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Besson MDR, Taiarol MDS, Fernandes EB, Ghiorzi IB, Nunes MR, Zen PRG, Rosa RFM. Chromosomal abnormalities detected by karyotyping among patients with secondary amenorrhea: a retrospective study. SAO PAULO MED J 2023; 141:e2022426. [PMID: 37042862 PMCID: PMC10085534 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2022.0426.r1.14012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) have been described in patients with secondary amenorrhea (SA). However, studies on this association are scarce. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the frequency and types of CAs detected by karyotyping in patients with SA. DESIGN AND SETTING This retrospective study was performed in a reference clinical genetic service in South Brazil. METHODS Data were obtained from the medical records of patients with SA who were evaluated between 1975 and 2022. Fisher's bicaudate exact test and Student's t-test were used, and P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Among 43 patients with SA, 14 (32.6%) had CAs, namely del (Xq) (n = 3), 45,X (n = 2), 46,X,r(X)/45,X (n = 2), 46,XX/45,X (n = 1), 46,X,i(q10)/45,X (n = 1), 47,XXX (n = 1), 46,XX/47,XXX (n = 1), 46,XX/47,XX,+mar (n = 1), 45,XX,trob(13;14)(q10;q10)/46,XXX,trob(13;14)(q10;q10) (n = 1), and 46,XX,t(2;21)(q23;q11.2) (n = 1). Additional findings were observed mostly among patients with CA compared with those without CA (P = 0.0021). No difference in the mean age was observed between the patients with SA with or without CAs (P = 0.268025). CONCLUSIONS CAs are common among patients with SA, especially those with short stature and additional findings. They are predominantly structural, involve the X chromosome in a mosaic, and are compatible with the Turner syndrome. Patients with SA, even if isolated, may have CAs, particularly del (Xq) and triple X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina da Rocha Besson
- BSc. Master´s Student, Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Mateus Dos Santos Taiarol
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Eliaquim Beck Fernandes
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Isadora Bueloni Ghiorzi
- Undergraduate Student, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Maurício Rouvel Nunes
- BSc. Doctoral Student, Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
- PhD. Professor, Departments of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
| | - Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa
- PhD. Professor, Departments of Clinical Medicine and Clinical Genetics, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
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The spectrum of chromosomal translocations in the Arab world: ethnic-specific chromosomal translocations and their relevance to diseases. Chromosoma 2022; 131:127-146. [PMID: 35907041 PMCID: PMC9470631 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations (CTs) are the most common type of structural chromosomal abnormalities in humans. CTs have been reported in several studies in the Arab world, but the frequency and spectrum of these translocations are not well characterized. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review to estimate the frequency and spectrum of CTs in the 22 Arab countries. Four literature databases were searched: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science, from the time of inception until July 2021. A combination of broad search terms was used to collect all possible CTs reported in the Arab world. In addition to the literature databases, all captured CTs were searched in three chromosomal rearrangement databases (Mitelman Database, CytoD 1.0 Database, and the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Hematology), along with PubMed and Google Scholar, to check whether the CTs are unique to the Arabs or shared between Arabs and non-Arabs. A total of 9,053 titles and abstracts were screened, of which 168 studies met our inclusion criteria, and 378 CTs were identified in 15 Arab countries, of which 57 CTs were unique to Arab patients. Approximately 89% of the identified CTs involved autosomal chromosomes. Three CTs, t(9;22), t(13;14), and t(14;18), showed the highest frequency, which were associated with hematological malignancies, recurrent pregnancy loss, and follicular lymphoma, respectively. Complex CTs were commonly reported among Arabs, with a total of 44 CTs, of which 12 were unique to Arabs. This is the first study to focus on the spectrum of CTs in the Arab world and compressively map the ethnic-specific CTs relevant to cancer. It seems that there is a distinctive genotype of Arabs with CTs, of which some manifested with unique clinical phenotypes. Although ethnic-specific CTs are highly relevant to disease mechanism, they are understudied and need to be thoroughly addressed.
