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Ebrahimi M, Ebrahimi M, Vergroesen JE, Aschner M, Sillanpää M. Environmental exposures to cadmium and lead as potential causes of eye diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 82:127358. [PMID: 38113800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to cadmium and lead in various regions of the world daily due to industrial development and climate change. Increasing numbers of preclinical and clinical studies indicate that heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, play a role in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Excessive exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can increase the risk of impaired vision. Therefore, it is essential to better characterize the role of these non-essential metals in disease etiology and progression. This article discusses the potential role of cadmium and lead in the development of age-related eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and glaucoma. Furthermore, we discuss how cadmium and lead affect ocular cells and provide an overview of putative pathological mechanisms associated with their propensity to damage the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Joëlle E Vergroesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; International Research Centre of Nanotechnology for Himalayan Sustainability (IRCNHS), Shoolini University, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India; Zhejiang Rongsheng Environmental Protection Paper Co. LTD, NO.588 East Zhennan Road, Pinghu Economic Development Zone, Zhejiang 314213, PR China; Department of Civil Engineering, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Abstract
Retinoblastoma binding protein 6 (RBBP6) is a cancer-related protein that has been implicated in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. RBBP6 isoform 1 has been demonstrated to interact with two tumour suppressors, p53 and pRB. Isoform 1 been shown to regulate p53 through its ubiquitin ligase activity, thus implicating in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Isoforms 1 and 2 are multidomain proteins containing a domain with no name (DWNN) domain, a Zinc Finger, a RING Finger, an Rb-binding domain and a p53-binding domain. The RBBP6 isoform 3 comprises the DWNN domain only. Isoform 4 lacks the Rb-binding domain but its role is less understood. RBBP6 isoform 3 has been reported as a cell cycle regulator with anticancer potential. There have been several studies that have clearly demonstrated that RBBP6 may be an important biomarker for cancer diagnosis and a potential drug target for cancer treatment. This work focused on differential expression of RBBP6 transcripts in different cancers, providing detailed analysis of their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for different cancers. These cancers include breast, liver, cervical and colon carcinomas. The expression of RBBP6 transcripts may further provide better understanding of the role of the RBBP6 in carcinogenesis and cell homeostasis.
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Geng HX, Wang L. Cadmium: Toxic effects on placental and embryonic development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:102-107. [PMID: 30797179 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a non-essential trace metal that has strong teratogenic and mutagenic effects in living organisms. The content is more highly enriched in women than in men and can enter the embryo through the placenta and destroy the placenta's morphological structure, resulting in fetal growth restriction. In this report, we review published data linking pregnancy exposure to cadmium to placenta and fetal growth and development toxicity and summarize the related mechanisms. An understanding of how cadmium exposure contributes to placental and fetal development is necessary for the development of prevention and control strategies for fetal development defects caused by cadmium exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Geng
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lai Wang
- Institute of Chronic Disease Risks Assessment, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan Province, PR China.
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