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Warburton L, Rubinsky B. Cryopreservation of 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds with Temperature-Controlled-Cryoprinting. Gels 2023; 9:502. [PMID: 37367172 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature-Controlled-Cryoprinting (TCC) is a new 3D bioprinting technology that allows for the fabrication and cryopreservation of complex and large cell-laden scaffolds. During TCC, bioink is deposited on a freezing plate that descends further into a cooling bath, keeping the temperature at the nozzle constant. To demonstrate the effectiveness of TCC, we used it to fabricate and cryopreserve cell-laden 3D alginate-based scaffolds with high cell viability and no size limitations. Our results show that Vero cells in a 3D TCC bioprinted scaffold can survive cryopreservation with a viability of 71%, and cell viability does not decrease as higher layers are printed. In contrast, previous methods had either low cell viability or decreasing efficacy for tall or thick scaffolds. We used an optimal temperature profile for freezing during 3D printing using the two-step interrupted cryopreservation method and evaluated drops in cell viability during the various stages of TCC. Our findings suggest that TCC has significant potential for advancing 3D cell culture and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Warburton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Abstract
Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics is the framework governing the equilibrium of composite systems, including systems that at equilibrium have more than one value of pressure because of the action of surface tension, semipermeable membranes, or fields, and thus cannot be treated as simple systems. J. W. Gibbs's paper that lays out composite-system thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", communicated in two parts in 1876 and 1878, is widely regarded as one of the most important pieces of scientific literature of its century. Many scientists adopted and stressed the importance of Gibbsian thermodynamics. In 1960, H. B. Callen wrote a textbook that made Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics more accessible to thermodynamicists. However, Callen's book left out Gibbs's work on curved fluid interfaces and did not treat the complicated nonideal systems of interest to today's thermodynamicists. In this Feature Article, I have attempted to convey in a comprehensive manner the framework of Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics including in detail the treatment of systems with interface effects and with nonideal, multicomponent phases. This work lays out the relationships between important equilibrium equations including the following: the Gibbs-Duhem equation, the Gibbs adsorption equation, the Young-Laplace equation, the Young equation, the Cassie-Baxter equation, the Wenzel equation, the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs-Thompson equation, and the Ostwald-Freundlich equation, including nonideal and multicomponent forms. Equations of state that are often useful for Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics are reviewed including adsorption isotherms and our own work on two semiempirical equations of state: the Elliott et al. form of the osmotic virial equation and the Shardt-Elliott-Connors-Wright equation for the temperature and composition dependence of surface tension. I summarize the work of our group developing Gibbisan composite-system thermodynamics including new equations for such things as the curvature-induced depression of the eutectic temperature or the removal of azeotropes by nanoscale fluid interface curvature. Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics has broad applications in biotechnology, nanostructured materials, surface textures and coatings, microfluidics, nanoscience, atmospheric and environmental physics, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Measurement of grouped intracellular solute osmotic virial coefficients. Cryobiology 2020; 97:198-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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4
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Weng L, Beauchesne PR. Dimethyl sulfoxide-free cryopreservation for cell therapy: A review. Cryobiology 2020; 94:9-17. [PMID: 32247742 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics promise to transform the treatment of a wide range of diseases including cancer, genetic and degenerative disorders, or severe injuries. Many of the commercial and clinical development of cell therapy products require cryopreservation and storage of cellular starting materials, intermediates and/or final products at cryogenic temperature. Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) has been the cryoprotectant of choice in most biobanking situations due to its exceptional performance in mitigating freezing-related damages. However, there is concern over the toxicity of Me2SO and its potential side effects after administration to patients. Therefore, there has been growing demand for robust Me2SO-free cryopreservation methods that can improve product safety and maintain potency and efficacy. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in Me2SO-free cryopreservation of cells having therapeutic potentials and discusses a number of key challenges and opportunities to motivate the continued innovation of cryopreservation for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Sana Biotechnology, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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5
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Zielinski MW, McGann LE, Nychka JA, Elliott JAW. Nonideal Solute Chemical Potential Equation and the Validity of the Grouped Solute Approach for Intracellular Solution Thermodynamics. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:10443-10456. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal W. Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - Locksley E. McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - John A. Nychka
