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Ngcobo JN, Nedambale TL, Sithole SM, Mtileni B, Mpofu TJ, Ramukhithi FV, Chokoe TC, Nephawe KA. A systematic review on the prospects of X- and Y-sexed semen in ruminant livestock: implications for conservation, a South African perspective. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1384768. [PMID: 38655533 PMCID: PMC11037082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1384768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
South Africa is home to numerous indigenous and locally developed sheep (Nguni Pedi, Zulu, and Namaqua Afrikaner, Afrino, Africander, Bezuidenhout Africander, Damara, Dorper, Döhne Merino, Meat Master, South African Merino, South African Mutton Merino, Van Rooy, and Dorper), goat (SA veld, Tankwa, Imbuzi, Bantu, Boer, and Savanna) and cattle (Afrigus, Afrikaner, Bolowana, Bonsmara, Bovelder, Drakensberger, South African Angus, South African Dairy Swiss, South African Friesland, South African Red, and Veld Master) animals. These breeds require less veterinary service, feed, management efforts, provide income to rural and or poor owners. However, most of them are under extinction risks and some with unknown status hence, require immediate conservation intervention. To allow faster genetic progress on the endangered animals, it is important to generate productive animals while reducing wastages and this can be achieved through sex-sorted semen. Therefore, this systematic review is aimed to evaluate the prospects of X and Y-sexed semen in ruminant livestock and some solutions that can be used to address poor sex-sorted semen and its fertility. This review was incorporated through gathering and assessing relevant articles and through the data from the DAD-IS database. The keywords that were used to search articles online were pre-gender selection, indigenous ecotypes, fertility, flow cytometry, artificial insemination, conservation, and improving sexed semen. Following a careful review of all articles, PRISMA guidelines were used to find the articles that are suitable to address the aim of this review. Sex-sorted semen is a recently introduced technology gaining more attention from researchers particularly, in the conservation programs. Preselection of semen based on the sex chromosomes (X- and or Y-bearing chromosomes) is of paramount importance to obtain desired sex of the offspring and avoid animal wastage as much as possible. However, diverse factors can affect quality of semen of different animal species especially after sex-sorting. Flow cytometry is a common method used to select male and female sperm cells and discard dead and abnormal sperm cells during the process. Thus, sperm sexing is a good advanced reproductive technology (ART) however, it is associated with the production of oxidative stress (OS) and DNA fragmentation (SDF). These findings, therefore, necessitates more innovation studies to come up with a sexing technology that will protect sperm cell injuries during sorting in frozen-thawed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sindisiwe Mbali Sithole
- Germplasm, Conservation, Reproductive Biotechnologies, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Takalani Judas Mpofu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Tlou Caswel Chokoe
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform, and Rural Development, Directorate Farm Animal Genetic Resource, Pretoria, South Africa
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Benko F, Fialková V, Žiarovská J, Ďuračka M, Lukáč N, Tvrdá E. In Vitro versus Cryo-Induced Capacitation of Bovine Spermatozoa, Part 2: Changes in the Expression Patterns of Selected Transmembrane Channels and Protein Kinase A. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314646. [PMID: 36498971 PMCID: PMC9739406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the molecular similarities and differences among physiological capacitation and cryocapacitation have not been studied in detail, this study was designed to assess the gene and protein expression levels of the Cation channel of sperm (CatSper) 1 and 2, sodium bicarbonate (Na+/HCO3−) cotransporter (NBC) and protein kinase A (PKA) in un-capacitated (control), in vitro capacitated (CAP) and cryopreserved (CRYO) bovine spermatozoa. All samples were subjected to motility evaluation using the computer assisted sperm analysis and chlortetracycline (CTC) assay for the assessment of the capacitation patterns. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blots were used to monitor the expression patterns of the selected capacitation markers. The results showed a significant reduction in the gene and protein expression levels of CatSper1 and 2 in the CRYO group when compared to the CAP group (p < 0.0001). In the case of NBC, the results were not significantly different or were inconclusive. While a non-significant down-regulation of PKA was found in the CRYO group, a significant reduction in the expression of the PKA protein was found in frozen-thawed spermatozoa in comparison to the CAP group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we may hypothesize that while in vitro capacitated and cryopreserved spermatozoa exhibit CTC-patterns consistent with capacitation events, the molecular machinery underlying CTC-positivity may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Benko
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Fialková
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Jana Žiarovská
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Michal Ďuračka
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Lukáč
- Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Eva Tvrdá
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-37-641-4918
