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Agostino VS, Buerdsell ML, Uliana SRB, Denny PW, Coelho AC, Steel PG. Clemastine/tamoxifen hybrids as easily accessible antileishmanial drug leads. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1812-1820. [PMID: 38328995 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A library of hybrid molecules is developed based on the common chemical features shared by clemastine and tamoxifen both of which are well known for their antileishmanial activities. In the initial screening against Leishmania major and L. amazonensis promastigotes, as well as cytotoxicity assays using HepG2 cells, several hybrids showed submicromolar activity against the parasite and no toxicity against human cells. The compounds with an EC50 < 2 μM against promastigotes of both species and a selectivity index >10 were further characterized against intracellular amastigotes as well as promastigotes of species that cause both visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, such as L. infantum and L. braziliensis, respectively. These sequential screenings revealed the high pan-activity of this class of molecules against these species, with several compounds displaying an EC50 ≤ 2 μM against both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Two of them were identified as the potential templates for lead optimization of this series having shown the highest activities against all species in both stages of parasite. The present findings can serve as a good starting point in the search for novel antileishmanial compounds that are easy to access and highly active.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Agostino
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, UK.
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - S R B Uliana
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - P W Denny
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, UK
| | - A C Coelho
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - P G Steel
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, UK.
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2
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Zegheb N, Boubekri C, Lanez T, Lanez E, Küçükkılınç TT, Öz E, Khennoufa A, Khamouli S, Belaidi S. In Vitro and In Silico Determination of some N-ferrocenylmethylaniline Derivatives as Anti-Proliferative Agents against MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1426-1437. [PMID: 34170810 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210624141712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the binding of estradiol to its receptor promotes breast cancer cell proliferation (in the ER+ tumours), many molecules targeting this protein have been synthesized to counteract the estradiol action. Ferrocene derivatives have proved their efficiency against hormone-dependent breast cancer cells (MCF-7). OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to find new ferrocene derivatives having pharmacochemistry properties as potential drugs against human breast cancer cells. METHODS A series of 29 N-ferrocenylmethylaniline derivatives A0-A28 were synthesised, and their anti-proliferative activity against both hormone-dependent (MCF-7) and independent (MDA-MB 231) human breast cancer cell lines were performed using the MTT test. Molecular docking and drug-likeness prediction were also performed for the five most active derivatives towards MCF-7. A QSAR model was also developed for the perdition of the anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cell lines using molecular descriptors and MLR analysis. RESULTS All studied derivatives demonstrated better cytotoxicity against MCF-7 compared to the MDA-MB-231 cell lines, and compounds A2, A9, A14, A17, and A27 were the most potent ones; however, but still less active than the standard anti-cancer drug crizotinib. The QSAR study revealed good predictive ability as shown by R2cv = 0.848. CONCLUSION In vitro and in silico results indicated that derivatives A2, A9, A14, A17, and A27 possess the highest anti-proliferative activity, t. These results can be used to design more potent N-ferrocenylmethylaniline derivatives as anti-proliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjiba Zegheb
- VTRS Laboratory, University of El Oued B.P.789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Cherifa Boubekri
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Biskra B. P. 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Touhami Lanez
- VTRS Laboratory, University of El Oued B.P.789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Elhafnaoui Lanez
- VTRS Laboratory, University of El Oued B.P.789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | | | - Esin Öz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Khennoufa
- VTRS Laboratory, University of El Oued B.P.789, 39000, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Saida Khamouli
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Biskra B. P. 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Salah Belaidi
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Biskra B. P. 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria
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3
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Al-Juboori AAA, Ghosh A, Jamaluddin MFB, Kumar M, Sahoo SS, Syed SM, Nahar P, Tanwar PS. Proteomic Analysis of Stromal and Epithelial Cell Communications in Human Endometrial Cancer Using a Unique 3D Co-Culture Model. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800448. [PMID: 30865368 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and stromal communications are essential for normal uterine functions and their dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases including infertility, endometriosis, and cancer. Although many studies have highlighted the advantages of culturing cells in 3D compared to the conventional 2D culture system, one of the major limitations of these systems is the lack of incorporation of cells from non-epithelial lineages. In an effort to develop a culture system incorporating both stromal and epithelial cells, 3D endometrial cancer spheroids are developed by co-culturing endometrial stromal cells with cancerous epithelial cells. The spheroids developed by this method are phenotypically comparable to in vivo endometrial cancer tissue. Proteomic analysis of the co-culture spheroids comparable to human endometrial tissue revealed 591 common proteins and canonical pathways that are closely related to endometrium biology. To determine the feasibility of using this model for drug screening, the efficacy of tamoxifen and everolimus is tested. In summary, a unique 3D model system of human endometrial cancer is developed that will serve as the foundation for the further development of 3D culture systems incorporating different cell types of the human uterus for deciphering the contributions of non-epithelial cells present in cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminah Ali Abid Al-Juboori
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Muhammad Fairuz Bin Jamaluddin
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Manish Kumar
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Subhransu Sekhar Sahoo
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Shafiq Mukhtar Syed
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Pravin Nahar
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.,Department of Maternity and Gynecology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Pradeep Singh Tanwar
- Gynecology Oncology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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4
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El-Shorbagy HM. Potential anti-genotoxic effect of sodium butyrate to modulate induction of DNA damage by tamoxifen citrate in rat bone marrow cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 69:89-102. [PMID: 27905024 PMCID: PMC5264625 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (SB) is one of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's) that is recently evidenced to have a prooxidant activity and an ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage. Since the majority of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer patients are treated with tamoxifen citrate (TC), which exerts well established oxidative and genotoxic effects, thus the basic objective of this study is to determine whether SB could ameliorate or curate tamoxifen citrate-induced oxidative DNA damage and genotoxic effect in vivo through up-regulation of some antioxidant enzymes. The individual and combined effects of SB and TC have been examined on rat bone marrow cells, using Micronucleus assays (MN), Comet assay, DNA fragmentation, expression of some antioxidant genes using Real time-PCR and finally, oxidative stress analysis. SB significantly increased the mitotic activity (P < 0.05), while TC induced marked micronuclei and oxidative DNA damage, in the SB post-treatment group, the combination of SB (300 mg/kg) and TC (40 mg/kg) was able to decrease the induction of MN and oxidative DNA damage through up-regulation of Cat, Sod and Gpx1 genes significantly at (P < 0.05) more efficiently than that in the SB pre-treatment one. Therefore, we postulate that SB can be used therapeutically in combination with TC treatment to modulate TC genotoxic effect by reducing its oxidative stress, and thus being an appropriate agonist agent to combine with TC than each compound alone.
