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Heitkamp T, Hilbig K, Girnth S, Kuschmitz S, Waldt N, Klawitter G, Vietor T. Adapted Design Process for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Additive Manufacturing-A Methodological Framework. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3194. [PMID: 38998277 PMCID: PMC11242910 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Continuous fiber-reinforced material extrusion is an emerging additive manufacturing process that builds components layer by layer by extruding a continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic strand. This novel manufacturing process combines the benefits of additive manufacturing with the mechanical properties and lightweight potential of composite materials, making it a promising approach for creating high-strength end products. The field of design for additive manufacturing has developed to provide suitable methods and tools for such emerging processes. However, continuous fiber-reinforced material extrusion, as a relatively new technology, has not been extensively explored in this context. Designing components for this process requires considering both restrictive and opportunistic aspects, such as extreme anisotropy and opportunities for functional integration. Existing process models and methods do not adequately address these specific needs. To bridge this gap, a tailored methodology for designing continuous fiber-reinforced material extrusion is proposed, building on established process models. This includes developing process-specific methods and integrating them into the process model, such as a process selection analysis to assess the suitability of the method and a decision model for selecting the process for highly stressed components. Additionally, a detailed design process tailored to continuous fiber-reinforced material extrusion is presented. The application of the developed process model is demonstrated through a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Heitkamp
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
- Faculty II, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30459 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Hilbig
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Simon Girnth
- Faculty II, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30459 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kuschmitz
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nils Waldt
- Faculty II, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30459 Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Klawitter
- Faculty II, Hochschule Hannover, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30459 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Vietor
- Institute for Engineering Design, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
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Escalona T, Okamura AR. Nasal Injuries and Issues in Athletes. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:7-15. [PMID: 38180070 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nasal injuries and issues are widespread in athletic populations and can adversely affect training, performance, and overall well-being. Causes can typically be understood as cellular (allergic, nonallergic, and infectious rhinitis) or structural (static vs dynamic obstruction, trauma), and diagnosis and management differ accordingly. Upper respiratory tract infections, a subtype of infectious rhinitis, remain the most common illnesses among athletes. Here, the authors review the research surrounding the complex relationship between exercise, immunology, and susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, the authors provide an updated understanding of the current literature surrounding rhinitis and nasal trauma management and synthesize practical treatment considerations for providers caring for athletes at all levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Escalona
- Resident, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Anthony Robert Okamura
- University of New Mexico Albuquerque, Pediatric Sports Medicine, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
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Teixeira da Silva JA. Use of nasal tampons for on-field management of nasal bleeds (epistaxis) in sports. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:81-82. [PMID: 36994177 PMCID: PMC10040371 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In a medical setting, such as the treatment of post-operative nosebleeds, nasal packing, including the use of nasal packs, nasal plugs or nasal tampons (NTs), is widely used to temporarily control anterior epistaxis. Although some literature has documented the use of NTs as a quick, easy and temporary solution to deal with anterior epistaxis in sports-induced nasal injuries, additional research is needed to appreciate on-field versus off-field efficacy, as well as the efficiency of different brands of NTs and packing materials.
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Yaseen NK. OUTCOMES OF SEPTOPLASTY IN CHILDREN. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:140-143. [PMID: 37254761 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202302106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: The aim of the study was to present the experience of a local hospital surgical department where septoplasty is performed on children suffering from its degeneration. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study with 100 patients aged between 3 and 18 years were taken. Both males and females out of 100 patients were followed up for 7 years. The patients were treated with using septoplasty as well as the related clinical procedures such as cauterization of the inferior turbinate. We performed clinical evaluation and nasal endoscopy of the cases in the postoperative period. The longest observation period was 7 years. RESULTS Results: The male and female child enrolled in the study were 60 (60%) and 40 (40%), respectively. Out of this number of patients, 92 (92%) had inferior turbinate cauterization. In all the 100 cases, we did not notice any intraoperative complication. Also, all the cases were evaluated in 15th, 30th, and 60th days of observation. CONCLUSION Conclusions: When performed correctly, septoplasty in children is a good clinical intervention as it allows the right growth and development of the crani-ofacial region and prevents abnormalities in psychic and somatic components in young patients. Moreover, this study confirms the previous studies that have demystified the point of view, that the setoplasty should only be recommended when the patients reach the ages of 17 and 18.
