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King CA, Shaposhnik G, Sayyed AA, Bartholomew AJ, Bozzuto LM, Sosin M, Greenwalt IT, Fan KL, Song D, Tousimis EA. Expanded Indications for Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction in Patients Older Than 60 Years. Ann Plast Surg 2024; 92:279-284. [PMID: 38394268 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) have long been praised for excellent cosmetic results and the resultant psychosocial benefits, the feasibility and safety of these procedures in patients older than 60 years have yet to be demonstrated in a large population. METHODS Patients undergoing NSM with or without IBR at the MedStar Georgetown University Hospital between 1998 and 2017 were included. Patient demographics, surgical intervention, and complication and recurrence events were retrieved from electronic medical records. Primary outcomes were recurrence and complication rates by age groups older and younger than 60 years. RESULTS There were 673 breasts from 397 patients; 58 (8.6%) older than 60 years and 615 (91.4%) younger than 60 years with mean follow-up of 5.43 (0.12) years. The mean age for those older than 60 was 63.9 (3.3) years, whereas that for those younger than 60 was 43.1 (7.9) years (P < 0.001). The older than 60 group had significantly higher prevalence of diabetes, rates of therapeutic (vs prophylactic) and unilateral (vs bilateral) NSM, and mastectomy weight. However, there were no significant differences by age group in complication rates or increased risk of locoregional or distant recurrence with age. CONCLUSIONS Based on similar complication profiles in both age groups, we demonstrate safety and feasibility of both NSM and IBR in the aging population. Despite increased age and comorbidity status, appropriately selected older women were able to achieve similar outcomes to younger women undergoing NSM with or without IBR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Shaposhnik
- From the Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Adaah A Sayyed
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | | | - Laura M Bozzuto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Michael Sosin
- Plastic Surgery Arts of NJ, Private Practice, New Brunswick, NJ
| | | | - Kenneth L Fan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - David Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Eleni A Tousimis
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Indian River Hospital, Vero Beach, FL
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Zhao Y, Yan L, Li S, Yang Z, Chai N, Qiu P, Zhang H, He J, Zhou C. Efficacy of breast reconstruction for N2-3M0 stage female breast cancer on breast cancer-specific survival: A population-based propensity score analysis. Cancer Med 2023; 12:20287-20298. [PMID: 37795774 PMCID: PMC10652306 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of breast reconstruction for patients with N2-3M0 stage female breast cancer (FBC) remained unclear due to the lack of randomized clinical trials. This retrospective study aimed to explore the efficacy of breast reconstruction for patients with N2-3M0 stage FBC. METHODS Two thousand five hundred forty-five subjects with FBC staged by N2-3M0 from 2010 to 2016 were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Generalized boosted model (GBM) and propensity score matching (PSM) analyses and multivariable Cox analyses were employed to assess the clinical prognostic effect of postmastectomy reconstruction for patients with N2-3M0 stage FBC in breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). RESULTS Totally, 1784 candidates underwent mastectomy alone (mastectomy group), and 761 candidates underwent postmastectomy reconstruction (PMbR group), with 418 breast-specific deaths after a median follow-up time of 57 months (ranging from 7 to 227 months). BCSS in the mastectomy group showed no statistical difference from that in the PMbR group in the PSM cohort (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.70-1.25, p = 0.400) and GBM cohort (HR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56-1.01, p = 0.057). In the multivariate analyses, there was no difference in the effect of PMbR and mastectomy on BCSS in the original cohort (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.66-1.09, p = 0.197), PSM cohort (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.64-1.15, p = 0.310), and GBM cohort (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.61-1.17, p = 0.298). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was a detrimental factor affecting BCSS for patients in the PMbR group. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that PMbR is an oncologically safe surgical treatment and can be widely recommended in clinics for females with non-TNBC staged by T0-3N2-3M0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- Department of Gynecologic OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Lutong Yan
- Department of Pediatric surgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Shouyu Li
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- School of MedicineXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Zejian Yang
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- School of MedicineXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Na Chai
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- School of MedicineXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Pei Qiu
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
- School of MedicineXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jianjun He
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Heikkinen J, Bonde C, Oranges CM, Toia F, di Summa PG, Giordano S. Efficacy of breast reconstruction in elderly women (>60 years) using deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps: A comparative study. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 84:266-272. [PMID: 37356302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The indications for microsurgical breast reconstruction remain debated, particularly concerning the safety of deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps in elderly women. Free tissue transfer still carries a risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality in elderly patients. We conducted this comparative study to clarify this issue. