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Kumar P, Holland DA, Secrist K, Taskar P, Dotson B, Saleh-Birdjandi S, Adewunmi Y, Doering J, Mantis NJ, Volkin DB, Joshi SB. Evaluating the Compatibility of New Recombinant Protein Antigens (Trivalent NRRV) with a Mock Pentavalent Combination Vaccine Containing Whole-Cell Pertussis: Analytical and Formulation Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:609. [PMID: 38932338 PMCID: PMC11209613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing new recombinant protein antigens to existing pediatric combination vaccines is important in improving coverage and affordability, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This case-study highlights the analytical and formulation challenges encountered with three recombinant non-replicating rotavirus vaccine (NRRV) antigens (t-NRRV formulated with Alhydrogel® adjuvant, AH) combined with a mock multidose formulation of a pediatric pentavalent vaccine used in LMICs. This complex formulation contained (1) vaccine antigens (i.e., whole-cell pertussis (wP), diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), Haemophilus influenza (Hib), and hepatitis B (HepB), (2) a mixture of aluminum-salt adjuvants (AH and Adju-Phos®, AP), and (3) a preservative (thimerosal, TH). Selective, stability-indicating competitive immunoassays were developed to monitor binding of specific mAbs to each antigen, except wP which required the setup of a mouse immunogenicity assay. Simple mixing led to the desorption of t-NRRV antigens from AH and increased degradation during storage. These deleterious effects were caused by specific antigens, AP, and TH. An AH-only pentavalent formulation mitigated t-NRRV antigen desorption; however, the Hib antigen displayed previously reported AH-induced instability. The same rank-ordering of t-NRRV antigen stability (P[8] > P[4] > P[6]) was observed in mock pentavalent formulations and with various preservatives. The lessons learned are discussed to enable future multidose, combination vaccine formulation development with new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - David A. Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kathryn Secrist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Poorva Taskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Brandy Dotson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Soraia Saleh-Birdjandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Yetunde Adewunmi
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jennifer Doering
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Mantis
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vaccine Analytics and Formulation Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Misra R, Fung G, Sharma S, Hu J, Kirkitadze M. Assessment of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Technology for Particle Size Distribution in Vaccine Formulations - A Comparative Study with Dynamic Light Scattering. Pharm Res 2024; 41:1021-1029. [PMID: 38649535 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE A comparative assessment was performed to evaluate the potential of particle sizing by an ensemble based conventional dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique and an emerging technology based on tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) using particle by particle approach by evaluating three different types of vaccine formulations representing three case studies and showing the limitation of each technique, instrument variability, sensitivity, and the resolution in mixed population. METHODS Three types of in-house vaccine formulations- a protein antigen, an outer membrane vesicle and viral particles were simultaneously evaluated by TRPS based Exoid and two DLS instruments-Zetatrac and Zetasizer for particle size distribution, aggregates, and resolution of polydisperse species. RESULTS The data from first case study show the risk of possible size overestimation and size averaging in polydisperse samples in DLS measurements which can be addressed by the TRPS analysis. It also shows how TRPS may be utilized only to large size antigens due to its limited size range. The second case study highlights the difference in the sensitivities of two DLS instruments working on the same principle. The third case study show that how TRPS can better resolve the large aggregate species compare to DLS in polydisperse samples. CONCLUSION This analysis shows that TRPS can be used as an orthogonal technique in addition to conventional DLS based methods for more precise and in-depth characterization. Both techniques are efficient in size characterization and produce comparable results, however the choice will depend on the type of formulation and size range to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Misra
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada.
| | - Ginny Fung
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Siddhant Sharma
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Jian Hu
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada
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Kowal P, Fung G, Gemmiti G, Sampaleanu L, Cronin JT, Kirkitadze M. Application of PAT Probes in Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant Manufacturing. Pharm Res 2024; 41:375-385. [PMID: 38114802 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study is focused on monitoring process parameters and quality attributes of aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) using multiple in-line probes incorporated into an industrial-scale adjuvant suspension manufacturing unit. METHODS The manufacturing of aluminum adjuvant suspension was monitored at manufacturing scale using conductivity, turbidity, infrared, and particle sizing and count probes to follow the continuous evolution of particle formation and size distribution, and the reaction kinetics during the synthesis of AlPO4. RESULTS The data showed that AlPO4 forms large particles at the early stages of mixing, followed by a decrease in size and then stabilization towards the later stages of mixing and pH adjustment. The results provided a complementary view of process events and assisted in optimizing several parameters, e.g., flow rate of reactants AlCl3 and Na3PO4 solutions, mixing rate, pH, and conductivity of AlPO4, as well as adjuvant quality attribute such as particle size, thus streamlining and shortening the process development stage. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed the usefulness of the in-line probes to automate continuous assessment of AlPO4 batch-to-batch consistency during in-house adjuvant production at the industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Kowal
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Ginny Fung
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Gemmiti
- Manufacturing Sciences, Analytics and Technology, Sanofi, Toronto, Canada
| | - Liliana Sampaleanu
- Manufacturing Sciences, Analytics and Technology, Sanofi, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada.