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Schwellnus M, Adami PE, Bougault V, Budgett R, Clemm HH, Derman W, Erdener U, Fitch K, Hull JH, McIntosh C, Meyer T, Pedersen L, Pyne DB, Reier-Nilsen T, Schobersberger W, Schumacher YO, Sewry N, Soligard T, Valtonen M, Webborn N, Engebretsen L. International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on acute respiratory illness in athletes part 2: non-infective acute respiratory illness. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:bjsports-2022-105567. [PMID: 35623888 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory illness (ARill) is common and threatens the health of athletes. ARill in athletes forms a significant component of the work of Sport and Exercise Medicine (SEM) clinicians. The aim of this consensus is to provide the SEM clinician with an overview and practical clinical approach to non-infective ARill in athletes. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Medical and Scientific Committee appointed an international consensus group to review ARill in athletes. Key areas of ARill in athletes were originally identified and six subgroups of the IOC Consensus group established to review the following aspects: (1) epidemiology/risk factors for ARill, (2) infective ARill, (3) non-infective ARill, (4) acute asthma/exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and related conditions, (5) effects of ARill on exercise/sports performance, medical complications/return-to-sport (RTS) and (6) acute nasal/laryngeal obstruction presenting as ARill. Following several reviews conducted by subgroups, the sections of the consensus documents were allocated to 'core' members for drafting and internal review. An advanced draft of the consensus document was discussed during a meeting of the main consensus core group, and final edits were completed prior to submission of the manuscript. This document (part 2) of this consensus focuses on respiratory conditions causing non-infective ARill in athletes. These include non-inflammatory obstructive nasal, laryngeal, tracheal or bronchial conditions or non-infective inflammatory conditions of the respiratory epithelium that affect the upper and/or lower airways, frequently as a continuum. The following aspects of more common as well as lesser-known non-infective ARill in athletes are reviewed: epidemiology, risk factors, pathology/pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, management, prevention, medical considerations and risks of illness during exercise, effects of illness on exercise/sports performance and RTS guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- SEMLI, IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health & Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco, Monaco Principality
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azu, France
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hege Havstad Clemm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine (ISEM), Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- ISEM, IOC Research Center, South Africa, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken Fitch
- School of Human Science; Sports, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James H Hull
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Cameron McIntosh
- Dr CND McIntosh INC, Edge Day Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Lars Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Tonje Reier-Nilsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, The Norwegian Olympic Sports Centre, Oslo, Norway
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Insitute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), Kliniken Innsbruck and Private University UMIT Tirol, Hall, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- SEMLI, IOC Research Centre, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- KIHU, Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Nick Webborn
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Aerospace Medicine Clinic. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:399-401. [PMID: 35354522 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5964.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xiao CC, Kshirsagar RS, Hoerter JE, Rivero A. Sport and Recreational Causes of Nasal Bone Fractures. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2021; 131:760-766. [PMID: 34467777 DOI: 10.1177/00034894211042446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nasal bone fractures are the most common facial bone fractures. However, there is limited literature on the etiology of these fractures, particularly distribution across sports and other recreational activities. METHODS The Nationwide Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) national injury database was queried for emergency department visits involving the diagnosis of nasal or nose fractures associated with sports and recreation activities over the most recent 10 year span available. Demographic, disposition, and weighted incidence were analyzed. RESULTS Total incidence of nasal fractures across 10 years was 158 979. The mean age of nasal bone fractures was 20.4 years old. Nasal fractures were more common in males (74.6%) and white patients (54.1%). National estimated incidence of nasal fractures decreased from 21 028 in 2009 to 11 108 in 2018, a reduction of 47.2%. The most common causes among all patients were basketball (23.2%), baseball (17.1%), softball (9.8%), soccer (7.4%), and football (7%). In pediatric patients, the most common cause was baseball (25.1%). The majority (98.1%) of patients were discharged from the emergency department, while 0.9% of patients were admitted. CONCLUSION The most common recreational causes of nasal fractures are sports, with the most common being non-contact sports like basketball and baseball. However, the incidence of nasal bone fractures due to recreational causes nationwide has decreased significantly over the past 10 years. This may reflect improved safety protocols among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Xiao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rijul S Kshirsagar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jacob E Hoerter