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included all unilateral DIEP breast reconstructions performed at a single institution. Patients were divided into two groups based on age: an elderly (60 years or older) and a non-elderly cohort (younger than 60 years). Demographic and comorbidity data were secondary predictor variables. The primary outcomes were complete flap loss, partial flap loss, and the need for flap re-exploration. The secondary outcomes included surgical site occurrences, such as wound healing-related complications, seroma, and others. RESULTS We included 214 flaps, 177 in the non-elderly and 37 in the elderly cohort. Elderly women had slightly higher comorbidity rates than those of non-elderly women, although these differences were not statistically significant. BMI was significantly lower in elderly women than in non-elderly women. The incidence of total or partial flap loss did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (2.7% vs 1.1%, p = 0.459% and 0.0% vs 5.1%, p = 0.161), nor did the flap re-exploration (8.1% vs 10.1%, p = 0.937). Similarly, postoperative complication rates did not differ significantly between the two groups (45.9% vs 61.8%, p = 0.074). On logistic regression, being elderly was not a risk factor for complete flap loss, nor for any complications. The overall success rate for the non-elderly cohort was 98.7%, whereas that for the elderly cohort was 97.3%. CONCLUSIONS Microsurgical breast reconstruction using DIEP is safe in elderly patients, as it achieves outcomes and complications rates comparable to those observed in a younger population. Patients should not be denied DIEP flaps because of their age alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarna Heikkinen
- Department of General and Plastic Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christian Bonde
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery, and Burns, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Carlo M Oranges
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Toia
- Department of General and Plastic Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Plastic Surgery, Breast Surgery, and Burns, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pietro G di Summa
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Giordano
- Department of General and Plastic Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Parmeshwar N, Barnes LL, Dugan CL, Patterson AK, Lem M, Piper M. Evaluation of Microvascular Autologous Breast Reconstruction in Patients Older Than 60 Years. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 91:96-100. [PMID: 37347181 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While free-flap breast reconstruction becomes more common, it is still approached with caution in older patients. Outcomes in the elderly population have not been well characterized, especially with regard to donor-site sequalae. This study compares microvascular autologous breast reconstruction outcomes in patients older and younger 60 years. METHODS A single-institution retrospective review was performed for microvascular autologous breast reconstruction from January 2004 through January 2021. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative variables, including breast flap and donor-site complications, were evaluated. RESULTS Five hundred forty-five breast free flaps were identified, of which 478 (87.8%) were performed on patients younger than 60 years (mean, 46.2 years) and 67 (12.2%) older than 60 years (mean, 64.8 years; P = 0.000). Hyperlipidemia was significantly higher in older patients (19.4% vs 9.6%, P = 0.016). Mean operative time was 46.3 minutes faster in the older cohort ( P = 0.030). There were no significant differences in free-flap loss, venous congestion, takeback, hematoma, seroma, wound healing, or infection. Interestingly, there were significantly more total breast flap complications (28.5% vs 16.4%, P = 0.038) and higher rates of fat necrosis (9.6% vs 1.5%, P = 0.026) in the younger cohort. Significantly more abdominal donor-site complications (43.3% vs 21.3%, P = 0.000) were seen in the older people, with increased wound breakdown ( P = 0.000) and any return to the operating room (20.9% vs 9.8%, P = 0.007). Older patients were also significantly more likely to require surgical correction of an abdominal bulge or hernia (10.4% vs 4%, P = 0.020). The mean follow-up was 1.8 years. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed no worsening of individual breast flap outcomes in the older people. However, there were significantly more abdominal complications including surgical correction of abdominal bulge and hernia. This may be related to the inherent qualities of tissue aging and should be taken into consideration for flap selection. These results support autologous breast reconstruction in patients older than 60 years, but patients should be counseled regarding potentially increased abdominal donor-site sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Parmeshwar
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Laura L Barnes
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Catherine L Dugan
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Anne K Patterson
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Melinda Lem
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Merisa Piper
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
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Subramaniam S, Tanna N, Smith ML. Operative Efficiency in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Reconstruction: Key Concepts and Implementation. Clin Plast Surg 2023; 50:281-288. [PMID: 36813406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cps.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The deep inferior epigastric perforator flap has become one of the most popular approaches for autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy. As much of health care has moved to a value-based approach, reducing complications, operative time, and length of stay in deep inferior flap reconstruction is becoming increasingly important. In this article, we discuss important preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations to maximize efficiency when performing autologous breast reconstruction and offer tips on how to handle certain challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Subramaniam
- Friedman Center, Northwell Health System, 600 Northern Boulevard, Suite 310, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Neil Tanna
- Friedman Center, Northwell Health System, 600 Northern Boulevard, Suite 310, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Mark L Smith
- Friedman Center, Northwell Health System, 600 Northern Boulevard, Suite 310, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA.