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
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6
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Improved Cryopreservation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: A Systematic Approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34393. [PMID: 27708349 PMCID: PMC5052637 DOI: 10.1038/srep34393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) facilitated their commercial availability for use in vascular biology, tissue engineering and drug delivery research; however, the key variables in HUVEC cryopreservation have not been comprehensively studied. HUVECs are typically cryopreserved by cooling at 1 °C/min in the presence of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). We applied interrupted slow cooling (graded freezing) and interrupted rapid cooling with a hold time (two-step freezing) to identify where in the cooling process cryoinjury to HUVECs occurs. We found that linear cooling at 1 °C/min resulted in higher membrane integrities than linear cooling at 0.2 °C/min or nonlinear two-step freezing. DMSO addition procedures and compositions were also investigated. By combining hydroxyethyl starch with DMSO, HUVEC viability after cryopreservation was improved compared to measured viabilities of commercially available cryopreserved HUVECs and viabilities for HUVEC cryopreservation studies reported in the literature. Furthermore, HUVECs cryopreserved using our improved procedure showed high tube forming capability in a post-thaw angiogenesis assay, a standard indicator of endothelial cell function. As well as presenting superior cryopreservation procedures for HUVECs, the methods developed here can serve as a model to optimize the cryopreservation of other cells.
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7
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Reardon AJF, Elliott JAW, McGann LE. Investigating membrane and mitochondrial cryobiological responses of HUVEC using interrupted cooling protocols. Cryobiology 2015; 71:306-17. [PMID: 26254036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The success of cryopreservation protocols is largely based on membrane integrity assessments after thawing, since membrane integrity can be considered to give an upper limit in assessment of cell viability and the plasma membrane is considered to be a primary site of cryoinjury. However, the exposure of cells to conditions associated with low temperatures can induce injury to cellular structure and function that may not be readily identified by membrane integrity alone. Interrupted cooling protocols (including interrupted slow cooling without a hold time (graded freezing), and interrupted rapid cooling with a hold time (two-step freezing)), can yield important information about cryoinjury by separating the damage that occurs upon cooling to (and possibly holding at) a critical intermediate temperature range from the damage that occurs upon plunging to the storage temperature (liquid nitrogen). In this study, we used interrupted cooling protocols in the absence of cryoprotectant to investigate the progression of damage to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), comparing an assessment of membrane integrity with a mitochondrial polarization assay. Additionally, the membrane integrity response of HUVEC to interrupted cooling was investigated as a function of cooling rate (for interrupted slow cooling) and hold time (for interrupted rapid cooling). A key finding of this work was that under slow cooling conditions which resulted in a large number of membrane intact cells immediately post thaw, mitochondria are predominantly in a non-functional depolarized state. This study, the first to look directly at mitochondrial polarization throughout interrupted cooling profiles and a detailed study of HUVEC response, highlights the complexity of the progression of cell damage, as the pattern and extent of cell injury throughout the preservation process differs by injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J F Reardon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Locksley E McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Mesenchymal stromal cells derived from various tissues: Biological, clinical and cryopreservation aspects. Cryobiology 2015; 71:181-97. [PMID: 26186998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally isolated from bone marrow, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have since been obtained from various fetal and post-natal tissues and are the focus of an increasing number of clinical trials. Because of their tremendous potential for cellular therapy, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, it is desirable to cryopreserve and bank MSCs to increase their access and availability. A remarkable amount of research and resources have been expended towards optimizing the protocols, freezing media composition, cooling devices and storage containers, as well as developing good manufacturing practices in order to ensure that MSCs retain their therapeutic characteristics following cryopreservation and that they are safe for clinical use. Here, we first present an overview of the identification of MSCs, their tissue sources and the properties that render them suitable as a cellular therapeutic. Next, we discuss the responses of cells during freezing and focus on the traditional and novel approaches used to cryopreserve MSCs. We conclude that viable MSCs from diverse tissues can be recovered after cryopreservation using a variety of freezing protocols, cryoprotectants, storage periods and temperatures. However, alterations in certain functions of MSCs following cryopreservation warrant future investigations on the recovery of cells post-thaw followed by expansion of functional cells in order to achieve their full therapeutic potential.