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4
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Taraban MB, Ndung'u T, Karki P, Li K, Fung G, Kirkitadze M, Yu YB. Analysis of the Adsorbed Vaccine Formulations Using Water Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Comparison with Optical Analytics. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1989-1998. [PMID: 37127780 PMCID: PMC10151113 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate wNMR, an emerging noninvasive analytical technology, for characterizing aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine formulations. METHODS wNMR stands for water proton nuclear magnetic resonance. In this work, wNMR and optical techniques (laser diffraction and laser scattering) were used to characterize vaccine formulations containing different antigen loads adsorbed onto AlPO4 adjuvant microparticles, including the fully dispersed state and the sedimentation process. All wNMR measurements were done noninvasively on sealed vials containing the adsorbed vaccine suspensions, while the optical techniques require transferring the adsorbed vaccine suspensions out of the original vial into specialized cuvette/tube for analysis. For analyzing fully dispersed suspensions, optical techniques also require sample dilution. RESULTS wNMR outperformed laser diffraction in differentiating high- and low-dose formulations of the same vaccine, while wNMR and laser scattering achieved comparable results on vaccine sedimentation kinetics and the compactness of fully settled vaccines. CONCLUSION wNMR could be used to analyze aluminum-adjuvanted formulations and to differentiate between formulations containing different antigen loads adsorbed onto aluminum adjuvant microparticles. The results demonstrate the capability of wNMR to characterize antigen-adjuvant complexes and to noninvasively inspect finished vaccine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Taraban
- Bio‑ and Nano‑Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Teresia Ndung'u
- Bio‑ and Nano‑Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Pratima Karki
- Bio‑ and Nano‑Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kira Li
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Ginny Fung
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Sciences, Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Sanofi, Toronto, ON, M2R 3T4, Canada.
| | - Y Bruce Yu
- Bio‑ and Nano‑Technology Center, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Zhang T, He P, Guo D, Chen K, Hu Z, Zou Y. Research Progress of Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvants and Their Action Mechanisms. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1756. [PMID: 37376204 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of different adjuvants have been tried, aluminum-containing adjuvants are by far the most widely used currently. It is worth mentioning that although aluminum-containing adjuvants have been commonly applied in vaccine production, their acting mechanism remains not completely clear. Thus far, researchers have proposed the following mechanisms: (1) depot effect, (2) phagocytosis, (3) activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathway NLRP3, (4) host cell DNA release, and other mechanisms of action. Having an overview on recent studies to increase our comprehension on the mechanisms by which aluminum-containing adjuvants adsorb antigens and the effects of adsorption on antigen stability and immune response has become a mainstream research trend. Aluminum-containing adjuvants can enhance immune response through a variety of molecular pathways, but there are still significant challenges in designing effective immune-stimulating vaccine delivery systems with aluminum-containing adjuvants. At present, studies on the acting mechanism of aluminum-containing adjuvants mainly focus on aluminum hydroxide adjuvants. This review will take aluminum phosphate as a representative to discuss the immune stimulation mechanism of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and the differences between aluminum phosphate adjuvants and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, as well as the research progress on the improvement of aluminum phosphate adjuvants (including the improvement of the adjuvant formula, nano-aluminum phosphate adjuvants and a first-grade composite adjuvant containing aluminum phosphate). Based on such related knowledge, determining optimal formulation to develop effective and safe aluminium-containing adjuvants for different vaccines will become more substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Sinovac Biotech Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Peng He
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, China
| | - Dejia Guo
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Kaixi Chen
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- Division of Hepatitis Virus & Enterovirus Vaccines, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102619, China
| | - Yening Zou
- Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 102601, China
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Gerzon G, Sheng Y, Kirkitadze M. Process Analytical Technologies - Advances in bioprocess integration and future perspectives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114379. [PMID: 34607168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) instruments include analyzers capable of measuring physical and chemical process parameters and key attributes with the goal of optimizing process controls. PAT in the form of a probe or sensor is designed to integrate within the pharmaceutical manufacturing line and is coupled with computing equipment to perform chemometric modeling for result interpretation and multilayer statistical control of processes. PAT solutions are intended for understanding bioprocesses with a goal to control quality at all stages of product manufacturing and achieve quality by design (QbD). The goal of PAT implementation is to promote real-time release of products to decrease the cycle time and cost of production. This review focuses on the applications of PAT solutions at different stages of the manufacturing process for vaccine production, the advantages, challenges at present state, and the vision of