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5
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Wu K, Van Wyck SJ, Geiger WE. Nonaqueous electrochemical oxidation of tamoxifen. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Wibowo E, Pollock PA, Hollis N, Wassersug RJ. Tamoxifen in men: a review of adverse events. Andrology 2016; 4:776-88. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Wibowo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - P. A. Pollock
- Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - N. Hollis
- Solid Organ Transplant Clinic; Vancouver General Hospital; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - R. J. Wassersug
- Department of Urologic Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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7
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Ma Y, Preet A, Tomita Y, De Oliveira E, Zhang L, Ueda Y, Clarke R, Brown M, Rosen EM. A new class of small molecule estrogen receptor-alpha antagonists that overcome anti-estrogen resistance. Oncotarget 2015; 6:40388-404. [PMID: 26575173 PMCID: PMC4747340 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that BRCA1 protein binds to estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) and inhibits its activity. Here, we found that BRCA1 over-expression not only inhibits ER activity in anti-estrogen-resistant LCC9 cells but also partially restores their sensitivity to Tamoxifen. To simulate the mechanism of BRCA1 inhibition of ER in the setting of Tamoxifen resistance, we created a three-dimensional model of a BRCA1-binding cavity within the ER/Tamoxifen complex; and we screened a pharmacophore database to identify small molecules that could fit into this cavity. Among the top 40 “hits”, six exhibited potent ER inhibitory activity in anti-estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 cells and four of the six exhibited similar activity (IC50 ≤ 1.0 μM) in LCC9 cells. We validated the model by mutation analysis. Two representative compounds (4631-P/1 and 35466-L/1) inhibited ER-dependent cell proliferation in Tamoxifen-resistant cells (LCC9 and LCC2) and partially restored sensitivity to Tamoxifen. The compounds also disrupted the association of BRCA1 with ER. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the compounds caused dissociation of ER from a model estrogen response element. Finally, a modified form of compound 35446 (hydrochloride salt) inhibited growth of LCC9 tumor xenografts at non-toxic concentrations. These results identify a novel group of small molecules that can overcome Tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Ma
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anju Preet
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - York Tomita
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eliseu De Oliveira
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yumi Ueda
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Milton Brown
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Center for Drug Discovery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eliot M Rosen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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8
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Ma Y, Tomita Y, Preet A, Clarke R, Englund E, Grindrod S, Nathan S, De Oliveira E, Brown ML, Rosen EM. Small-molecule "BRCA1-mimetics" are antagonists of estrogen receptor-α. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:1971-86. [PMID: 25264941 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Resistance to conventional antiestrogens is a major cause of treatment failure and, ultimately, death in breast cancer. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify small-molecule estrogen receptor (ER)-α antagonists that work differently from tamoxifen and other selective estrogen receptor modulators. DESIGN Based on in silico screening of a pharmacophore database using a computed model of the BRCA1-ER-α complex (with ER-α liganded to 17β-estradiol), we identified a candidate group of small-molecule compounds predicted to bind to a BRCA1-binding interface separate from the ligand-binding pocket and the coactivator binding site of ER-α. Among 40 candidate compounds, six inhibited estradiol-stimulated ER-α activity by at least 50% in breast carcinoma cells, with IC50 values ranging between 3 and 50 μM. These ER-α inhibitory compounds were further studied by molecular and cell biological techniques. RESULTS The compounds strongly inhibited ER-α activity at concentrations that yielded little or no nonspecific toxicity, but they produced only a modest inhibition of progesterone receptor activity. Importantly, the compounds blocked proliferation and inhibited ER-α activity about equally well in antiestrogen-sensitive and antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer cells. Representative compounds disrupted the interaction of BRCA1 and ER-α in the cultured cells and blocked the interaction of ER-α with the estrogen response element. However, the compounds had no effect on the total cellular ER-α levels. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that we have identified a new class of ER-α antagonists that work differently from conventional antiestrogens (eg, tamoxifen and fulvestrant).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Ma
- Departments of Oncology (Y.M., Y.T., A.P., R.C., E.E., S.G., S.N., E.D.O., M.L.B., E.M.R.), Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology (E.M.R.), Radiation Medicine (E.M.R.), and Center for Drug Discovery (Y.T., E.E., S.G., E.D.O., M.L.B.), Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20057
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9