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Chang-Azancot L, Abizanda P, Gijón M, Kenig N, Campello M, Juez J, Talaya A, Gómez-Bajo G, Montón J, Sánchez-Bayona R. Age and Breast Reconstruction. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:63-72. [PMID: 35927500 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-03024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast reconstruction is frequently offered to cancer patients who undergo mastectomy. Older women tend to have lower rates of reconstruction mostly due to an age-based discretion. We aimed to assess the safety of this surgery in this population. METHODS We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of patients who underwent breast reconstruction following mastectomy between 2015 and 2020 at "Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete." Patients were classified according to age when the reconstruction process began (group A: < 65 years-group B: > 65 years). Differences in demographics and clinical data were analyzed using Student's t test and Chi-square test. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CIs) for surgical complications according to age group. Propensity-score matching was used as a sensitivity analysis to test consistency among results. RESULTS We included 304 women (266: group A-38: group B). Complete reconstruction was achieved in 48.1% of patients in group A vs 10.5% in group B (P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, age was not associated with an increased risk of surgical complications, neither overall (OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.40-1.95), early (OR 1.35, 95%CI 0.58-3.13) nor late (OR 1.05, 95%CI 0.40-2.81). Radiotherapy and smoking history were significant predictors for complications in every setting. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, age at breast reconstruction is not associated with a higher risk of surgical complications, in contrast to radiotherapy and smoking history. Therefore, age should not be a limiting factor when considering breast reconstruction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Chang-Azancot
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain.
| | - Pedro Abizanda
- Geriatrics Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario of Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gijón
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nitzan Kenig
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Manuel Campello
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jessica Juez
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Antonio Talaya
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gregorio Gómez-Bajo
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Montón
- Plastic Surgery Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006, Albacete, Spain.,Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Sánchez-Bayona
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
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Moss W, Zhang R, Carter GC, Kwok AC. A Case for the Use of the 5-Item Modified Frailty Index in Preoperative Risk Assessment for Tissue Expander Placement in Breast Reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 89:23-27. [PMID: 33625029 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative risk assessment is essential in determining which surgical candidates will have the most to gain from an operation. The 5-item modified frailty index (mFI-5) has been validated as an effective way to determine this risk. This study sought to evaluate the performance of the mFI-5 as a predictor of postoperative complications after tissue expander placement. METHODS Patients who underwent placement of a tissue expander were identified using the 2012 to 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis models were used to assess how mFI-5, the components of the mFI-5 (functional status, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, and hypertension), and other factors commonly used to risk stratify (age, body mass index [BMI], American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and history of smoking) were associated with complications. RESULTS In 44,728 tissue expander placement cases, the overall complication rate was 10.5% (n = 4674). The mFI-5 score was significantly higher in the group that experienced complications (0.08 vs 0.06, P < 0.001). Compared with the mFI-5 individual components and other common variables used preoperatively to risk stratify patients, univariate analysis demonstrated that mFI-5 had the largest effect size (odds ratio [OR], 5.46; confidence interval [CI], 4.29-6.94; P < 0.001). After controlling for age, BMI, ASA classification, and history of smoking, the mFI-5 still remained the predictor of complications with the largest effect size (OR, 2.25; CI, 1.70-2.97; P < 0.001). In assessing specific complications, the mFI-5 is the independent predictor with the largest significant effect size for surgical dehiscence (OR, 12.76; CI, 5.58-28.18; P < 0.001), surgical site infection (OR, 6.68; CI, 4.53-9.78; P < 0.001), reoperation (OR, 5.23; CI, 3.90-6.99; P < 0.001), and readmission (OR, 4.59; CI, 3.25-6.45; P < 0.001) when compared with age, BMI, ASA class, and/or history of smoking alone. CONCLUSIONS The mFI-5 can be used as an effective preoperative predictor of postoperative complications in patients undergoing tissue expander placement. Not only does it have the largest effect size compared with other historical perioperative risk factors, it is more predictive than each of its individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Moss
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Ruyan Zhang
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Gentry C Carter
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Alvin C Kwok