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9
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Prickett RC, Marquez-Curtis LA, Elliott JA, McGann LE. Effect of supercooling and cell volume on intracellular ice formation. Cryobiology 2015; 70:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Ross-Rodriguez LU, Elliott JAW, McGann LE. Non-ideal solution thermodynamics of cytoplasm. Biopreserv Biobank 2015; 10:462-71. [PMID: 23840923 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2012.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative description of the non-ideal solution thermodynamics of the cytoplasm of a living mammalian cell is critically necessary in mathematical modeling of cryobiology and desiccation and other fields where the passive osmotic response of a cell plays a role. In the solution thermodynamics osmotic virial equation, the quadratic correction to the linear ideal, dilute solution theory is described by the second osmotic virial coefficient. Herein we report, for the first time, intracellular solution second osmotic virial coefficients for four cell types [TF-1 hematopoietic stem cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), porcine hepatocytes, and porcine chondrocytes] and further report second osmotic virial coefficients indistinguishable from zero (for the concentration range studied) for human hepatocytes and mouse oocytes.
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11
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Anderson DM, Benson JD, Kearsley AJ. Foundations of modeling in cryobiology-I: concentration, Gibbs energy, and chemical potential relationships. Cryobiology 2014; 69:349-60. [PMID: 25240602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical modeling plays an enormously important role in understanding the behavior of cells, tissues, and organs undergoing cryopreservation. Uses of these models range from explanation of phenomena, exploration of potential theories of damage or success, development of equipment, and refinement of optimal cryopreservation/cryoablation strategies. Over the last half century there has been a considerable amount of work in bio-heat and mass-transport, and these models and theories have been readily and repeatedly applied to cryobiology with much success. However, there are significant gaps between experimental and theoretical results that suggest missing links in models. One source for these potential gaps is that cryobiology is at the intersection of several very challenging aspects of transport theory: it couples multi-component, moving boundary, multiphase solutions that interact through a semipermeable elastic membrane with multicomponent solutions in a second time-varying domain, during a two-hundred Kelvin temperature change with multi-molar concentration gradients and multi-atmosphere pressure changes. In order to better identify potential sources of error, and to point to future directions in modeling and experimental research, we present a three part series to build from first principles a theory of coupled heat and mass transport in cryobiological systems accounting for all of these effects. The hope of this series is that by presenting and justifying all steps, conclusions may be made about the importance of key assumptions, perhaps pointing to areas of future research or model development, but importantly, lending weight to standard simplification arguments that are often made in heat and mass transport. In this first part, we review concentration variable relationships, their impact on choices for Gibbs energy models, and their impact on chemical potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - James D Benson
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States; Department of Mathematical Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2888, United States.
| | - Anthony J Kearsley
- Applied and Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910, United States.