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Ke H, Suzuki A, Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Shiozawa T. 4-hydroxy estrogen induces DNA damage on codon 130/131 of PTEN in endometrial carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 400:71-7. [PMID: 25449419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Catechol estrogens, such as 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), are estrogen metabolites that form DNA adducts and may induce mutations and subsequent cell transformation in mammary cells; however, little is known about their roles in endometrial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether 4-OHE2 is able to induce DNA damage on specific genes involved in carcinogenesis or a 'pro'-mutation status such as microsatellite instability (MSI). Therefore, we modified terminal transferase-dependent PCR by the application of a capillary sequencer to detect DNA damage at the single base level. Using this method, we demonstrated that 4-OHE2 directly induced DNA damage on codon 130/131 in exon 5 of PTEN, which is a mutation hot spot for PTEN in endometrial carcinoma. Whereas, both estradiol and 4-OHE2 treatment did not affect MSI status in immortalized endometrial glandular cells. 4-OHE2 might contribute to endometrial carcinogenesis by inducing PTEN mutation on codon 130/131.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 1 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Akihisa Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iida Municipal Hospital, 438 Yawatamachi, Iida 395-8502, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tanri Shiozawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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10
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Nagy E, Gajjar KB, Patel II, Taylor S, Martin-Hirsch PL, Stringfellow HF, Martin FL, Phillips DH. MGMT promoter hypermethylation and K-RAS, PTEN and TP53 mutations in tamoxifen-exposed and non-exposed endometrial cancer cases. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2874-80. [PMID: 24853176 PMCID: PMC4056065 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen has anti-oestrogenic and anti-tumour activity in the breast, but is oestrogenic and carcinogenic in the endometrium. It can induce experimental tumours by both hormonal and DNA-damaging mechanisms, but its carcinogenic mode of action in human endometrium remains unclear. METHODS We investigated whether an epigenetic mechanism, involving promoter hypermethylation of the gene for the DNA repair enzyme MGMT (O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase), was associated with K-RAS, TP53 and PTEN mutations in endometrial tumours from women treated with tamoxifen (TAM, n=30) or unexposed to the drug (EC, n=38). RESULTS There were significant (P<0.05) differences in tumour grade between the TAM and EC groups, with more favourable morphology in the latter. K-RAS mutations, predominantly G>A, occurred in small numbers in both groups. TP53 mutations were of mainly A>G, C>T and indel modifications in both groups, but more frequent in TAM cases. PTEN mutations dominated in EC tumours and were of the type that has large impact on protein function, such as indel or nonsense mutations. These observations alongside the mutational spectrum in PTEN suggest that the malignancies arise from different backgrounds, hence pointing to an effect of tamoxifen. Both groups displayed MGMT promoter hypermethylation. This coincided with mutations more frequently in the TAM (78%) than in the EC (50%) group, even though there were significantly (P<0.05) fewer mutations and methylations in TAM cases. CONCLUSIONS Although the difference in coincidence did not reach significance with the current sample size, the findings suggest that epigenetic processes may play a role in the way tamoxifen induces endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagy
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - K B Gajjar
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - I I Patel
- Cavendish Laboratories, JJ Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Department of Gynaecology, Crown Street, Liverpool, Merseyside L8 7SS, UK
| | - P L Martin-Hirsch
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT, UK
| | - H F Stringfellow
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT, UK
| | - F L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - D H Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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12
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Yilmaz S, Gönenç IM, Yilmaz E. Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review. Cytotechnology 2014; 66:533-41. [PMID: 24595623 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this article is to review genotoxicological profile of the major selective estrogen receptor modulators, including clomiphene, tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene. These drugs have been used for infertility treatment and breast cancer prevention in high risk-women. However, some studies reported that especially tamoxifen is a genotoxic agent and is related with endometrial cancer. Our review indicate that clomiphene and tamoxifen were found as genotoxic agent in majority of the tests. However published reports showed that toremifene is a weakly genotoxic agent. The genotoxic effects of raloxifene are still poorly known. Further genotoxicity studies should be conducted especially for raloxifene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yilmaz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Aktaş Kavşağı, Altındağ, 06340, Ankara, Turkey,
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13
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In-vivo evaluation of tamoxifen-loaded microspheres based on mixtures of poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly (D,L-lactide) polymers. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:641-51. [PMID: 24590166 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microspheres of different proportions of poly-(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and poly-(D,L-lactide) were formulated by spray drying as a drug-delivery system for the treatment of breast cancer with tamoxifen. These systems had been evaluated previously in vitro and showed very positive results that have led to further assessment in vivo. This work evaluates the performance of these systems in an organism by carrying out a study in female Wistar rats. Microspheres were subcutaneously injected into the back of rats for the assessment of not only the biocompatibility but also the release of the drug contained and its biodistribution. As, in vitro, these systems could release the drug under physiological conditions; different plasma concentrations of tamoxifen and one of its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen, were achieved depending on the polymer composition. Microspheres could reduce the accumulation of the drug in different nontarget organs and presented good biocompatibility.