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Deldar R, Sayyed AA, Towfighi P, Aminpour N, Sogunro O, Son JD, Fan KL, Song DH. Postmastectomy Reconstruction in Male Breast Cancer. Breast J 2022; 2022:5482261. [PMID: 35711890 PMCID: PMC9187266 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5482261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Less than 1% of all breast cancers are diagnosed in males. In females, postmastectomy breast reconstruction is associated with increased patient satisfaction. However, there is a paucity of literature describing reconstructive options for postmastectomy deformity in the male chest. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate postmastectomy reconstruction outcomes in males with breast cancer. Methods A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science were queried for records pertaining to the study question using medical subject heading (MeSH) terms such as "male breast cancer," "mastectomy," and "reconstruction." No limitations were placed on the year of publication, country of origin, or study size. Study characteristics and patient demographics were collected. Primary outcomes of interest included postoperative complications, recurrence rate, and mortality rate. Results A total of 11 articles examining 29 male patients with breast cancer who underwent postmastectomy reconstruction were included for analysis. Literature was most commonly available in the form of case reports. The average age was 59.6 +/-11.4 years. Reconstruction methods included fat grafting (n = 1, 3.4%), silicone implants (n = 1, 3.4%), and autologous chest wall reconstruction with local flaps (n = 26, 89.7%). Postoperative complications occurred in two patients (6.8%), including partial nipple necrosis (n = 1) and hypertrophic scarring (n = 1). Of the studies reporting patient satisfaction, all patients were pleased with the aesthetic appearance of their chest. Conclusion This systematic review revealed the limited availability of research regarding postmastectomy chest reconstruction in males with breast cancer. Nevertheless, the evidence available suggests that reconstruction can restore a patient's body image and, thus, should be regularly considered and discussed with male patients. Larger studies are warranted to further shed light on this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Deldar
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adaah A. Sayyed
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Parhom Towfighi
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nathan Aminpour
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Olutayo Sogunro
- Department of General Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Son
- Department of General Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Fan
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David H. Song
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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9
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Zhang S, Yang Z, Qiu P, Li J, Zhou C. Research on the Role of Marriage Status Among Women Underwent Breast Reconstruction Following Mastectomy: A Competing Risk Analysis Model Based on the SEER Database, 1998–2015. Front Surg 2022; 8:803223. [PMID: 35127805 PMCID: PMC8814322 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.803223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marital status is an important foundation of social public relations in modern society, but little is known about the role of marriage status among women who underwent breast reconstruction following mastectomy. This research mainly aimed to investigate the prognostic value of marital status in breast cancer women who underwent breast reconstruction. Methods The demographic and clinical data of patients were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database. The eligible population was assessed on overall survival (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and breast cancer-specific death (BCSD) through propensity score matching (PSM) method, multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis, competing risk model analysis, multivariate competing risk regression model analysis, and subgroup analysis. Results Of the 54,683 women included in the current study, a total of 38,110 participants were married patients (married group), and 16,573 participants were unmarried patients (unmarried group). Patients in the married group tended to have better OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.397, 95% CI: 1.319–1.479, p < 0.001), BCSS (HR = 1.332, 95% CI: 1.244–1.426, p < 0.001), cumulative BCSD incidence (Gray's test, p < 0.001), and other causes-specific death (OCSD) incidence (Gray's test, p < 0.001) than those in the unmarried group. In subgroup analysis, subjects with HR+/HER2– subtype breast cancer in the married group showed improved OS (1.589, 95% CI: 1.363–1.854, p < 0.001) and BCSS (HR = 1.512, 95% CI: 1.255–1.82, p < 0.001) than those in the unmarried group. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the inexistence of marriage was associated with poorer OS and BCSS, especially for HR+/HER2– breast cancer women who underwent breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zejian Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Qiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Can Zhou
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10
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Rassu PC. Breast surgical oncology in elderly and unfit patients: a systematic review. Minerva Surg 2021; 76:538-549. [PMID: 34935322 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5691.21.08995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer treatment in elderly women remains a complex issue due to pre-existing comorbidities, therapy-related toxicities, and the lack of evidence-based data in this population, leading to both overtreatment and undertreatment. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The aim was to investigate the literature on breast surgical oncology in the older woman as a major therapeutic challenge: the 86 more consistent articles amongst 1440 potential citations according to PRISMA guidelines were retained. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Studies demonstrated that despite low-grade tumor types, lower incidence of axillary lymph node involvement, ER+ disease, and less aggressive tumor biology, elderly breast cancer patients often receive less than the standard-of-care when compared to their younger counterparts. The surgery omission in elderlies and the preference for the primary endocrine treatment is associated with worse survival, especially in patients aged 80 years or over - a cohort with no specific recommendations concerning breast and axillary surgical procedures. On the other hand, a higher mastectomy rate is still considered the standard treatment in older women with higher T2:T1 tumor ratio and greater difficulties to attend radiotherapy due to severe comorbidities. Surgical de-escalation procedures even in an-ambulatory setting are recognized as a feasible option in these patients to prevent or palliate breast or chest wall symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Benefits and disadvantages from surgery only or coupled with adjuvant therapies for elderly women were analyzed in literature, outlining a growing need for a proper geriatric assessment and short-stay surgical programs which are feasible today owing to the availability of less invasive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier C Rassu
