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Lewis NI, Yu R, Rafuse C, Quilliam MA. Seasonal occurrence of toxic phytoplankton and phycotoxins at a mussel aquaculture site in Nova Scotia, Canada. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102528. [PMID: 37951613 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A three-year field study at a mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture site in Ship Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada was carried out between 2004 and 2006 to detect toxic phytoplankton species and dissolved lipophilic phycotoxins and domoic acid. A combination of plankton monitoring and solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) techniques were used. Net tow and pipe phytoplankton samples were taken weekly to determine the abundance of potentially toxic species and SPATT samplers were deployed weekly for phycotoxin analysis. Mussels were also collected for toxin analysis in 2005. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyse the samples for spirolides (SPXs), pectenotoxins (PTXs), okadaic acid group toxins (OA, DTXs) and domoic acid (DA). Phycotoxins were detected with SPATT samplers beginning from the time of deployment until after the producing organisms were no longer observed in pipe samples. Seasonal changes in toxin composition occurred over the sampling period and were related to changes in cell concentrations of Alexandrium Halim, Dinophysis Ehrenberg and Pseudo-nitzschia (Hasle) Hasle. Spirolides peaked in late spring and early summer, followed by DA in mid-July. Okadaic acid, DTX1 and PTXs occurred throughout the field season but peaked in late summer. Concentrations of some phycotoxins detected in SPATT samplers deployed within the area where mussels were suspended on lines were lower than in those deployed outside the mussel farm. The SPATT samplers provided a useful tool to detect the presence of phycotoxins and to establish trends in their appearance in the Ship Harbour estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy I Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Rencheng Yu
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Cheryl Rafuse
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael A Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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2
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Cembella A, Klemm K, John U, Karlson B, Arneborg L, Clarke D, Yamanaka T, Cusack C, Naustvoll L, Bresnan E, Šupraha L, Lundholm N. Emerging phylogeographic perspective on the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in coastal northern European waters and gateways to eastern Arctic seas: Causes, ecological consequences and socio-economic impacts. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 129:102496. [PMID: 37951606 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo is perhaps the most intensively researched genus of marine pennate diatoms, with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, and biogeographical distribution. The global magnitude and consequences of harmful algal blooms (HABs) of Pseudo-nitzschia are particularly significant because of the high socioeconomic impacts and environmental and human health risks associated with the production of the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) among populations of many (although not all) species. This has led to enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia blooms and their toxins in recent years. Nevertheless, human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and proposed shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change regimes have not been implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) program these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera such as Pseudo-nitzschia and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms in relation to DA occurrence and associated amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) events were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades from key northern CoCliME Case Study areas. The regional studies comprised the greater North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak and Norwegian Sea, eastern North Atlantic marginal seas and Arctic gateways, and the Baltic Sea. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Pseudo-nitzschia taxa into frontier eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification were identified as drivers of upwelling and advection related to the distribution of regional Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Pseudo-nitzschia species within the broader microeukaryote communities. Shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for high-magnitude Pseudo-nitzschia blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms are evaluated with reference to effects on fisheries and mariculture resources and coastal ecosystem function. Where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services for the northern CoCLiME region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Cembella
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Carr. Tijuana-Ensenada 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Uwe John
- Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Alfred Wegener Institute, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, Oldenburg 26129, Germany.
| | - Bengt Karlson
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Research and Development, Oceanography, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Sven Källfelts gata 15, Västra SE-426 71, Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Tsuyuko Yamanaka
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Caroline Cusack
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, Bergen NO-5817, Norway
| | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Directorate of the Scottish Government, Science, Evidence, Digital and Data, 375 Victoria Rd, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, UK
| | - Luka Šupraha
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, Copenhagen K 1353, Denmark
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Whyte C, Swan SC, Turner AD, Hatfield RG, Mitchell E, Lafferty S, Morrell N, Rowland-Pilgrim S, Davidson K. The Presence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis in North Atlantic Aquaculture Sites, Implications for Monitoring Amnesic Shellfish Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:554. [PMID: 37755980 PMCID: PMC10536095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The farming of shellfish plays an important role in providing sustainable economic growth in coastal, rural communities in Scotland and acts as an anchor industry, supporting a range of ancillary jobs in the processing, distribution and exporting industries. The Scottish Government is encouraging shellfish farmers to double their economic contribution by 2030. These farmers face numerous challenges to reach this goal, among which is the problem caused by toxin-producing microplankton that can contaminate their shellfish, leading to harvesting site closure and the recall of product. Food Standards Scotland, a non-ministerial department of the Scottish Government, carries out a monitoring programme for both the toxin-producing microplankton and the toxins in shellfish flesh, with farms being closed when official thresholds for any toxin are breached. The farm remains closed until testing for the problematic toxin alone, often diarrhetic shellfish toxin (DST), shows the site to have dropped below the regulatory threshold. While this programme has proved to be robust, questions remain regarding the other toxins that may be present at a closed site. In this study, we tested archival material collected during site closures but only tested for DSTs as part of the official control monitoring. We found the presence of amnesic shellfish toxin (AST) in low concentrations in the majority of sites tested. In one case, the level of AST breached the official threshold. This finding has implications for AST monitoring programmes around Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Whyte
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Sarah C. Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Robert G. Hatfield
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Elaine Mitchell
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Shannon Lafferty
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Stepahanie Rowland-Pilgrim
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK (S.R.-P.)