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14
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Ibrahim AB, Mansour HH, Shouman SA, Eissa AA, Abu El Nour SM. Modulatory effects of l-carnitine on tamoxifen toxicity and oncolytic activity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:968-79. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113506237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of l-carnitine (l-CAR) in tamoxifen (TAM)-induced toxicity and antitumor activity. Adult female rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group I was served as control, groups II and III were treated with TAM (10 mg/kg, periorally) and l-CAR (300 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), respectively, while group IV was treated with both compounds. The treatment continued daily for 28 days. Administration of TAM resulted in significant increase in serum lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and bilirubin level. TAM produced a significant increase in lipid peroxides (LPO) level and nonsignificant change in nitrogen oxide (NO( x)) level accompanied with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of hepatic and uterus tissues and significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) content of uterus tissue. Administration of l-CAR for 1 h prior to TAM treatment decreased serum lipids and liver enzymes significantly and significantly increased SOD activity in liver and uterus tissues compared with TAM-treated group. Furthermore, it restored LPO and GSH levels and increased NO( x) level in uterus tissue. DNA fragmentation and the apoptotic marker, caspase-3, were not detected in the liver of all treated groups. Histopathologically, alterations in the liver and uterus structures after TAM treatment, which was attenuated after l-CAR administration. The antitumor effect and survival of the combined treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice was less than each one alone. l-CAR interestingly increased survival rate of EAC-bearing mice more than TAM-treated group. In conclusion, l-CAR has beneficial effects regarding TAM toxicity; however, it interferes with its antitumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- AB Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zawia University, Libya
| | - HH Mansour
- Department of Health Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - SA Shouman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pharmacology unit, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - AA Eissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Egypt
| | - SM Abu El Nour
- Department of Health Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Matamá T, Araújo R, Preto A, Cavaco-Paulo A, Gomes AC. In vitroinduction of melanin synthesis and extrusion by tamoxifen. Int J Cosmet Sci 2013; 35:368-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Matamá
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - R. Araújo
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. Preto
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. Cavaco-Paulo
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Centre of Biological Engineering; University of Minho; Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - A. C. Gomes
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Campus of Gualtar 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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Steiner E, Juhasz-Bösz I, Emons G, Kölbl H, Kimmig R, Mallmann P. Transvaginal Ultrasound for Endometrial Carcinoma Screening - Current Evidence-based Data. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2012; 72:1088-1091. [PMID: 25278620 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of transvaginal ultrasound in gynaecological examinations is beyond dispute. But it is of particular forensic importance that the validity of this type of imaging with regard to the reliable detection of early-stage malignancy is properly understood. Vaginal ultrasound screening in asymptomatic patients for the early detection of endometrial carcinoma is not useful from a medical point of view, nor is it cost-efficient. However, even though the validity of transvaginal ultrasound for screening has currently not been proven, the method should still be an integral part of gynaecological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Steiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GPR Clinical Centre Ruesselsheim
| | - I Juhasz-Bösz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Saarland
| | - G Emons
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen
| | - H Kölbl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - R Kimmig
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Duisburg-Essen
| | - P Mallmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cologne University
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The effect of low-dose experimental zearalenone intoxication on the immunoexpression of estrogen receptors in the ovaries of pre-pubertal bitches. Pol J Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-012-0106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin that often contaminates plant material used in the production of feeds for companion animals. Small daily doses of ingested zearalenone - a competitive substrate modulating the activity of enzymes participating in estrogen biosynthesis at the pre-receptor level - can induce subclinical symptoms of hyperestrogenism in bitches. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of low zearalenone doses on the presence of estrogen receptors in the ovaries of pre-pubertal Beagle bitches. The bitches were divided into three groups of 10 animals each: experimental group I - 50 μg zearalenone/kg body weight administered once daily per os; experimental group II - 75 μg zearalenone/kg body weight administered once daily per os; control group - placebo containing no ZEN administered per os. The animals were ovariorectomized at the end of the experiment, at 112 days of age. Estrogen receptors were detected in ovarian specimens by immunohistochemical methods. The results revealed an absence of estrogen receptors alpha in all groups. In both experimental groups a decrease in the positive response of estrogen receptors beta in specified structures of ovaries was observed. Very low α-zearalenol levels probably attested to the slowing down (hypostimulation) of the biotransformation process. Overall, zearalenone intoxication led to hyperestrogenism during a specific developmental stage of pre-pubertal bitches. As regards hormesis, the threshold dose of zearalenone (adaptive capability) was exceeded in the ovaries of experimental group II animals. The results obtained in both experimental groups suggest that long-term exposure to low-dose zearalenone intoxication decreased the degree of estrogen receptors beta staining in particular structures of ovaries in the experimental bitches, which initiated epigenetic modification mechanisms that inhibited ovarian development.
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Rodrigues DM, dos Santos AR, Cavalcante AADCM, Alencar AP, Lopes-Costa PV, da Silva BB. Assessment of micronucleus frequency in the peripheral blood of female rats in persistent estrus treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:51-54. [PMID: 22223434 DOI: 10.1002/em.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate micronucleus (MN) frequency in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of female rats in persistent estrus (a model developed to mimic polycystic ovary syndrome) treated with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs, tamoxifen, and raloxifene). Forty female Wistar-Hannover rats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each: Group I (normally cycling rats) and Group II (persistent estrus) both received only vehicle, while Group III (persistent estrus) was treated with tamoxifen (250 μg/animal/day) and Group IV (persistent estrus) was treated with raloxifene (750 μg/animal/day). Tamoxifen and raloxifene were given by oral gavage beginning on postnatal day 90 and continuing for 30 consecutive days. Peripheral blood samples were collected from tails 1 day following the last exposure. Blood smears were made on glass slides and stained with 10% Giemsa solution. ANOVA and a Tukey post-hoc test were used for data analysis. Mean percentages of MN were 1.82 ± 0.13, 5.20 ± 0.24, 3.32 ± 0.13, and 3.04 ± 0.12 in Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The results indicate that tamoxifen and raloxifene similarly reduced the formation of MNPCE of female rats in persistent estrus (P < 0.0001 for Groups III and IV vs. Group II), using the dosages and time periods applied in the present study. The data suggest possibly antimutagenic effects of SERMs under high levels of estrogens. The findings also suggest that this is an interesting animal model for studying the genotoxicity of estrogens.