- Department of General Surgery, S. Giacomo Hospital, Novi Ligure, Alessandria, Italy -
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11
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Breast reconstruction is a viable option for older patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:77-86. [PMID: 34609642 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is diagnosed at a median age of 62 years in the USA. At the same time, mortality rates for breast cancer continue to decrease, falling by 40% from 1989 to 2016. In the coming decades, the number of elderly patients with breast cancer, potentially seeking reconstruction, is expected to increase. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 309 patients, aged 60 years or older, undergoing immediate or delayed breast reconstruction, was conducted. Patient characteristics, clinical information and major complications requiring reoperation were evaluated. Multivariate analyses identified factors contributing to complications such as BMI, comorbidities, smoking status, history of previous breast conservation therapy (BCT), total expander volume, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. RESULTS 26.7% of patients had at least one complication requiring reoperation, and 6.9% of patients suffered reconstructive failure. Logistic regression analysis of all patients (n = 309) found a statistically significant relationship between major complication and history of ipsilateral BCT (p = 0.026) and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.005). Logistic regression analysis in patients undergoing tissue expander (TE) reconstruction (n = 215) showed that major complications were related to BMI over 35 kg/m2 (p = 0.04), history of ipsilateral BCT (p = 0.048), and adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION Breast reconstruction in women over 60 years old was not independently associated with higher major complication rates in our series.
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12
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Ali B, Choi EE, Barlas V, Petersen TR, Morrell NT, McKee RG. Modified Frailty Index (mFI) predicts 30-day complications after microsurgical breast reconstruction. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2021; 56:229-235. [PMID: 34431755 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2021.1962333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Frailty lacks a universal definition. The modified Frailty Index (mFI) using patient comorbidities can be used to measure frailty. We hypothesized that mFI predicts 30-day complications after microsurgical breast reconstruction. American College of Surgeons' (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) was investigated to identify patients undergoing microsurgical breast reconstruction between 2005-2014 using Current Procedure Terminology (CPT) code, 19364. We used mFI as a measure of frailty. The patients were assigned a frailty score based on the number of preoperative comorbid conditions as defined by the mFI. Other risk indices used include age, BMI, wound class, ASA class. Stratification was performed in ascending order for each. The outcome measure was aggregate 30-day complications. Regression analysis was performed followed by Receptor Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the accuracy of each risk index in predicting 30-day complications. Of the 3237 patients 24% experienced complications. Univariate logistic regression analysis found odds ratio of complications for frailty score 1 = 22.1 (CI = 17.9-27.3, p < 0.01), and 2 = 28 (CI = 18.3-43, p < 0.01) compared to frailty score = 0. ROC curve demonstrated mFI with the highest concordance score (c-score = 0.816). Multivariable logistic regression found frailty as the strongest independent predictor of 30-day aggregate complications adjusted OR = 22.24, CI = 17.77-27.82, p < 0.01 when compared to other risk indices. The modified Frailty Index is a simple, reliable, and objective tool that can be used to predict postoperative complications after microsurgical breast reconstruction. The application of this tool can help microsurgeons preoperatively identify patients who are at high risk.Abbreviations: ACS: American College of Surgeons; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: body mass index; CHF: congestive heart failure; CPT: current procedural terminology; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA: cerebrovascular accident; DM: diabetes mellitus; IRB: institutional review board; mfi: modified frailty index; MI: myocardial infarction; NSQIP: national surgical quality improvement program; PVD: peripheral vascular disease; ROC: receptor operating characteristic; TIA: transient ischemic attach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkat Ali
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - EunHo E Choi
- Statistics and Epidemiology and Research Designs, Clinical and Translational Science Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Venus Barlas
- School of Medicine University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Timothy R Petersen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Nathan T Morrell
- Department of Orthopedics, Hand and Upper Extremity, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rohini G McKee
