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Stirk WA, Pap B, Maróti G, van Staden J, Ördög V. Cyanobacteria-Fungi Co-Cultures: Which Partner Contributes to Antifungal Activity? Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:401. [PMID: 39390144 PMCID: PMC11466903 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03914-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria synthesize secondary metabolites with antifungal activity, making them potential biopesticide agents for sustainable, eco-friendly agriculture. Programmes to identify Cyanobacterial strains with effective bioactivity generally screen strains maintained in culture collections. These strains are often monoclonal but non-axenic and this may potentially influence the bioactivity of the generated biomass. The present study investigated in vitro antifungal activity of Nostoc muscorum MACC-189 and N. linckia MACC-612 strains co-isolated with fungal co-partners and maintained in the Mosonmagyaróvár Algal Culture Collection (MACC). The fungal co-partners were isolated from the Cyanobacterial stock cultures and identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum and Sarocladium sp., respectively. The cultures were tested against seven phytopathogens. The phytopathogenic fungi were grown on potato dextrose agar plates and suspension cultures of the Cyanobacteria-fungi and isolated fungal co-partners were placed in the centre of the plate. Antifungal effects were assessed semi-quantitatively after 10 days of incubation. The Cyanobacteria-fungal co-cultures had antifungal activity against Monilinia fructigena and Aspergillus sp. with the N. muscorum/P. lilacinum culture being the most effective. The fungal isolates inhibited M. fructigena with P. lilacinum having a dose-dependent response but did not inhibit Aspergillus sp. This suggested that the antifungal effect of the Cyanobacterial cultures on M. fructigena was due to the fungal partner rather than the cyanobacterium while the antifungal effect on Aspergillus sp. was due to the cyanobacterium partner. As it was not possible to maintain living axenic N. muscorum and N. linckia cultures, this could not be conclusively confirmed. These results highlight the importance of either using axenic cultures or identifying the co-isolates when testing Cyanobacteria cultures for antifungal bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Stirk
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
| | - Bernadett Pap
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt, 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Temesvári Krt, 62, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Water Sciences, Ludovika University of Public Service, 6500, Baja, Hungary
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Vince Ördög
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Campus, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, Kolbai K. Str 8, 9200, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
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Liu C, Lei J, Zhang M, Wu F, Ren M, Yang J, Wu Q, Shi X. Optimization of Preservation Methods Provides Insights into Photosynthetic Picoeukaryotes in Lakes. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0255721. [PMID: 35546573 PMCID: PMC9241741 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02557-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key contributor to plankton biomass and nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems, photosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) have been recently investigated in freshwater ecosystems. However, the limited access to remote areas creates challenges for PPE sample preservation before sorting and counting by flow cytometry (FCM) in the laboratory. Here, we explored the effects of different preservation methods on the PPE community by combining FCM sorting and high-throughput sequencing. Our results showed that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cryoprotection could destroy the fluorescence and cell structure of the PPEs, making the subsequent FCM analysis and sorting difficult. Aldehyde fixation maintained the PPE fluorescence, and the fixed samples were of sufficient quality for abundance analysis and sorting by FCM. However, the sequencing results showed that, after preservation by aldehydes, the proportion of PPEs dramatically decreased to approximately 10%, in comparison to 90% in the fresh samples, and the sequences of Ascomycota significantly increased. In contrast, preservation with Pluronic F68 (F68) not only could maintain the PPE abundance close to the initial value but also could keep the PPE community similar to that in the fresh samples over a storage time of 6 months. Thus, F68 cryopreservation is a suitable preservation method for PPE communities from freshwater lakes. IMPORTANCE PPEs contribute significantly to primary productivity in freshwater ecosystems. The combination of FCM sorting and high-throughput sequencing has been shown to be a powerful approach and can largely improve our view of the PPE diversity. However, the water samples could not be counted and sorted immediately after sampling from many lakes due to the inaccessibility of FCM in the field. Thus, the comparison of different preservation methods that allow subsequent analysis of the community structure by high-throughput sequencing is an urgent need. Our results indicated that F68 cryopreservation could maintain the PPE abundance close to the initial value and keep the community similar to that in the fresh samples over a storage time of 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingdong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaiyin, China
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Genomic Insights into Denitrifying Methane-Oxidizing Bacteria Gemmobacter fulva sp. Nov., Isolated from an Anabaena Culture. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122423. [PMID: 34946025 PMCID: PMC8709402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Gemmobacter grows phototrophically, aerobically, or anaerobically, and utilizes methylated amine. Here, we present two high-quality complete genomes of the strains con4 and con5T isolated from a culture of Anabaena. The strains possess sMMO (soluble methane monooxygenase)-oxidizing alkanes to carbon dioxide. Functional genes for methane-oxidation (prmAC, mimBD, adh, gfa, fdh) were identified. The genome of strain con5T contains nirB, nirK, nirQ, norB, norC, and norG genes involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction. The presence of nitrite reductase gene (nirK) and the nitric-oxide reductase gene (norB) indicates that it could potentially use nitrite as an electron acceptor in anoxic environments. Taxonomic investigations were also performed on two strains through polyphasic methods, proposing two isolates as a novel species of the genus Gemmobacter. The findings obtained through the whole genome analyses provide genome-based evidence of complete oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide. This study provides a genetic blueprint of Gemmobacter fulva con5T and its biochemical characteristics, which help us to understand the evolutionary biology of the genus Gemmobacter.
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Bae JW, Park M, Lee CS, Kwon WS. Proteomic profiling of cryopreserved Trichormus variabilis using various cryoprotectants. Cryobiology 2021; 104:23-31. [PMID: 34808109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Algae, which may be unicellular or multicellular, can carry out photosynthesis just like plants as they effectively utilize light energy. They contain various physiologically active substances and are, therefore, widely used commercially to produce healthy food and feed additives, cosmetics, and energy supplements. For useful applications, the cryopreservation technique has been used in various fields. Recently, to develop suitable cryopreservation methods for algal applications, various studies have been performed. However, adequate investigations have not been conducted to understand the mechanism underlying algal cryopreservation at the molecular level. Therefore, this study examined the profile alteration of the proteome using cryopreservation with various cryoprotectants (CPAs). Trichormus variabilis was cultured and then cryopreserved with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and glycerol, after which, proteome profiling was done. Finally, signaling pathway search was performed, and a new signaling pathway was established based on differentially expressed proteins. As a result, the expression levels of 17 proteins were observed. Additionally, it was confirmed that the differentially expressed proteins were related to 16 signaling pathways and that they were capable of interacting with each other. The findings suggest that the differentially expressed proteins may be applied as biomarkers for algal cryopreservation and to understand the mechanism underlying T. variabilis cryopreservation. Moreover, it is anticipated that the results from this study would be useful in selecting suitable CPAs and in upgrading the cryopreservation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Won Bae
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirye Park
- Protist Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Soo Lee
- Protist Research Team, Microbial Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju, 37242, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woo-Sung Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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