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19
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Lima MAVC, da Silva BB. Expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 biomarkers in normal breast tissue from women of reproductive age treated with raloxifene. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011; 285:223-7. [PMID: 21573987 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-011-1932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of raloxifene on antigen expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 in normal breast tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind study was conducted with 40 premenopausal women aged 18-40 years who had been diagnosed with fibroadenoma of the breast. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A (placebo, n = 20), and Group B (raloxifene 60 mg, n = 20).The medication was taken for 22 days initiating from the first day of the menstrual cycle. An excisional biopsy was performed on the 23rd day. At the time of biopsy, a sample of normal breast tissue was collected to evaluate protein expression of Ki-67 and Bcl-2. The Student's t test and Chi-square test were used for statistical data analysis and the significance level was established at 5%. RESULTS The mean percentage of nuclei stained for Ki-67 was 22.16 ± 1.91 (p < 0.001) and 2.161 ± 0.181 in the control group and the raloxifene group. The expression of Bcl-2 was similar in both groups (p = 0.8888). CONCLUSIONS Raloxifene treatment significantly reduced antigen expression of Ki-67, but failed to have any significant results on the Bcl-2 expression. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the mechanism of raloxifene on apoptosis in normal breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ayres Vilarinho Corrêa Lima
- Mastology Division, Department of Gynecology, Getúlio Vargas Hospital, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Avenida Elias João Tajra, 1260, Apt. 600, Bairro Jockey Club, Teresina, PI, 64049-300, Brazil
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20
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Fles R, Hoogendoorn WE, Platteel I, Scheerman CE, de Leeuw-Mantel G, Mourits MJE, Hollema H, van Leeuwen FE, van Boven HH, Nederlof PM. Genomic profile of endometrial tumors depends on morphological subtype, not on tamoxifen exposure. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:699-710. [PMID: 20544844 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen has been a very effective treatment for breast cancer for several decades, however, at the same time increases the risk of endometrial cancer, especially after prolonged exposure. In addition, tamoxifen has been associated with a higher proportion of unfavorable uterine tumor subtypes (carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas) with worse survival. We investigated whether endometrial tumors, which developed after prolonged tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer, are genetically different from endometrial tumors without preceding tamoxifen exposure. Array CGH was used on archival formalin-fixed paraffin embedded endometrial tumors to determine genomic aberrations. We compared the genomic profiles of 52 endometrial tumors from breast cancer patients after long-term (>or=2 years) tamoxifen use (endometrioid adenocarcinomas, n = 26; carcinosarcomas, n = 14; and serous adenocarcinomas, n = 12) with endometrial tumors from unexposed breast cancer patients (n = 45). Genomic profiles were correlated with tamoxifen exposure, tumor subtypes, and histopathological characteristics of the endometrial tumors. The common uterine corpus cancers of the endometrioid subtype show few genomic aberrations. Tumors with many genomic aberrations were in general ER-negative. In contrast, carcinosarcomas and serous adenocarcinomas showed many aberrations; however, they were indistinguishable from each other. Tumors that developed after prolonged tamoxifen use did not show more or different aberrations than unexposed tumors. This was true for all tumor subtypes. Thus, endometrial carcinomas that develop after prolonged tamoxifen use cannot be distinguished from nonusers on basis of their tumor genomic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Fles
- Department of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Lopes-Costa PV, dos Santos AR, dos Santos LG, da Silva BB. Evaluation of Ki-67 and Bcl-2 antigen expression in breast carcinomas of women treated with raloxifene. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:124-9. [PMID: 20447057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of raloxifene on Ki-67 and Bcl-2 antigen expression in operable, stage II, oestrogen-receptor-positive invasive ductal breast carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty post-menopausal women who had taken 60 mg of raloxifene daily for 28 days prior to definitive surgery were enrolled in the investigation. Two tumour samples were obtained by incisional biopsy during the study, one at the time of confirmation of diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma and evaluation of oestrogen receptor status, and the other 29 days later, at the time of definitive surgery. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumour samples, prior to and after raloxifene treatment, to evaluate Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression. Friedman and McNemar tests were used for statistical analysis of the data, significance being established at 5%. RESULTS Mean percentage of Ki-67-stained nuclei was 24.86 +/- 2.95 prior to raloxifene treatment and 13.33 +/- 1.52 after treatment (P < 0.001). Prior to raloxifene treatment, only 9/20 cases (45%) were classified as Bcl-2-positive, whereas after treatment, 17/20 (85%) were classified as Bcl-2-positive (P < 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Raloxifene treatment significantly reduced Ki-67 antigen expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in breast carcinomas of post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Lopes-Costa
- Department of Gynecology, Mastology Division, Hospital Getúlio Vargas, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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22
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Rivera-Guevara C, Pérez-Alvarez V, García-Becerra R, Ordaz-Rosado D, Morales-Ríos MS, Hernández-Gallegos E, Cooney AJ, Bravo-Gómez ME, Larrea F, Camacho J. Genomic action of permanently charged tamoxifen derivatives via estrogen receptor-alpha. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5593-601. [PMID: 20621492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator widely used in oncology and reproductive endocrinology. In order to decrease its non-desirable effects and elucidate mechanisms of action, permanently charged tamoxifen derivatives (PCTDs) have been reported. Whether PCTDs have genomic effects remains controversial. Since the clinical relevance of tamoxifen, the necessity to have new anticancer drugs, and in order to gain insights into the mechanisms of action of PCTDs, we obtained six quaternary ammonium salts derived from tamoxifen including three new compounds. We characterized them by nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and/or high performance liquid chromatography, and detected them in cell lysates by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. We evaluated their binding to estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha, their effect on the transcriptional activity mediated by ERalpha (gene reporter assays), and the proliferation of cancer cells (MCF-7 and cells from a cervical cancer primary culture). Structural studies demonstrated the expected identity of the molecules. All PCTDs did bind to ERalpha, one of them induced ERalpha-mediated transcription while two others inhibited such genomic action. Accordingly, PCTDs were detected in cell lysates. PCTDs inhibited cell proliferation, noteworthy, two of them displayed higher inhibition than tamoxifen. Structure-activity analysis suggests that PCTDs permanent positive charge and the length of the aliphatic chain might be associated to the biological responses studied. We suggest genomic effects as a mechanism of action of PCTDs. The experimental approaches here used could lead to a better design of new therapeutic molecules and help to elucidate molecular mechanisms of new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rivera-Guevara
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, México DF 07360, Mexico.