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12
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Zielinski MW, McGann LE, Nychka JA, Elliott JAW. Comparison of non-ideal solution theories for multi-solute solutions in cryobiology and tabulation of required coefficients. Cryobiology 2014; 69:305-17. [PMID: 25158101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic solution theories allow the prediction of chemical potentials in solutions of known composition. In cryobiology, such models are a critical component of many mathematical models that are used to simulate the biophysical processes occurring in cells and tissues during cryopreservation. A number of solution theories, both thermodynamically ideal and non-ideal, have been proposed for use with cryobiological solutions. In this work, we have evaluated two non-ideal solution theories for predicting water chemical potential (i.e. osmolality) in multi-solute solutions relevant to cryobiology: the Elliott et al. form of the multi-solute osmotic virial equation, and the Kleinhans and Mazur freezing point summation model. These two solution theories require fitting to only single-solute data, although they can make predictions in multi-solute solutions. The predictions of these non-ideal solution theories were compared to predictions made using ideal dilute assumptions and to available literature multi-solute experimental osmometric data. A single, consistent set of literature single-solute solution data was used to fit for the required solute-specific coefficients for each of the non-ideal models. Our results indicate that the two non-ideal solution theories have similar overall performance, and both give more accurate predictions than ideal models. These results can be used to select between the non-ideal models for a specific multi-solute solution, and the updated coefficients provided in this work can be used to make the desired predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal W Zielinski
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - Locksley E McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - John A Nychka
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R8, Canada.
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13
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Elliott JAW. Intracellular ice formation: the enigmatic role of cell-cell junctions. Biophys J 2014; 105:1935-6. [PMID: 24209837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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14
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Zhurova M, McGann LE, Acker JP. Osmotic parameters of red blood cells from umbilical cord blood. Cryobiology 2014; 68:379-88. [PMID: 24727610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transfusion of red blood cells from umbilical cord blood (cord RBCs) is gathering significant interest for the treatment of fetal and neonatal anemia, due to its high content of fetal hemoglobin as well as numerous other potential benefits to fetuses and neonates. However, in order to establish a stable supply of cord RBCs for clinical use, a cryopreservation method must be developed. This, in turn, requires knowledge of the osmotic parameters of cord RBCs. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the osmotic parameters of cord RBCs: osmotically inactive fraction (b), hydraulic conductivity (Lp), permeability to cryoprotectant glycerol (Pglycerol), and corresponding Arrhenius activation energies (Ea). For Lp and Pglycerol determination, RBCs were analyzed using a stopped-flow system to monitor osmotically-induced RBC volume changes via intrinsic RBC hemoglobin fluorescence. Lp and Pglycerol were characterized at 4°C, 20°C, and 35°C using Jacobs and Stewart equations with the Ea calculated from the Arrhenius plot. Results indicate that cord RBCs have a larger osmotically inactive fraction compared to adult RBCs. Hydraulic conductivity and osmotic permeability to glycerol of cord RBCs differed compared to those of adult RBCs with the differences dependent on experimental conditions, such as temperature and osmolality. Compared to adult RBCs, cord RBCs had a higher Ea for Lp and a lower Ea for Pglycerol. This information regarding osmotic parameters will be used in future work to develop a protocol for cryopreserving cord RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Zhurova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada; Research and Development, Canadian Blood Services, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - Locksley E McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada
| | - Jason P Acker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada; Research and Development, Canadian Blood Services, 8249-114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada.