the future development of biopharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gerzon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, Canada; Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Zhang L, Liang Z, Chen C, Yang X, Fu D, Bao H, Li M, Shi S, Yu G, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang W, Xue C, Sun B. Engineered Hydroxyapatite Nanoadjuvants with Controlled Shape and Aspect Ratios Reveal Their Immunomodulatory Potentials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59662-59672. [PMID: 34894655 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been formulated as adjuvants in vaccines for human use. However, the optimal properties required for HAP nanoparticles to elicit adjuvanticity and the underlying immunopotentiation mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Herein, a library of HAP nanorods and nanospheres was synthesized to explore the effect of the particle shape and aspect ratio on the immune responses in vitro and adjuvanticity in vivo. It was demonstrated that long aspect ratio HAP nanorods induced a higher degree of cell membrane depolarization and subsequent uptake, and the internalized particles elicited cathepsin B release and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, which further led to pro-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the physicochemical property-dependent immunostimulation capacities were correlated with their humoral responses in a murine hepatitis B surface antigen immunization model, with long aspect ratio HAP nanorods inducing higher antigen-specific antibody productions. Importantly, HAP nanorods significantly up-regulated the IFN-γ secretion and CD107α expression on CD8+ T cells in immunized mice. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that HAP nanorods with defined properties exerted immunomodulatory effects by enhanced antigen persistence and immune cell recruitments. Our study provides a rational design strategy for engineered nanomaterial-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Duo Fu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hang Bao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Caiqiao Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Weiting Zhang
- NCPC Genetech Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050035, P. R. China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Haer M, Strahlendorf K, Payne J, Jung R, Xiao E, Mirabel C, Rahman N, Kowal P, Gemmiti G, Cronin JT, Gable T, Park-Lee K, Drolet-Vives K, Balmer M, Kirkitadze M. PAT solutions to monitor adsorption of Tetanus Toxoid with aluminum adjuvants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 198:114013. [PMID: 33713883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to examine the small-scale adsorption process of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) as a model protein antigen to aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) adjuvants with real-time monitoring by in-line ReactIR™, ParticleTrack™ based on Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) and EasyViewer™ probes. The adsorption process of AlPO4 and AlOOH with TT using was monitored in the small-scale reactors. Conformational changes in TT were monitored using in-line infrared probe ReactIR, whereas particle formation associated with protein adsorption were measured by particle size, count, and imaging tools, such as ParticleTrack with FBRM and EasyViewer probes. ParticleTrack distribution results and kinetic measurements were also supported by observations made using EasyViewer. In addition to EasyMax, BioBLU reactor was also used for the adsorption experiments. ReactIR with ATR-Fiber probe was effectively able to monitor adsorption progress of TT to AlOOH and to AlPO4. ReactIR, EasyViewer, and ParticleTrack provided detailed mechanistic and kinetic information for reaction of TT with AlPO4 and AlOOH. These in-situ measurements revealed a possible multi-step process for TT to AlPO4 which may be an indication of antigen adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjit Haer
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jessie Payne
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ryan Jung
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily Xiao
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nausheen Rahman
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | - Przemek Kowal
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Tyler Gable
- Mettler Toledo AutoChem Inc., Columbia, MD, USA
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Duprez J, Kalbfleisch K, Deshmukh S, Payne J, Haer M, Williams W, Durowoju I, Kirkitadze M. Structure and compositional analysis of aluminum oxyhydroxide adsorbed pertussis vaccine. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:439-447. [PMID: 33489011 PMCID: PMC7804342 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to characterize an acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) containing genetically modified pertussis toxin (gdPT) and TLR agonist adsorbed to AlOOH adjuvant. METHODS Several analytical tools including nanoDSF, FTIR, and LD were used to examine the conformation of novel gdPT and the composition of AlOOH adjuvant formulations adsorbed to pertussis vaccine. RESULTS DLS particle size results were 9.3 nm and 320 nm for gdPT. For pertussis toxoid (PT), the DLS particle size results were larger at ~440 nm. After adsorption to AlOOH, which was driven by the protein antigen, the size distribution ranged from 3.5 to 22 µm. Two thermal transitions were observed by DSC for gdPT at 70 °C and 102 °C. The main thermal transition was confirmed to be at 72 °C by nanoDSF. All three vaccine formulations showed one thermal transition: Tdap-AlOOH had a thermal transition of 74.6 °C, Tdap-E6020-AlOOH had a thermal transition at 74.2 °C, and Tdap-CpG-AlOOH had a thermal transition at 77.0 °C. Analysis of pertussis toxin (PTx) and gdPT was also performed by FTIR spectroscopy for the purpose of comparison. The second derivative of the FTIR spectra showed an additional feature for PTx at 1685 cm-1 compared to gdPT. The antigen's amide I and II regions were largely unchanged after adsorption to AlOOH adjuvant as shown by FTIR, suggesting that there were no significant changes in the secondary structure. CONCLUSION gdPT conformation was successfully characterized using an array of analytical methods. All three Tdap formulations have similar thermal stability as shown by nanoDSF, similar size distribution as shown by LD, and similar overall secondary structure as shown by FTIR. In-line particle sizing and IR can be used as in-process characterization tools to monitor consistency of adsorbed vaccine and to confirm product identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Duprez