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Katiyar R, Ghosh SK, Karikalan M, Kumar A, Pande M, Gemeda AI, Rautela R, Dhara SK, Bhure SK, Srivastava N, Patra MK, Chandra V, Devi HL, Singh M. An evidence of Humanin-like peptide and Humanin mediated cryosurvival of spermatozoa in buffalo bulls. Theriogenology 2022; 194:13-26. [PMID: 36183493 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Buffalo spermatozoa are vulnerable to cryo-injuries due to inherent deficiency of endogenous antioxidants, high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in plasma membrane and low cholesterol/phospholipid (C/P) ratio. Humanin is a potent cytoprotective agent that protects the cells against oxidative stress and apoptosis. The present study was designed to establish the presence of Humanin in buffalo and effect of Humanin supplementation on freezability of buffalo spermatozoa. Indirect immunofluorescence test revealed presence of Humanin in ejaculated and epididymal spermatozoa, and, elongated spermatids and interstitial space in the testicular tissue section. Humanin levels in seminal plasma were significantly and positively correlated with sperm concentration and individual progressive motility (IPM) in good (n = 22; IPM >70%) and poor (n = 10; IPM <50%) quality ejaculates. For supplementation studies, a total of 24 ejaculates (IPM ≥70%) were collected and each ejaculate was then divided into four aliquots. First aliquot was diluted with egg yolk-tris-glycerol (EYTG) extender without Humanin and served as control group (Group I). Rest three aliquots were diluted with extender containing 2 (Group II), 5 (Group III) and 10 μM Humanin (Group IV), respectively. Semen was cryopreserved using standard protocol and evaluated at pre-freeze for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and post-thaw stages for spermatozoa kinematics, LPO, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), capacitation, apoptotic status and DNA integrity. The treatment group that showed best results (5 μM) was compared with control group for in vitro fertility assessment by homologous zona binding assay. The LPO levels were lower (p < 0.05) in 5 and 10 μM Humanin supplemented group. The MMP and DNA integrity were higher (p < 0.05) in 5 μM group than other groups. F-pattern was higher (p < 0.05) and B-pattern was lower (p < 0.05) in 5 and 10 μM Humanin supplemented groups. Lower apoptotic and higher viable spermatozoa (p < 0.05) were observed in 5 μM Humanin group. The mean number of spermatozoa bound to zona pellucida was higher (p < 0.05) in 5 μM Humanin treated group than the control group. The study established the presence of Humanin in buffalo spermatozoa and seminal plasma for very first time and concluded that Humanin supplementation at 5 μM concentration improves the freezability and in vitro fertility of buffalo spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Katiyar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Subrata Kumar Ghosh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Pande
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amare Ishetu Gemeda
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rupali Rautela
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K Dhara
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S K Bhure
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru Campus, India
| | - Neeraj Srivastava
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M K Patra
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Huidrom Lakshmi Devi
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR Research Complex for N.E.H.Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
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Bisla A, Honparkhe M, Srivastava N. A review on applications and toxicities of metallic nanoparticles in mammalian semen biology. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14589. [DOI: 10.1111/and.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Bisla
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana India
| | - Mrigank Honparkhe
- Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Ludhiana India
| | - Neeraj Srivastava
- Germ Plasm Centre, Division of Animal Reproduction ICAR‐Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly India
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Kumar A, Kumar Ghosh S, Katiyar R, Gemeda AE, Rautela R, Bisla A, Srivastava N, Kumar Bhure S, Devi HL, Chandra V. Supplementation of Mito TEMPO and acetovanillone in semen extender improves freezability of buffalo spermatozoa. Andrology 2022; 10:775-788. [PMID: 35060362 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is one of the leading factors responsible for poor post-thaw semen quality because of overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) over neutralizing antioxidants present in semen. Mainly two ROS generation sites are present in spermatozoa, that is, mitochondria and plasma membrane. Therefore, the idea of targeting these specific sites for minimization of ROS production with the compounds having known mechanism of actions was built up as a core for this research. OBJECTIVE Present study was done to investigate the effects of Mito TEMPO and acetovanillone individually and in combination on freezability of buffalo spermatozoa. MATERIALS AND METHODS For the experiment, semen extender was supplemented with Mito TEMPO (50 μM), acetovanillone (50 μM), and a combination of Mito TEMPO + acetovanillone (50 μM+ 50 μM), designated as Group II, Group III, and Group IV, respectively. Control group without any supplementation was designated as Group I. A total of 24 ejaculates with individual progressive motility (IPM) of ≥70% were selected for the study. After final dilution, filling-sealing of straws, equilibration, and freezing were done as per the standard procedure. Semen samples were evaluated for IPM, plasma membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and cholesterol to phospholipids (C/P) ratio at both fresh and post-thaw stages. Evaluation of ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), capacitation status (CTC assay), and in vitro fertility potential were conducted only on frozen-thawed samples. RESULTS The addition of Mito TEMPO (50 μM) and acetovanillone (50 μM) individually and in combination significantly (p < 0.05) improved post-thaw semen quality in terms of IPM, plasma membrane integrity, TAC, cholesterol content, C/P ratio, MMP, Chlortetracycline (CTC)-Full (F) pattern, and zona binding ability of buffalo spermatozoa, while significantly (p < 0.05) reduced ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and capacitation like changes as compared to the control group. DISCUSSION As Mito TEMPO acts as an SOD mimetic and also detoxifies ferrous iron at the mitochondria level, it aids in neutralization of excessive ROS production and minimizes oxidative stress-related damages that enhances the antioxidant potential of sperm mitochondria. Earlier studies also indicated improved post-thaw semen quality in 50 μM supplemented group. The improvement observed in acetovanillone (50 μM) group might be because of inhibition of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase as this enzyme activation by various physical/chemical inducers during cryopreservation process leads to activation of CatSper channel resulting in calcium influx, premature capacitation, and acrosomal reaction like changes through activation of adenylate cyclase and cAMP/PKA-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins. Acetovanillone also prevents NADPH oxidase-mediated inhibition of glutathione reductase activity, which has a vital role in protecting the structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane. CONCLUSION Results indicated beneficial effects of supplementation of Mito TEMPO and acetovanillone on sperm freezability and individual supplementation was as efficient as the combination group for sustaining post-thaw semen quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Ghosh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rahul Katiyar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amare Eshetu Gemeda