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15
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Cheng J, Gier M, Ross-Rodriguez LU, Prasad V, Elliott JAW, Sputtek A. Osmotic Virial Coefficients of Hydroxyethyl Starch from Aqueous Hydroxyethyl Starch–Sodium Chloride Vapor Pressure Osmometry. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10231-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Cheng
- Department
of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Lisa U. Ross-Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Department
of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department
of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine
and Pathology, University of Alberta, Canada
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16
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Spindler R, Rosenhahn B, Hofmann N, Glasmacher B. Video analysis of osmotic cell response during cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2012; 64:250-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Lawson A, Mukherjee IN, Sambanis A. Mathematical modeling of cryoprotectant addition and removal for the cryopreservation of engineered or natural tissues. Cryobiology 2011; 64:1-11. [PMID: 22142903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term storage of natural tissues or tissue-engineered constructs is critical to allow off-the-shelf availability. Vitrification is a method of cryopreservation that eliminates ice formation, as ice may be detrimental to the function of natural or bioartificial tissues. In order to achieve the vitreous state, high concentrations of CPAs must be added and later removed. The high concentrations may be deleterious to cells as the CPAs are cytotoxic and single-step addition or removal will result in excessive osmotic excursions and cell death. A previously described mathematical model accounting for the mass transfer of CPAs through the sample matrix and cell membrane was expanded to incorporate heat transfer and CPA cytotoxicity. Simulations were performed for two systems, an encapsulated system of insulin-secreting cells and articular cartilage, each with different transport properties, geometry and size. Cytotoxicity and mass transfer are dependent on temperature, with a higher temperature allowing more rapid mass transfer but also causing increased cytotoxicity. The effects of temperature are exacerbated for articular cartilage, which has larger dimensions and slower mass transport through the matrix. Simulations indicate that addition and removal at 4°C is preferable to 25°C, as cell death is higher at 25°C due to increased cytotoxicity in spite of the faster mass transport. Additionally, the model indicates that less cytotoxic CPAs, especially at high temperature, would significantly improve the cryopreservation outcome. Overall, the mathematical model allows the design of addition and removal protocols that insure CPA equilibration throughout the sample while still minimizing CPA exposure and maximizing cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Lawson
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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18
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Weng L, Li W, Chen C, Zuo J. Kinetics of coupling water and cryoprotectant transport across cell membranes and applications to cryopreservation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14721-31. [PMID: 22039989 DOI: 10.1021/jp2054348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic and kinetic models can provide a wealth of information on the physical response of living cells and tissues experiencing cryopreservation procedures. Both isothermal and nonisothermal models have been proposed so far, accompanied by experimental verification and cryoapplications. But the cryoprotective solution is usually assumed to be dilute and ideal in the models proposed in the literature. Additionally, few nonisothermal models are able to couple the transmembrane transport of water and cryoprotectant during cooling and warming of cells. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a whole new set of equations that can quantify the cotransport of water and cryoprotectant across cell membranes in the nondilute and nonideal solution during the freezing and thawing protocols. The new models proposed here can be simplified into ones consistent with the classic models if some specific assumptions are included. For cryobiological practice, they are applied to predict the volumetric change for imprinting control region (ICR) mouse spermatozoa and human corneal keratocytes in the freezing protocol. The new models can determine the intracellular concentration of cryoprotectant more precisely than others by abandoning the assumptions such as dilute and ideal solutions and nonpermeability of membranes to cryoprotectant. Further, the findings in this study will offer new insights into the physical response of cells undergoing cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Key Laboratory of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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19
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Prickett RC, Elliott JAW, McGann LE. Application of the multisolute osmotic virial equation to solutions containing electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14531-43. [PMID: 22004311 DOI: 10.1021/jp206011m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of multisolute solution behavior of solutions containing electrolytes is important in many areas of research, including cryopreservation. In this study, the use of a novel form of the osmotic virial equation for multisolute solutions containing an electrolyte is investigated and compared to a rigorous electrolyte solution theory, the Pitzer-Debye-Huckel equation. For aqueous solutions containing a small molecule (either dimethyl sulfoxide or glycerol) and sodium chloride, the multisolute osmotic virial equation, which utilizes only two parameters to capture the electrolyte solution behavior, is shown to be as accurate as the Pitzer-Debye-Huckel equation, which utilizes six empirical parameters and multiple functions to capture the electrolyte solution behavior. In addition, an approach based on the multisolute osmotic virial equation to investigate the effect of electrolyte concentration on macromolecule solution behavior is presented and applied to aqueous solutions of hydroxyethyl starch and sodium chloride. The multisolute osmotic virial equation is shown to be an accurate, straightforward predictive solution theory for important multisolute solutions containing electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle C Prickett
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Investigating cryoinjury using simulations and experiments: 2. TF-1 cells during graded freezing (interrupted slow cooling without hold time). Cryobiology 2010; 61:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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