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Kalbfleisch
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, and Paediatrics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sasmit Deshmukh
- SGS Canada, Biopharmaceutical Services, 6490 Vipond Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Payne
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjit Haer
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne Williams
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Durowoju
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Kirkitadze
- Analytical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur Canada, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Identification of Formaldehyde-Induced Modifications in Diphtheria Toxin. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:543-557. [PMID: 31678246 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria toxoid is produced by detoxification of diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. This study was performed to elucidate the chemical nature and location of formaldehyde-induced modifications in diphtheria toxoid. Diphtheria toxin was chemically modified using 4 different reactions with the following reagents: (1) formaldehyde and NaCNBH3, (2) formaldehyde, (3) formaldehyde and NaCNBH3 followed by formaldehyde and glycine, and (4) formaldehyde and glycine. The modifications were studied by SDS-PAGE, primary amino group determination, and liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry of chymotryptic digests. Reaction 1 resulted in quantitative dimethylation of all lysine residues. Reaction 2 caused intramolecular cross-links, including the NAD+-binding cavity and the receptor-binding site. Moreover, A fragments and B fragments were cross-linked by formaldehyde on part of the diphtheria toxoid molecules. Reaction 3 resulted in formaldehyde-glycine attachments, including in shielded areas of the protein. The detoxification reaction typically used for vaccine preparation (reaction 4) resulted in a combination of intramolecular cross-links and formaldehyde-glycine attachments. Both the NAD+-binding cavity and the receptor-binding site of diphtheria toxin were chemically modified. Although CD4+ T-cell epitopes were affected to some extent, one universal CD4+ T-cell epitope remained almost completely unaltered by the treatment with formaldehyde and glycine.
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11
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Mei C, Deshmukh S, Cronin J, Cong S, Chapman D, Lazaris N, Sampaleanu L, Schacht U, Drolet-Vives K, Ore M, Morin S, Carpick B, Balmer M, Kirkitadze M. Aluminum Phosphate Vaccine Adjuvant: Analysis of Composition and Size Using Off-Line and In-Line Tools. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1184-1194. [PMID: 31528298 PMCID: PMC6739432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aluminum-based adjuvants including aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) are commonly used in many human vaccines to enhance immune response. The interaction between the antigen and adjuvant, including the physical adsorption of antigen, may play a role in vaccine immunogenicity and is a useful marker of vaccine product quality and consistency. Thus, it is important to study the physicochemical properties of AlPO4, such as particle size and chemical composition. Control of the vaccine adjuvant throughout the manufacturing process, including raw materials and the intermediate and final product stages, can be effectively achieved through monitoring of such key product attributes to help ensure product quality. METHODS This study focuses on the compositional analysis of AlPO4 adjuvant at the intermediate and final manufacturing stages using the off-line methods Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and the in-line method Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). Particle size distribution of AlPO4 was measured off-line using Laser diffraction (LD) and in-line using Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM®). RESULTS There was no observable difference in size distribution between the intermediate and final stage AlPO4 by off-line and in-line analysis, in both small- or large-scale production samples. Consistent peak shifts were observed in off-line and in-line infrared (IR) spectroscopy as well as off-line XPS for both small- and large-scale AlPO4 manufacturing runs. Additionally, IR spectroscopy and FBRM® for size distribution were used as in-line process analytical technology (PAT) to monitor reaction progress in real-time during small-scale AlPO4 manufacturing from raw materials. The small-scale adsorption process of a model protein antigen (Tetanus toxoid) to AlPO4 adjuvant was also monitored by in-line ReactIR probe. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that in-line PAT can be used to monitor particle size and chemical composition for the various stages of adjuvant manufacturing from raw materials through intermediate to final adjuvant product stage. Similar approaches can be utilized to help assess lot-to-lot consistency during adjuvant manufacturing and vaccine product development. Moreover, the use of in-line PAT is highly conductive to advanced manufacturing strategies such as real-time product release testing and automated processes of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mei
- Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sasmit Deshmukh
- Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- SGS Canada, Biopharmaceutical Services, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Shuxin Cong
- Mettler Toledo AutoChem Inc, Columbia, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moriam Ore
- York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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