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
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Hubbard KA, Villac MC, Chadwick C, DeSmidt AA, Flewelling L, Granholm A, Joseph M, Wood T, Fachon E, Brosnahan ML, Richlen M, Pathare M, Stockwell D, Lin P, Bouchard JN, Pickart R, Anderson DM. Spatiotemporal transitions in Pseudo-nitzschia species assemblages and domoic acid along the Alaska coast. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282794. [PMID: 36947524 PMCID: PMC10032537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The toxic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia is distributed from equatorial to polar regions and is comprised of >57 species, some capable of producing the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). In the Pacific Arctic Region spanning the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas, DA is recognized as an emerging human and ecosystem health threat, yet little is known about the composition and distribution of Pseudo-nitzschia species in these waters. This investigation characterized Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages in samples collected in 2018 during summer (August) and fall (October-November) surveys as part of the Distributed Biological Observatory and Arctic Observing Network, encompassing a broad geographic range (57.8° to 73.0°N, -138.9° to -169.9°W) and spanning temperature (-1.79 to 11.7°C) and salinity (22.9 to 32.9) gradients associated with distinct water masses. Species were identified using a genus-specific Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA). Seventeen amplicons were observed; seven corresponded to temperate, sub-polar, or polar Pseudo-nitzschia species based on parallel sequencing efforts (P. arctica, P. delicatissima, P. granii, P. obtusa, P. pungens, and two genotypes of P. seriata), and one represented Fragilariopsis oceanica. During summer, particulate DA (pDA; 4.0 to 130.0 ng L-1) was observed in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea where P. obtusa was prevalent. In fall, pDA (3.3 to 111.8 ng L-1) occurred along the Beaufort Sea shelf coincident with one P. seriata genotype, and south of the Bering Strait in association with the other P. seriata genotype. Taxa were correlated with latitude, longitude, temperature, salinity, pDA, and/or chlorophyll a, and each had a distinct distribution pattern. The observation of DA in association with different species, seasons, geographic regions, and water masses underscores the significant risk of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and DA-poisoning in Alaska waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Hubbard
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria Célia Villac
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christina Chadwick
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra A. DeSmidt
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - April Granholm
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Molly Joseph
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taylor Wood
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission-Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mindy Richlen
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mrunmayee Pathare
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dean Stockwell
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Peigen Lin
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josée N. Bouchard
- Centre de recherche sur les biotechnologies marines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Pickart
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Donald M. Anderson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Sterling AR, Kirk RD, Bertin MJ, Rynearson TA, Borkman DG, Caponi MC, Carney J, Hubbard KA, King MA, Maranda L, McDermith EJ, Santos NR, Strock JP, Tully EM, Vaverka SB, Wilson PD, Jenkins BD. Emerging harmful algal blooms caused by distinct seasonal assemblages of a toxic diatom. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2022; 67:2341-2359. [PMID: 36636629 PMCID: PMC9827834 DOI: 10.1002/lno.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diatoms in the Pseudo-nitzschia genus produce the neurotoxin domoic acid. Domoic acid bioaccumulates in shellfish, causing illness in humans and marine animals upon ingestion. In 2017, high domoic acid levels in shellfish meat closed shellfish harvest in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island for the first and only time in history, although abundant Pseudo-nitzschia have been observed for over 60 years. To investigate whether an environmental factor altered endemic Pseudo-nitzschia physiology or new domoic acid-producing strain(s) were introduced to Narragansett Bay, we conducted weekly sampling from 2017 to 2019 and compared closure samples. Plankton-associated domoic acid was quantified by LC-MS/MS and Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were identified using a taxonomically improved high-throughput rDNA sequencing approach. Comparison with environmental data revealed a detailed understanding of domoic acid dynamics and seasonal multi-species assemblages. Plankton-associated domoic acid was low throughout 2017-2019, but recurred in fall and early summer maxima. Fall domoic acid maxima contained known toxic species as well as a novel Pseudo-nitzschia genotype. Summer domoic acid maxima included fewer species but also known toxin producers. Most 2017 closure samples contained the particularly concerning toxic species, P. australis, which also appeared infrequently during 2017-2019. Recurring Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages were driven by seasonal temperature changes, and plankton-associated domoic acid correlated with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Thus, the Narragansett Bay closures were likely caused by both resident assemblages that become toxic depending on nutrient status as well as the episodic introductions of toxic species from oceanographic and climatic shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa R. Sterling
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Riley D. Kirk
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Matthew J. Bertin
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Tatiana A. Rynearson
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - David G. Borkman
- Rhode Island Department of Environmental ManagementOffice of Water ResourcesProvidenceRhode Island
| | - Marissa C. Caponi
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Jessica Carney
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Katherine A. Hubbard
- Fish and Wildlife Research InstituteFlorida Fish and Wildlife Conservation CommissionSt. PetersburgFlorida
- Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human HealthWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusetts
| | - Meagan A. King
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Lucie Maranda
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Emily J. McDermith
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Nina R. Santos
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Jacob P. Strock
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
| | - Erin M. Tully
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
| | - Samantha B. Vaverka
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Patrick D. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
| | - Bethany D. Jenkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Rhode IslandKingstonRhode Island
- Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode IslandNarragansettRhode Island
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