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Rivero
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, CA, USA
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Nasal Septal Hematoma and Abscess in Children: An Uncommon Otorhinolaryngology Emergency Revisited. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:e125-e128. [PMID: 33705048 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the demographic factors, trauma type, treatment, and long-term results in patients with nasal septal hematoma (NSH) and nasal septal abscess (NSA) in pediatric age group. METHODS Between the years 2006 and 2019, patients who received a diagnosis of NSA and NSH were included for the study. Demographic data, the surgical findings, and long-term follow-up results were recorded. RESULTS A total of 68 patients were identified. Forty-five patients were diagnosed as NSA and 23 patients were diagnosed with NSA. Mean age of the patients was 7.00 ± 3.33 years. Patients did not differ in terms of age, gender, and etiology. Mean duration of the symptoms was significantly high in NSA group (4.11 ± 4.00 days for NSH and 7.61 ± 7.71 days for NSA, P = 0.011). Associated nasal fracture was significantly high in NSH group. Previous nasal examination was significantly high in NSA group. Epistaxis was present significantly high in NSH group (P = 0.013). Fever and purulent nasal discharge was observed significantly high in NSA group. Forty-seven (n = 47) patients can be reevaluated for long-term deformity (NSH, n = 34 [72.34%] and NSA, n = 13 [27.65%]). Mean follow-up period of the patients was 8.7 years. In total, 61.7% of the patients experienced minor or major sequelae. Both NSA and NSH groups did not differ in terms of minor sequelae and major sequelae. No sequleae was significantly high in NSH group (for NSH n = 17/34-(50,0%); for NSA n = 1/13- (7,7%), p = 0.008). Both NSA and NSH groups did not differ in terms of no sequelae and minor sequelae. CONCLUSION The NSH and NSA are uncommon conditions that needed prompt diagnosis and intervention.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nose is the most protruding central part of the face, and nasal bone fractures are the most common of facial bone fractures, leading up to 39%. Despite its high frequency, not many studies handled the etiology of nasal bone fractures, leading to the necessity of a recent demographic study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1111 patients diagnosed with nasal bone fracture from 2013 to 2018 at our institute were evaluated. A retrospective review of the various demographic and etiologic characteristics was done. RESULTS Numerous factors associated with nasal bone fractures were analyzed. Male patients were 3.3 times greater than the number of female patients, and twenties were the most common age range. Violence was the overall most common cause of injury, while slip down was the most common cause for females. Upon monthly distribution, the highest incidence of nasal bone fractures occurred in September, followed by March and December. The authors further divided the patients by time zone of the fractures, and male patients were most commonly injured from midnight to 3 AM, while female patients were 6 PM to 9 PM. CONCLUSION Our findings represent a recent urban data of various etiologic factors of nasal bone fracture. The concept of school violence has been widely used since 1990s, and our data reflects that violence of the youth is a serious issue of the society. The mechanism of injury differed among sexes and age groups, and such discrepancies will aid physicians to better understand facial bone fracture patients and educate them in the future.
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Morris S, Whittet H, Salamat A. Lateral nasal wall abscess following manipulation of fractured nasal bones. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/11/e232089. [PMID: 31772133 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal fracture accounts for over 50% of facial fractures and is a frequent presentation to ear, nose and throat emergency clinics. Optimal management of nasal injuries with deformity is by manipulation under anaesthetic and should be offered when appropriate. A healthy 27-year-old woman presented with a lateral nasal wall mass with purulent discharge 1 month following manipulation. CT imaging revealed a mass arising from fragments of the nasal bone, consistent with an abscess. Bone fragments and purulent material were initially debrided, with a subsequent formal excision of a persistent granuloma performed with an excellent cosmetic outcome. This appears to be the first description of a granuloma resulting from a closed reduction-manipulation of a nasal fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morris
- ENT, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Port Talbot, UK
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Ansari U, Wong E, Arvier J, Hyam D, Huang W. Early return to sport post maxillofacial fracture injury in the professional athlete: A systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:1323-1330. [PMID: 31377073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To summarize the current literature on return to sport times post-maxillofacial fracture injury in the professional athlete. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search on six databases for articles relating to maxillofacial fractures, professional athletes, and return to sport times. Study design, clinical data, and author recommendations were analysed. RESULTS 17 studies were retrieved. One prospective study returned 17 athletes to competitive rugby union and soccer at 3 weeks post injury without complication. Two large retrospective studies (n = 278) returned patients to sport at approximately 7 weeks without complication. 64% (n = 7) of patients from case based studies returned to sport at 3-14 days, 4 of which utilized protective facemasks. Athletes generally returned to competition earlier for lower grade (3-10 days) compared to higher grade contact sport (21 days at least). 2 articles recommended a 3 months recovery period for combat sports. 8 articles supported the utility of protective facemasks. CONCLUSION Early return to sport (<6 weeks) in the professional athlete post maxillofacial fracture injury is achievable. The optimal clinical approach may be to grade the sport according to its impact forces, discuss an early return with reference to the available literature, the potential utility of facemasks, risks of refracture and its operative implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ansari