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Khan KN, Kitajima M, Hiraki K, Fujishita A, Sekine I, Ishimaru T, Masuzaki H. Effect of human seminal fluid on the growth of endometrial cells of women with endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 149:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Saggar JK, Chen J, Corey P, Thompson LU. Dietary flaxseed lignan or oil combined with tamoxifen treatment affects MCF-7 tumor growth through estrogen receptor- and growth factor-signaling pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:415-25. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Shen CC, Bai YM, Su TP. Comment to Dr. Yatham regarding tamoxifen listed as a third-line recommendation for the pharmacological treatment of acute mania. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:773-5; author reply 775. [PMID: 19840002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Taylor SE, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Oestrogen receptor splice variants in the pathogenesis of disease. Cancer Lett 2009; 288:133-48. [PMID: 19608332 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The full-length oestrogen receptor (ER) exists in most vertebrates as two separately encoded isoforms. ER splice variants represent truncated or otherwise modified versions of the full-length alpha or beta isoforms of the parent receptor. ERalpha is found on chromosome 6q and encodes a 595 amino acid protein, while ERbeta is found on chromosome 14q and encodes a 530 amino acid protein. These receptors possess differing ligand affinities, are differentially expressed in a tissue-specific fashion and may act antagonistically. Their altered expression has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a diverse range of conditions from cancer progression in hormone-responsive tissues to neurodegenerative disease. Variously co-expressed with full-length ERs, ER splice variants may have a positive or negative influence on transcription either by modifying the effect of the parent receptor or through their own intrinsic activity. To date, the vast majority of studies have used generic primers or antibodies against the full-length receptors and would not distinguish ER-mediated effects associated with various splice variants. Thus the evidence base of the influence of ER splice variants in normal developmental physiology and in the pathogenesis of disease is weak and greater understanding of their role will undoubtedly lead to new therapeutic strategies for disease intervention and treatment. This review aims to compile the current evidence for the presence of ER splice variants in humans, their physiological roles and clinical sequelae.
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Abstract
The anti-oestrogen tamoxifen, which is widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and is also approved for the prevention of this disease, causes an increased incidence of endometrial cancer in women. The ability of tamoxifen to induce endometrial tumours and the underlying carcinogenic mechanisms have been a subject of intense interest over the last approximately 20 years. They are central to the assessment of risks versus benefits for the drug, especially in a chemopreventive context. This review outlines the clinical justification for using tamoxifen as a chemopreventive agent and describes the genotoxic mechanisms considered responsible for tamoxifen-induced tumours in rat liver and how these might relate to women. In rat hepatic tissue, tamoxifen is metabolically activated via alpha-hydroxylation and sulphate conjugation to give a reactive species that binds to DNA predominantly at the N(2)-position of guanine, producing pro-mutagenic lesions. Whether tamoxifen-DNA adducts contribute similarly to the development of cancers in women depends on whether they can be formed in human tissues and the type of specific molecular and cellular responses they induce, if present. This review discusses the current data relating to these issues and highlights areas where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brown
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Colmenero JDD, Castón JJ, Torre-Cisneros J. Fiebre, disnea e infiltrados pulmonares en una mujer de 50 años en tratamiento inmunodepresor. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tamoxifen combined to anti-HER-2/neu cell vaccine does not hamper cancer immunopreventive efficacy. Vaccine 2009; 27:2065-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Kelly JG, Singh MN, Stringfellow HF, Walsh MJ, Nicholson JM, Bahrami F, Ashton KM, Pitt MA, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Derivation of a subtype-specific biochemical signature of endometrial carcinoma using synchrotron-based Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy. Cancer Lett 2009; 274:208-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Merglen A, Verkooijen HM, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, Vinh-Hung V, Vlastos G, Chappuis PO, Castiglione M, Rapiti E, Bouchardy C. Hormonal therapy for oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer is associated with higher disease-specific mortality. Ann Oncol 2009; 20:857-61. [PMID: 19150951 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen has a remarkable impact on the outcome of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Without proven benefits, tamoxifen is occasionally prescribed for women with ER-negative disease. This population-based study aims to estimate the impact of tamoxifen on the outcome of ER-negative disease. METHODS We identified all women (n = 528) diagnosed with ER-negative invasive breast cancer between 1995 and 2005. With Cox regression analysis, we calculated breast cancer mortality risks of patients treated with tamoxifen compared with those treated without tamoxifen. We adjusted these risks for the individual probabilities (propensity scores) of having received tamoxifen. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients (13%) with ER-negative disease were treated with tamoxifen. Five-year disease-specific survival for women treated with versus without tamoxifen were 62% [95% confidence interval (CI) 48% to 76%] and 79% (95% CI 75% to 83%), respectively (P(Log-rank) < 0.001). For ER-negative patients, risk of death from breast cancer was significantly increased in those treated with tamoxifen compared with patients treated without tamoxifen (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.9, P = 0.031). CONCLUSION Our results show that patients with ER-negative breast cancer treated with tamoxifen have an increased risk of death from their disease. Tamoxifen use should be avoided for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merglen