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Ghadirkhomi E, Ghdirkhomi A, Angaji SA. Cytogenetic Studies in Primary Amenorrhoea Cases. J Hum Reprod Sci 2022; 15:187-190. [PMID: 35928472 PMCID: PMC9345280 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_13_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Amenorrhoea is considered a kind of menstrual disorder in a woman of reproductive age. It is a symptom with many potential causes such as an abnormality in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis, anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract or functional causes. Aims: In this study, we aimed to investigate chromosomal abnormalities in patients presenting with primary amenorrhoea. Study Setting and Design: This study was conducted in the medical genetic laboratory. Materials and Methods: Chromosomal analysis was carried out in 134 cases that were referred to the human genetic laboratory from 2010 to 2017, employing (GTG) Giemsa banding. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses were carried out by Microsoft Office Excel (2019). Results: The karyotype results revealed 77.6% (n = 104) with normal chromosome composition while 22.38% (n = 30) showed chromosomal abnormalities. Among the patients with abnormal chromosome constituents, 53.54% exhibited numerical aberration and 46.66% showed structural abnormalities. Conclusion: The present study has emphasised that karyotyping is one of the fundamental investigations in the evaluation of primary amenorrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghadirkhomi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akram Ghdirkhomi
- Food and Drug Administrator, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolhamid Angaji
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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Turkyilmaz A, Alavanda C, Ates EA, Geckinli BB, Polat H, Gokcu M, Karakaya T, Cebi AH, Soylemez MA, Guney Aİ, Ata P, Arman A. Whole-exome sequencing reveals new potential genes and variants in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:695-710. [PMID: 35066699 PMCID: PMC8995228 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by the cessation of menstrual cycles before the age of 40 years due to the depletion or dysfunction of the ovarian follicles. POI is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of etiology. The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic etiology in POI patients. METHODS A total of 35 patients (mean age: 27.2 years) from 28 different families diagnosed with POI were included in the study. Karyotype, FMR1 premutation analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) were conducted to determine the genetic etiology of patients. RESULTS A total of 35 patients with POI were first evaluated by karyotype analysis, and chromosomal anomaly was detected in three (8.5%) and FMR1 premutation was detected in six patients (17%) from two different families. A total of 29 patients without FMR1 premutation were included in the SNP array analysis, and one patient had a 337-kb deletion in the chromosome 6q26 region including PARK2 gene, which was thought to be associated with POI. Twenty-nine cases included in SNP array analysis were evaluated simultaneously with WES analysis, and genetic variant was detected in 55.1% (16/29). CONCLUSION In the present study, rare novel variants were identified in genes known to be associated with POI, which contribute to the mutation spectrum. The effects of detected novel genes and variations on different pathways such as gonadal development, meiosis and DNA repair, or metabolism need to be investigated by experimental studies. Molecular etiology allows accurate genetic counseling to the patient and family as well as fertility planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Arslan Ates
- grid.414850.c0000 0004 0642 8921Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Bilge Geckinli
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Polat
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gokcu
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Taner Karakaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Isparta City Hospital, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alper Han Cebi
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Soylemez
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet İlter Guney
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ata
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arman
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Benetti-Pinto CL, Soares Júnior JM, Maciel GA, Nácul AP, Yela DA, Silva ACJSRE. Premature ovarian insufficiency: A hormonal treatment approach. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E OBSTETRÍCIA 2020; 42:511-518. [PMID: 32898916 PMCID: PMC10309232 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Laguna Benetti-Pinto
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Maria Soares Júnior
- Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Arantes Maciel
- Departamento de Obstetricia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Angerame Yela
- Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Japur Sá Rosa e Silva