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Rupali Rautela
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Amarjeet Bisla
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Neeraj Srivastava
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhure
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Huidrom Lakshmi Devi
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Vikash Chandra
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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Katiyar R, Ghosh SK, Kumar A, Pande M, Gemeda AE, Rautela R, Bhure SK, Dhara S, Mathesh K, Srivastava N, Patra M. Cryoprotectant With A Mitochondrial Derived Peptide, Humanin, Improves Post-Thaw Quality Of Buffalo Spermatozoa. CRYOLETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.54680/fr22110110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Semen cryopreservation results in deleterious effects on spermatozoa, including lipid peroxidation and a reduction in the total antioxidant components of seminal plasma. The ultimate outcome of these changes is a reduction in post-thaw semen quality. A mitochondrial
derived peptide, humanin, a potent cytoprotective and antioxidant agent was used in the present study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a mitochondrial-derived peptide, humanin to improve the post-thaw quality of buffalo spermatozoa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 18
ejaculates from three Murrah buffalo bulls (n=6 each) were collected. Each ejaculate was divided into four aliquots. The first aliquot was diluted with standard EYTG dilutor (Group I, control), whereas the other three aliquots were diluted with EYTG supplemented with 2 μM (Group II), 5
μM (Group III) and 10 μM humanin (Group IV), respectively. Semen was evaluated for physico-morphological and functional attributes such as progressive motility, viability, abnormality, acrosome integrity, plasmamembrane integrity of fresh samples, pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. Oxidative
stress parameters [lipid peroxidation (LPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)] were also measured at the pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. RESULTS: Humanin s upplementation resulted in significantly higher (p≤0.05) post- thaw motility in all treatment groups and, higher (p≤0.05)
viability in Groups III and IV in comparison to the control at the post-thaw stage. Spermatozoa with intact acrosome and plasma membran e were higher (p≤0.05) in Groups III and IV as compared to Group s I and II. The LPO levels at the post- thaw stage were found to be lower (p≤0.05)
in all treatment groups versus the control group, whereas, higher (p≤0.05) TAC value s were recorded in Groups III and IV in comparison to the control and Group II. CONCLUSION: Humanin supplementation in the extender improved the freezabilty of buffalo spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Katiyar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Ghosh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Pande
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amare Eshetu Gemeda
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rupali Rautela
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Bhure
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S.K. Dhara
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karikalan Mathesh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Srivastava
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M.K. Patra
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mustapha AR, Ghosh SK, Prasad JK, Katiyar R, Kumar A, Amin BY, Bag S, Bhure SK, Sharma GT, Verma MR. Optimization of dissolved oxygen levels in extender prevents development of cryocapacitation like changes, oxidative stress and augments zona binding capacity of crossbred bull spermatozoa. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14331. [PMID: 34854122 DOI: 10.1111/and.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of partial deoxygenation of extender at constant temperature (35°C) in freezability of crossbred bull semen. The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were reduced by the use of newly developed technique of nitrogen effervescence at a flow rate of 2-3 bubbles per second. Four different levels of oxygen in semen extender, that is 11.7, 2, 4 and 8 ppm as control (Group-I), Group-II, Group-III and Group-IV, respectively, were used to assess the effect of partial deoxygenation on semen quality parameters. The 4 ppm level of DO resulted in higher (p < 0.05) progressive motility in comparison with non-treated group at post-thaw stage, whereas reduction up to 2 ppm resulted in drastic fall in motility. Oxidative stress status revealed low superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Group-II, whereas higher (p < 0.05) SOD and TAC activities were observed in Group-III in comparison with non-treated group at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. The sperm-zona binding at 4 ppm level of DO was significantly higher than control group, 2 and 8 ppm levels of DO. In conclusion, reduction of DO in the extender up to 4 ppm reduced oxidative stress and improved in vitro fertility of crossbred bull spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Rahman Mustapha
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Ghosh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jai Kishan Prasad
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Katiyar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Beigh Y Amin
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadhan Bag
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev K Bhure
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Guttula Taru Sharma
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Med Ram Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics and Statistics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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