- Geneva Cancer Registry, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Posligua L, Malpica A, Liu J, Brown J, Deavers MT. Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium with pagetoid spread. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008; 132:1821-4. [PMID: 18976022 DOI: 10.5858/132.11.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the endometrium are rare tumors that can be pure, combined with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, or a component of malignant mixed müllerian tumor. Recently, a case of combined small cell carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium was described for the first time. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium, with an unusual pagetoid spread of the neuroendocrine component into normal endometrial and endocervical glands. The endometrial carcinoma had a small serous component, but most of the tumor was characterized by solid sheets of medium to large cells with abundant mitotic figures, numerous apoptotic bodies, and foci of necrosis. This component was diffusely positive for neuroendocrine markers. Following surgery, the patient was treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. She was without evidence of progression at 5 months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Posligua
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Singh MN, Stringfellow HF, Taylor SE, Ashton KM, Ahmad M, Abdo KR, El-Agnaf OM, Martin-Hirsch PL, Martin FL. Elevated expression of CYP1A1 and -SYNUCLEIN in human ectopic (ovarian) endometriosis compared with eutopic endometrium. Mol Hum Reprod 2008; 14:655-63. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gan056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Liapis E, McLuckie KIE, Lewis PD, Farmer PB, Brown K. Mutagenicity of tamoxifen DNA adducts in human endometrial cells and in silico prediction of p53 mutation hotspots. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:5933-45. [PMID: 18805907 PMCID: PMC2566887 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen elevates the risk of endometrial tumours in women and alpha-(N(2)-deoxyguanosinyl)-tamoxifen adducts are reportedly present in endometrial tissue of patients undergoing therapy. Given the widespread use of tamoxifen there is considerable interest in elucidating the mechanisms underlying treatment-associated cancer. Using a combined experimental and multivariate statistical approach we have examined the mutagenicity and potential consequences of adduct formation by reactive intermediates in target uterine cells. pSP189 plasmid containing the supF gene was incubated with alpha-acetoxytamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen quinone methide (4-OHtamQM) to generate dG-N(2)-tamoxifen and dG-N(2)-4-hydroxytamoxifen, respectively. Plasmids were replicated in Ishikawa cells then screened in Escherichia coli. Treatment with both alpha-acetoxytamoxifen and 4-OHtamQM caused a dose-related increase in adduct levels, resulting in a damage-dependent increase in mutation frequency for alpha-acetoxytamoxifen; 4-OHtamQM had no apparent effect. Only alpha-acetoxytamoxifen generated statistically different supF mutation spectra relative to the spontaneous pattern, with most mutations being GC-->TA transversions. Application of the LwPy53 algorithm to the alpha-acetoxytamoxifen spectrum predicted strong GC-->TA hotspots at codons 244 and 273. These signature alterations do not correlate with current reports of the mutations observed in endometrial carcinomas from treated women, suggesting that dG-N(2)-tam adduct formation in the p53 gene is not a prerequisite for endometrial cancer initiation in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evagelos Liapis
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
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35
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Bläuer M, Heinonen PK, Rovio P, Ylikomi T. Effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on normal human endometrial cells in an organotypic in vitro model. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 592:13-8. [PMID: 18638473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is widely used in breast cancer therapy though its use is associated with an elevated risk of endometrial carcinoma. An organotypic culture model was employed here to examine the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene, a related compound with no known adverse uterine effects, on epithelial cells of the premenopausal human endometrium. Changes in the expression levels of the proliferation marker Ki67, and estrogen and progesterone receptors were evaluated. No change in the Ki67 index compared to untreated controls was detected in cultures exposed to tamoxifen or tamoxifen+estradiol. In response to tamoxifen, the level of progesterone receptor-expressing organoids was shown to vary markedly between individual samples, whereas no change in estrogen receptor expression could be demonstrated. A significant decrease in Ki67 expression was observed in raloxifene-exposed cultures. Raloxifene or raloxifene+estradiol had no effect on progesterone receptor expression. The expression of estrogen receptor was markedly inhibited in response to raloxifene or raloxifene+estradiol in all but two samples displaying an intense estrogen receptor labelling. The present observations add to current clinical data on the respective estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist activities of tamoxifen and raloxifene on the human uterus by providing novel insights into the interindividual variation in cellular responses. Our organotypic model may have uses as an alternative to animal experimentation in preclinical screening of the endometrial effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and may serve as a tool in personalized medicine by identifying patients with an increased risk of developing endometrial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Bläuer
- Department of Cell Biology, FI-33014, University of Tampere, Finland.