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Tartaglia N, Howell S, Davis S, Kowal K, Tanda T, Brown M, Boada C, Alston A, Crawford L, Thompson T, van Rijn S, Wilson R, Janusz J, Ross J. Early neurodevelopmental and medical profile in children with sex chromosome trisomies: Background for the prospective eXtraordinarY babies study to identify early risk factors and targets for intervention. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:428-443. [PMID: 32506668 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosome trisomies (SCT), including Klinefelter syndrome/XXY, Trisomy X, and XYY syndrome, occur in 1 of every 500 births. The past decades of research have resulted in a broadening of known associated medical comorbidities as well as advances in psychological research. This review summarizes what is known about early neurodevelopmental, behavioral, and medical manifestations in young children with SCT. We focus on recent research and unanswered questions related to the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders that commonly present in the first years of life and discuss the medical and endocrine manifestations of SCT at this young age. The increasing rate of prenatal SCT diagnoses provides the opportunity to address gaps in the existing literature in a new birth cohort, leading to development of the eXtraordinarY Babies Study. This study aims to better describe and compare the natural history of SCT conditions, identify predictors of positive and negative outcomes in SCT, evaluate developmental and autism screening measures commonly used in primary care practices for the SCT population, and build a rich data set linked to a bank of biological samples for future study. Results from this study and ongoing international research efforts will inform evidence-based care and improve health and neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tartaglia
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan Howell
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Shanlee Davis
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen Kowal
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours-Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tanea Tanda
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mariah Brown
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cristina Boada
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda Alston
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours-Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Crawford
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Talia Thompson
- Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sophie van Rijn
- Clinical Neurodevelopment Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Wilson
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Janusz
- eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Neurology and Neuropsychology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Judith Ross
- Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Nemours-Dupont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Premutations of FMR1 CGG repeats are not related to idiopathic premature ovarian failure in Iranian patients: A case control study. Gene 2018; 676:189-194. [PMID: 30030199 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a reproductive disease which affects 1 in 100 under 40 years women. FMR1 premutation carriers of CGG repeats are supposed to be at increased risk for POF. We have examined the 5'UTR region of the gene to find any association between the repeat size and the disease etiology in Iranian population. 30 women with early idiopathic POF and 30 fertile control women were selected. We used triplet repeat primed PCR (TP PCR) assay and gene-specific primers to amplify the CpG Island of FMR1 gene promoter region. The amplification results were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis and Gene Marker software. Among 30 patients, two had intermediate repeat size, one had premutation and the rest had CGG repeat of the normal range. Two of controls had intermediate repeats and none had a premutation. Two groups had significant differences in the repeat number average (p = 0.007) and in the average length of the smallest allele (p < 0.001), but had no promising difference in average length of the longest allele (p = 0.453). Although the two groups showed a significant difference in the length of alleles, their length was within normal range. Perhaps the polymorphism, in connection with the genome's entire network, has been involved in the development of the disease, or there has been a fundamentally different mechanism for the disease in Iranian population. A larger number of Iranian POF patients should be investigated for any probable relationship between the CGG triplet repeat length and the etiology of the disease.
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Primary ovarian insufficiency associated with autosomal abnormalities: from chromosome to genome-wide and beyond. Menopause 2018; 23:806-15. [PMID: 27045702 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathophysiology of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is not well elucidated. Many candidate genetic aberrations are on the X-chromosome; on the contrary, many genetic perturbations are also on the autosomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge of genetic aberrations on autosomes from chromosomal rearrangement, gene abnormality, genome-wide association studies and epigenetics. METHODS Searches of electronic databases were performed. Articles and abstracts relevant to POI and genetic studies associated with autosomes were summarized in this interpretive literature review. RESULTS Various genetic aberrations located on the autosomes were found. These abnormalities are from chromosomal rearrangement, which might disrupt the critical region on chromosome loci or disturbance of the meiosis process. Specific gene aberrations are also identified. The genes that have functions in ovarian development, folliculogenesis, and steroidogenesis on autosomes are proposed to be involved from gene association studies. Gene-to-gene interaction or epistasis also might play a role in POI occurrence. Recently, genetic techniques to study the whole genome have emerged. Although no specific conclusion has been made, the studies using genome-wide association to find the specific aberration throughout the genome in POI have been published. Epigenetic mechanisms might also take part in the pathogenesis of POI. CONCLUSIONS The considerably complex process of POI is still not well understood. Further research is needed for gene functional validation studies to confirm the contribution of genes in POI, or additional genome-wide association studies using novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 technique might make these mechanisms more comprehensible.