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Westmead Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Eugene Wong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Westmead Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Dylan Hyam
- Maxillofacial Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Weber Huang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Westmead Public Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Correlation Between Soft Tissue Injury and the Type of Nasal Fracture Based on Stranc-Robertson Classification. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 30:e251-e254. [PMID: 30839456 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal fractures are the most common facial bone fractures, and soft tissue injuries are frequently accompanied. This study intends to make a deep analysis on the relationship between the 2.Patients diagnosed with nasal fracture between 2015 and 2017 were included. Patients younger than 17 years and those with previous facial fractures or aesthetic surgeries were excluded. Nasal fractures were classified according to the Stranc-Robertson (S-R) classification, and the severity of soft tissue injury was evaluated by length and depth. The authors compared the frequency of soft tissue injury between frontal and lateral groups. Second, the authors investigated whether the incidence of soft tissue injuries increases as a function of the increase in the S-R classification both in frontal and lateral group (from plane I to III). The authors also analyzed the difference in severity of soft tissue injuries in each group. Pearson chi-square analysis, linear by linear and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests were used for statistical analysis.Of 621 patients, 296 were frontal plane and 325 were lateral plane. The frontal group had a higher incidence of soft tissue injury than the lateral group (P = 0.004). The incidence of soft tissue injury and severity by depth increased as a function of the increase in the S-R classification only in the frontal group (P = 0.046, 0.019).In nasal fractures, frontal impact is more associated with frequency and severity of soft tissue injury than lateral impact. This seems to be related to the anatomical characteristics of nasal area and mechanism of injuries in each group.
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Correlation Between the Existing Classifications of Nasal Bone Fractures and Subjective Patient Satisfaction. J Craniofac Surg 2019; 29:1825-1828. [PMID: 30234714 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000005043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the nose is at the center of the face, small changes to it can cause a big overall change. Therefore, a nasal fracture needs to be operated on when deformity is expected. Although many taxonomies have been developed for nasal bone fractures, no study has aimed to predict individual patient satisfaction. Herein, the authors tried to determine any correlation between the existing classifications of nasal bone fractures and subjective patient satisfaction. A retrospective study and telephone survey were conducted in 149 patients who underwent closed reduction for a pure nasal bone fracture. Pretraumatic, prereduction, and postoperative patient satisfactions were measured on a numerical scale from 1 to 5. The difference between pretraumatic and prereduction satisfactions was calculated to confirm the change in short-term satisfaction after trauma. The difference between pretraumatic and preoperative satisfactions was measured to determine change in long-term satisfaction postoperatively. The Stranc Robertson classification, modified Murray classification, and the presence of septal fracture were used to classify fractures. Independent and Jonckheere-Terpstra t tests were used in statistical analysis. Only 86 of 149 were included in the study. There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction among frontal/lateral (P = 0.70, 0.56), frontal I/II (P = 1.00, 0.24), and lateral I/II groups (P = 0.57, 0.67) according to the Stranc Robertson classification. Septal fracture (P = 0.21, 0.44) and the modified Murray classification (P = 0.14, 0.47) also had no effect on satisfaction. Existing classification systems have the advantage of reflecting and distinguishing the characteristics of fractures, but there is a limit in their ability to reflect subjective patient satisfaction.
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Abstract
Appropriate medical care for a patient with a facial fracture can not only optimize aesthetic outcomes but also prevent the potential morbidity and mortality of delayed treatment. In this article, we focus on the clinical presentations, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging, consultations, and follow-up that patients with facial fractures need related to their emergency department management. Specifically, we address the nuances of evaluating frontal, orbital, nasal, maxillofacial, and mandibular fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Chukwulebe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 East Erie, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christopher Hogrefe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 East Erie, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medicine, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinber School of Medicine, 259 East Erie Street, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 259 East Erie Street, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 259 East Erie Street, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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