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Singh MN, Stringfellow HF, Walsh MJ, Ashton KM, Paraskevaidis E, Abdo KR, Martin-Hirsch PL, Phillips DH, Martin FL. Quantifiable mRNA transcripts for tamoxifen-metabolising enzymes in human endometrium. Toxicology 2008; 249:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Singh PB, Matanhelia SS, Martin FL. A potential paradox in prostate adenocarcinoma progression: Oestrogen as the initiating driver. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:928-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nasu K, Takai N, Nishida M, Narahara H. Tumorigenic effects of tamoxifen on the female genital tract. CLINICAL MEDICINE. PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:17-34. [PMID: 21876648 PMCID: PMC3160006 DOI: 10.4137/cpath.s487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen is widely used for endocrine treatment and breast cancer prevention. It acts as both an estrogen antagonist in breast tissue and an estrogen agonist in the female lower genital tract. Tamoxifen causes severe gynecologic side effects, such as endometrial cancer. This review focuses on the effects of prolonged tamoxifen treatment on the human female genital tract and considers its tumorigenicity in the gynecologic organs through clinical data analysis. Tamoxifen is associated with an increased incidence of benign endometrial lesions such as polyps and hyperplasia and a two- to four-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal patients. Moreover, the incidence of functional ovarian cysts is significantly high in premenopausal tamoxifen users. To prevent tamoxifen from having severe side effects in gynecologic organs, frequent gynecological examination should be performed for both premenopausal and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who are treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaei Nasu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nishida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Hisashi Narahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
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Tanemura A, van Hoesel AQ, Mori T, Yu T, Hoon DSB. The role of estrogen receptor in melanoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 11:1639-48. [PMID: 18020983 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.12.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) belongs to the group of sex hormone receptors and binds the biologically active form of estrogen, 17beta-estradiol. Expression of ER in tumor tissue is a well-established prognostic marker in breast cancer. The role of ER has been extensively studied in several other types of human cancers. This report investigates the potential role of ER as a surrogate marker for predicting melanoma progression, response to therapy, and patient survival. In addition, the authors review what is known, so far, about ER signaling pathways and their potential role in carcinogenesis and progression of cutaneous melanoma. Possibilities and limitations of using ER as a therapeutic target in the treatment of melanoma is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanemura
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Department of Molecular Oncology, 2200 Santa Monica Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA
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Prognosis of uterine corpus cancer after tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 112:99-108. [PMID: 18064567 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen increases the risk of uterine corpus cancer. Since only few, mostly small, studies have examined prognosis of uterine corpus cancer following tamoxifen, we conducted a large retrospective cohort study to further investigate this. We examined histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of 332 patients with uterine corpus cancer following breast cancer, according to tamoxifen use. Survival was examined in the same patients combined with 309 patients from a previous study with updated follow-up. Histological review of all cancers was performed. Long-term tamoxifen users showed a higher proportion of non-endometrioid tumors than non-users (32.7% vs. 17.4%, P=0.004), especially serous adenocarcinomas and carcinosarcomas. An increased proportion of FIGO stage III and IV tumors was also observed (20.0% vs. 11.3%, P=0.049). Within FIGO stage I, both short-term and long-term tamoxifen users showed a higher proportion of tumors limited to the endometrium than non-users (35.7% vs. 22.9%, P=0.049 and 0.004 respectively). Uterine corpus cancers in long-term tamoxifen users were more often steroid receptor-negative (ERalpha, PRA and PRB, P<0.05) and P53-positive (P=0.015). Three-year uterine corpus cancer-specific survival was worse for long-term tamoxifen users than for non-users (82% vs. 93% P=0.0001). The survival difference remained after adjustment for histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics (hazard ratio (HR) for >or=2 years tamoxifen=2.4; 95% CI=1.2-4.6). In conclusion, this large study clearly shows that tamoxifen-associated tumors have less favorable histological features and a worse survival. Our results can be applied when weighing risks and benefits of tamoxifen versus other hormonal agents used in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Pastore AR. O valor da ultra-sonografia na avaliação das alterações endometriais em pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama e tratadas com tamoxifeno. Radiol Bras 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-39842007000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Martin FL. Complex mixtures that may contain mutagenic and/or genotoxic components: a need to assess in vivo target-site effect(s) associated with in vitro-positive(s). CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 69:841-8. [PMID: 17619052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A battery of short-term in vitro assays and/or in vivo protocols to evaluate single-agent mutagenicity and/or genotoxicity is available. However, a protocol to assess the effect(s) of complex mixtures in vivo following a positive test finding in vitro remains difficult. Complex interactions may occur in vivo because component pharmacokinetics increases the unpredictability of pharmacodynamic outcomes. The question arises as to whether in vitro mutagenic component(s) of a complex mixture, probably unidentified, reach target organ(s) in vivo at a sufficient concentration. To address the issue of an in vitro positive, standard in vivo chromosome damage assays to test both mixtures and fractions could be conducted but, to assess site-of-contact effects, the alkaline single cell-gel electrophoresis ("comet") assay or DNA reactivity (e.g., (32)P-postlabelling of DNA adducts) might be employed. A newer approach may be the derivation of a "biochemical-cell fingerprint" of potential target sites using infrared microspectroscopy. There is interest in platforms such as gene expression, proteomics, epigenomics or metabolomics as biomarkers of signature genotoxic or non-genotoxic mechanisms. One still needs to address whether a mutagenic and/or genotoxic component reaches a target organ. An approach to track levels of target-organ exposure may be to radio-label components with a short-lived positron-emitting radionuclide. The parent compound retains its physicochemical properties whilst allowing non-invasive in vivo tissue-specific imaging. However, determining target-organ concentration(s) and effect(s) in vivo remains a difficult challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L Martin
- Biomedical Sciences Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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