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Next generation sequencing identifies abnormal Y chromosome and candidate causal variants in premature ovarian failure patients. Genomics 2016; 108:209-215. [PMID: 27989800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is characterized by heterogeneous genetic causes such as chromosomal abnormalities and variants in causal genes. Recently, development of techniques made next generation sequencing (NGS) possible to detect genome wide variants including chromosomal abnormalities. Among 37 Korean POF patients, XY karyotype with distal part deletions of Y chromosome, Yp11.32-31 and Yp12 end part, was observed in two patients through NGS. Six deleterious variants in POF genes were also detected which might explain the pathogenesis of POF with abnormalities in the sex chromosomes. Additionally, the two POF patients had no mutation in SRY but three non-synonymous variants were detected in genes regarding sex reversal. These findings suggest candidate causes of POF and sex reversal and show the propriety of NGS to approach the heterogeneous pathogenesis of POF.
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Qin Y, Jiao X, Simpson JL, Chen ZJ. Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency: new developments and opportunities. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:787-808. [PMID: 26243799 PMCID: PMC4594617 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by marked heterogeneity, but with a significant genetic contribution. Identifying exact causative genes has been challenging, with many discoveries not replicated. It is timely to take stock of the field, outlining the progress made, framing the controversies and anticipating future directions in elucidating the genetics of POI. METHODS A search for original articles published up to May 2015 was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar, identifying studies on the genetic etiology of POI. Studies were included if chromosomal analysis, candidate gene screening and a genome-wide study were conducted. Articles identified were restricted to English language full-text papers. RESULTS Chromosomal abnormalities have long been recognized as a frequent cause of POI, with a currently estimated prevalence of 10-13%. Using the traditional karyotype methodology, monosomy X, mosaicism, X chromosome deletions and rearrangements, X-autosome translocations, and isochromosomes have been detected. Based on candidate gene studies, single gene perturbations unequivocally having a deleterious effect in at least one population include Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15), Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), and Fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation on the X chromosome; Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), Folliculogenesis specific bHLH transcription factor (FIGLA), Newborn ovary homeobox gene (NOBOX), Nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 1 (NR5A1) and Nanos homolog 3 (NANOS3) seem likely as well, but mostly being found in no more than 1-2% of a single population studied. Whole genome approaches have utilized genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to reveal loci not predicted on the basis of a candidate gene, but it remains difficult to locate causative genes and susceptible loci were not always replicated. Cytogenomic methods (array CGH) have identified other regions of interest but studies have not shown consistent results, the resolution of arrays has varied and replication is uncommon. Whole-exome sequencing in non-syndromic POI kindreds has only recently begun, revealing mutations in the Stromal antigen 3 (STAG3), Synaptonemal complex central element 1 (SYCE1), minichromosome maintenance complex component 8 and 9 (MCM8, MCM9) and ATP-dependent DNA helicase homolog (HFM1) genes. Given the slow progress in candidate-gene analysis and relatively small sample sizes available for GWAS, family-based whole exome and whole genome sequencing appear to be the most promising approaches for detecting potential genes responsible for POI. CONCLUSION Taken together, the cytogenetic, cytogenomic (array CGH) and exome sequencing approaches have revealed a genetic causation in ∼20-25% of POI cases. Uncovering the remainder of the causative genes will be facilitated not only by whole genome approaches involving larger cohorts in multiple populations but also incorporating environmental exposures and exploring signaling pathways in intragenic and intergenic regions that point to perturbations in regulatory genes and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Joe Leigh Simpson
- Research and Global Programs March of Dimes Foundation, White Plains, NY, USA Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, The Key Laboratory for Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jinan 250001, China Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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