- Departamento de Biociências/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
| | - João Portugal
- Departamento de Biociências/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- VALORIZA – Centro de Investigação para a Valorização dos Recursos Endógenos, Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Sofia Ramôa
- Departamento de Biociências/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
| | - Diogo Mendonça
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P. (INIAV IP), Unidade Estratégica de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P. (INIAV IP), Unidade Estratégica de Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria F. Duarte
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development – CEBAL, Beja, Portugal
| | - Liliana Marum
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL)/Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development – CEBAL, Beja, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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A New Insight on Cardoon : Exploring New Uses besides Cheese Making with a View to Zero Waste. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050564. [PMID: 32370268 PMCID: PMC7278730 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus L., is a perennial plant whose flowers are used as vegetal rennet in cheese making. Cardoon is native from the Mediterranean area and is commonly used in the preparation of salads and soup dishes. Nowadays, cardoon is also being exploited for the production of energy, generating large amount of wastes, mainly leaves. These wastes are rich in bioactive compounds with important health benefits. The aim of this review is to highlight the main properties of cardoon leaves according to the current research and to explore its potential uses in different sectors, namely the food industry. Cardoon leaves are recognized to have potential health benefits. In fact, some studies indicated that cardoon leaves could have diuretic, hepato-protective, choleretic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-carcinogenic, and antibacterial properties. Most of these properties are due to excellent polyphenol profiles, with interesting antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These findings indicate that cardoon leaves can have new potential uses in different sectors, such as cosmetics and the food industry; in particular, they can be used for the preparation of extracts to incorporate into active food packaging. In the future, these new uses of cardoon leaves will allow for zero waste of this crop.
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Gomes S, Belo AT, Alvarenga N, Dias J, Lage P, Pinheiro C, Pinto-Cruz C, Brás T, Duarte MF, Martins AP. Characterization of Cynara cardunculus L. flower from Alentejo as a coagulant agent for cheesemaking. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ben Amira A, Blecker C, Richel A, Arias AA, Fickers P, Francis F, Besbes S, Attia H. Influence of the ripening stage and the lyophilization of wild cardoon flowers on their chemical composition, enzymatic activities of extracts and technological properties of cheese curds. Food Chem 2018; 245:919-925. [PMID: 29287460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rau D, Rodriguez M, Rapposelli E, Murgia ML, Papa R, Brown AHD, Attene G. Spatial genetic structure in wild cardoon, the ancestor of cultivated globe artichoke: Limited gene flow, fragmentation and population history. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:194-205. [PMID: 27968988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear and chloroplast markers and phenotypic characters were integrated to analyse the population genetic structure of wild cardoon, Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris, the ancestor of cultivated globe artichoke, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus on the island of Sardinia, Italy. The spatial scale ranged from a few metres to ∼200km. Wild cardoon appears to be genetically fragmented, with significant genetic divergence at various scales, indicating that gene flow is insufficient to counterbalance the effects of genetic drift or founder effects. Divergence between populations was higher for chloroplast (40%) than for nuclear markers (15%), suggesting that gene flow via seed was lower than via pollen. Two main genetic groups were detected; these correlated with differences in flowering time, capitula size, glossiness, and anthocyanin pigmentation. A complex population structure of wild cardoon emerged over small spatial scales, likely resulting from the interplay between gene dispersal, colonisation history and selective forces. Indeed, Sardinia appears to be a 'hybrid zone' of different gene pools. The island has unique diverse germplasm that has originated from hybridisation among different gene pools. The sampling of seeds from a few plants but from many sites is suggested as the best strategy to harvest the genetic diversity of wild cardoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - M Rodriguez
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040 Alghero, Italy
| | - E Rapposelli
- AGRIS Sardegna, Servizio per la Ricerca in Arboricoltura, Via Mameli 126/D, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M L Murgia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - R Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A H D Brown
- Bioversity International (Honorary Research Fellow), Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, 00054 Maccarese, Fiumicino, Italy
| | - G Attene
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040 Alghero, Italy
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Correia P, Vítor A, Tenreiro M, Correia AC, Madanelo J, Guiné R. Effect of different thistle flower ecotypes as milk-clotting in Serra da Estrela cheese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-12-2015-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Thistle flower (Cynara cardunculus) aqueous extracts, as rich source of milk-clotting peptidases, have been widely used for cheeses marketed under the Registry of the Protected Designation of Origin, as it is the case of Serra da Estrela cheese, manufactured from raw ewes’ milk and without addition of any commercial starter culture. This paper aims at studying the influence of six different ecotypes of thistle flowers in cheese properties during the ripening and of final products.
Design/methodology/approach
Cheeses were produced with different thistle flower extracts and then the clotting time, weight and colour of cheeses, as well as texture properties and sensorial characteristics, were evaluated.
Findings
The clotting time varied from 47 to 66 min, and the weight loss along ripening varied between 32 and 40 per cent. There was some influence of thistle flower ecotype on the colour during ripening and in the final product. The results of texture analysis revealed significant differences between the thistle ecotypes: crust firmness varying from 2.4 to 5.6 N; inner firmness from 0.82 to 1.82 N; stickiness from −0.5 to −1.60 N; adhesiveness from −3.0 to −11.3 N.s; and Ecotype C was particularly distinguishable. Sensorial evaluation revealed differences among the cheeses, with Ecotype C receiving the highest score for global appreciation.
Originality/value
The usage of different extracts of thistle flower to produce Serra da Estrela cheese with different properties is a novelty, and it allows the possibility of manipulating this parameter in the future so as to produce cheeses with specific characteristics, addressed to different consumer targets.
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Boukhris A, Laffont-Schwob I, Mezghani I, Kadri LE, Prudent P, Pricop A, Tatoni T, Chaieb M. Screening biological traits and fluoride contents of native vegetations in arid environments to select efficiently fluoride-tolerant native plant species for in-situ phytoremediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:217-223. [PMID: 25014764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High fluoride pollution has been detected in the surrounding soils of the coastal superphosphate industries in the Gulf of Gabes (Southeast of Tunisia). A study was conducted in vicinity of factories analysing plant functional traits combined with plant fluoride accumulation and soil metal concentrations aiming to screen more efficiently native plant species tolerant to this pollution. Aerial parts of 18 plant species out of the 10 most abundant species per site were harvested on two polluted sites of Gabes and Skhira at the vicinity of the factories and on the less polluted site of Smara. Native plant species accumulated fluoride following the gradient of soil pollution. Fluoride contents of plant aerial parts ranged from 37 mg kg(-1) to 360 mg kg(-1) and five plant species were only found in the most polluted site. However these latter had low biomass and soil cover. Crossing biological traits and fluoride contents, a selection grid for potentially restorative plant species enabled the selection of three native perennials i.e. Rhanterium suaveolens, Atractylis serratuloides and, Erodium glaucophyllum as potential candidates for an in-situ phytoremediation program on arid fluoride-polluted sites. This approach may be used in other fluoride-polluted Mediterranean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Boukhris
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), 52 avenue Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France; Plant diversity and Ecosystems in Dry Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Isabelle Laffont-Schwob
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), 52 avenue Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | - Imed Mezghani
- Plant diversity and Ecosystems in Dry Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lefi El Kadri
- Plant diversity and Ecosystems in Dry Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Pascale Prudent
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement, case 29, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - Anca Pricop
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), 52 avenue Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France; Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Environnement, case 29, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - Thierry Tatoni
- Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), 52 avenue Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Mohamed Chaieb
- Plant diversity and Ecosystems in Dry Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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