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Xi B, Zeng X, Chen Z, Zeng J, Huang L, Du H. SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity of human hosts and its implications for viral immune evasion. mBio 2023; 14:e0067923. [PMID: 37273216 PMCID: PMC10470530 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00679-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is continuously evolving, bringing great challenges to the control of the virus. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity of human hosts and its implications for immune evasion using about 2,00,000 high-depth next-generation genome sequencing data of SARS-CoV-2. A total of 44% of the samples showed within-host variations (iSNVs), and the average number of iSNVs in the samples with iSNV was 1.90. C-to-U is the dominant substitution pattern for iSNVs. C-to-U/G-to-A and A-to-G/U-to-C preferentially occur in 5'-CG-3' and 5'-AU-3' motifs, respectively. In addition, we found that SARS-CoV-2 within-host variations are under negative selection. About 15.6% iSNVs had an impact on the content of the CpG dinucleotide (CpG) in SARS-CoV-2 genomes. We detected signatures of faster loss of CpG-gaining iSNVs, possibly resulting from zinc-finger antiviral protein-mediated antiviral activities targeting CpG, which could be the major reason for CpG depletion in SARS-CoV-2 consensus genomes. The non-synonymous iSNVs in the S gene can largely alter the S protein's antigenic features, and many of these iSNVs are distributed in the amino-terminal domain (NTD) and receptor-binding domain (RBD). These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 interacts actively with human hosts and attempts to take different evolutionary strategies to escape human innate and adaptive immunity. These new findings further deepen and widen our understanding of the within-host evolutionary features of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019, has evolved rapidly since it was discovered. Recent studies have pointed out that some mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein could confer SARS-CoV-2 the ability to evade the human adaptive immune system. In addition, it is observed that the content of the CpG dinucleotide in SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences has decreased over time, reflecting the adaptation to the human host. The significance of our research is revealing the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity of human hosts, identifying the causes of CpG depletion in SARS-CoV-2 consensus genomes, and exploring the potential impacts of non-synonymous within-host variations in the S gene on immune escape, which could further deepen and widen our understanding of the evolutionary features of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xi
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiong Zeng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Shishir TA, Jannat T, Naser IB. Genomic surveillance unfolds the SARS-CoV-2 transmission and divergence dynamics in Bangladesh. Front Genet 2022; 13:966939. [PMID: 36226176 PMCID: PMC9548531 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.966939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic virus SARS-CoV-2 has shattered the healthcare system of the world causing the COVID-19 pandemic since first detected in Wuhan, China. Therefore, scrutinizing the genome structure and tracing the transmission of the virus has gained enormous interest in designing appropriate intervention strategies to control the pandemic. In this report, we examined 4,622 sequences from Bangladesh and found that they belonged to thirty-five major PANGO lineages, while Delta alone accounted for 39%, and 78% were from just four primary lineages. Our research has also shown Dhaka to be the hub of viral transmission and observed the virus spreading back and forth across the country at different times by building a transmission network. The analysis resulted in 7,659 unique mutations, with an average of 24.61 missense mutations per sequence. Moreover, our analysis of genetic diversity and mutation patterns revealed that eight genes were under negative selection pressure to purify deleterious mutations, while three genes were under positive selection pressure. Together with an ongoing genomic surveillance program, these data will contribute to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2, as well as its evolution pattern and pandemic characteristics in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Ahmed Shishir
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Rangamati General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Taslimun Jannat
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Bin Naser
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Iftekhar Bin Naser,
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Xi B, Meng Y, Jiang D, Bai Y, Chen Z, Qu Y, Li S, Wei J, Huang L, Du H. Analyses of Long-Term Epidemic Trends and Evolution Characteristics of Haplotype Subtypes Reveal the Dynamic Selection on SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030454. [PMID: 35336862 PMCID: PMC8954678 DOI: 10.3390/v14030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The scale of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death is so enormous that further study of the molecular and evolutionary characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 will help us better understand and respond to SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. The present study analyzed the epidemic and evolutionary characteristics of haplotype subtypes or regions based on 1.8 million high-quality SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. The estimated ratio of the rates of non-synonymous to synonymous changes (Ka/Ks) in North America and the United States were always more than 1.0, while the Ka/Ks in other continents and countries showed a sharp decline, then a slow increase to 1.0, and a dramatic increase over time. H1 (B.1) with the highest substitution rate has become the most dominant haplotype subtype since March 2020 and has evolved into multiple haplotype subtypes with smaller substitution rates. Many evolutionary characteristics of early SARS-CoV-2, such as H3 being the only early haplotype subtype that existed for the shortest time, the global prevalence of H1 and H1-5 (B.1.1) within a month after being detected, and many high divergent genome sequences early in February 2020, indicate the missing of early SARS-CoV-2 genomic data. SARS-CoV-2 experienced dynamic selection from December 2019 to August 2021 and has been under strong positive selection since May 2021. Its transmissibility and the ability of immune escape may be greatly enhanced over time. This will bring greater challenges to the control of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Xi
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Yuhuan Meng
- Guangzhou KingMed Transformative Medicine Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd. & Guangzhou KingMed Diagnostics Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510220, China;
| | - Dawei Jiang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Yimo Qu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Jinfen Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (B.X.); (D.J.); (Y.B.); (Z.C.); (Y.Q.); (S.L.); (J.W.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-3938-0667; Fax: +86-20-3938-0667
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen B. Bioinformatics for the Origin and Evolution of Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1368:53-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8969-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xi B, Chen Z, Li S, Liu W, Jiang D, Bai Y, Qu Y, Lon JR, Huang L, Du H. AutoVEM2: A flexible automated tool to analyze candidate key mutations and epidemic trends for virus. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5029-5038. [PMID: 34512928 PMCID: PMC8416686 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous work, we developed an automated tool, AutoVEM, for real-time monitoring the candidate key mutations and epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2. In this research, we further developed AutoVEM into AutoVEM2. AutoVEM2 is composed of three modules, including call module, analysis module, and plot module, which can be used modularly or as a whole for any virus, as long as the corresponding reference genome is provided. Therefore, it's much more flexible than AutoVEM. Here, we analyzed three existing viruses by AutoVEM2, including SARS-CoV-2, HBV and HPV-16, to show the functions, effectiveness and flexibility of AutoVEM2. We found that the N501Y locus was almost completely linked to the other 16 loci in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the UK and Europe. Among the 17 loci, 5 loci were on the S protein and all of the five mutations cause amino acid changes, which may influence the epidemic traits of SARS-CoV-2. And some candidate key mutations of HBV and HPV-16, including T350G of HPV-16 and C659T of HBV, were detected. In brief, we developed a flexible automated tool to analyze candidate key mutations and epidemic trends for any virus, which would become a standard process for virus analysis based on genome sequences in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunmeng Bai
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yimo Qu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jerome Rumdon Lon
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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