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexcio Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Roubaud MS, Carey JN, Vartanian E, Patel KM. Breast reconstruction in the high-risk population: current review of the literature and practice guidelines. Gland Surg 2021; 10:479-486. [PMID: 33634005 DOI: 10.21037/gs-2020-nfbr-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast reconstruction is an important part of the cancer treatment paradigm and the psychosocial benefits are well described in the literature. Notably, breast reconstruction restores both the functional and emotional losses patients experience due to tumor resection. Post-cancer quality of life is an important benchmark of successful treatment; therefore, breast reconstruction is an essential component that should be offered whenever possible. Over time, reconstructive techniques and outcomes have improved dramatically resulting in better patient safety and decreased operative morbidity. When counseling a patient for surgery, the provider must consider all aspects of a patient's health. Ideally, breast cancer patients should be physically, emotionally, and oncologically appropriate candidates for reconstruction. However, in concerted effort to provide opportunities for as many patients as possible, the definition of who is a good candidate for reconstruction has evolved to include higher risk patients. These patients include those with advanced age, nicotine use, obesity, and significant ptosis. With improvements in surgical procedures and perioperative care, this population may also benefit from restorative surgery. However, the exact risk of complications and necessary counseling has gone largely undefined in this population. This article examines particular "high-risk" groups that may be challenging for extirpative and reconstructive surgeons and offers current guidelines for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Roubaud
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph N Carey
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emma Vartanian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ketan M Patel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Demiri EC, Tsimponis A, Pagkalos A, Georgiadou E, Goula OC, Spyropoulou GA, Dionyssiou D. Fat-Augmented Latissimus Dorsi versus Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap: Comparative Study in Delayed Autologous Breast Reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2020; 37:208-215. [PMID: 32892331 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of autologous tissues is considered the mainstay for delayed breast reconstruction. Aside the free abdominal flaps, which are most commonly used, the fat-augmented latissimus-dorsi (FALD) flap has been recently shown a reliable alternative option for pure autologous breast reconstruction. In this retrospective study, we aim to compare outcomes of autologous breast reconstructions using the extended FALD and deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP) flap, with an emphasis on patients' characteristics, demographic data, complications, and patients' satisfaction after a minimum 12-month follow-up. METHODS Our series consists of 135 women who underwent a delayed postmastectomy unilateral autologous breast reconstruction from 2011 to 2017: 36 patients (Group A) had an extended FALD flap and 99 (Group B) a free DIEP flap performed by the same surgeons. Demographic data, breast volume, medical history, smoking, complications, and patients' satisfaction were recorded and analyzed. Student's t-test for independent variables, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Chi-squared test were used to compare the reported variables. RESULTS Patients' age, body mass index (BMI), and pregnancy history were statistically different between groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p < 0.001, respectively); younger age (35.1 vs. 41.2 years), lower BMI (25.6 vs. 28.4), and fewer pregnancies were recorded in Group A. Breast volume was also found significantly smaller in Group A patients (p = 0.009). Past medical history using the ASA physical status classification score, previous radiation therapy, history of smoking, and incidence of overall complications were similar in both groups. Overall satisfaction scores were found slightly higher, but not statistically significant, in the free-flap group (p = 0.442). CONCLUSION The use of the FALD flap may provide comparable outcome to the DIEP flap in delayed breast reconstruction in terms of complications and patients' satisfaction; it should be considered a good reconstructive option for young and thin nulliparous patients, with small to medium size opposite breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi C Demiri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Tsimponis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Pagkalos
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga-Christina Goula
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia-Alexandra Spyropoulou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Dionyssiou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou Hospital, Periferiaki Odos Neas Efkarpias, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Brendler-Spaeth C, Jacklin C, See J, Roseman G, Kalu P. Autologous breast reconstruction in older women: A retrospective single-centre analysis of complications and uptake of secondary reconstructive procedures. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:856-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sada A, Day CN, Hoskin TL, Degnim AC, Habermann EB, Hieken TJ. Mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in the elderly: Trends and outcomes. Surgery 2019; 166:709-714. [PMID: 31395398 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy may confer more complication rates in the elderly. Therefore, granular analysis of postmastectomy complications in women aged ≥65 years may help formulate clinical guidelines to improve patient selection and outcomes. METHODS We identified patients undergoing mastectomy with or without immediate reconstruction from our breast surgery database (2014-2018). Complications requiring treatment were compared between patients aged ≥65 and <65 years. RESULTS A total of 1,721 mastectomies were performed in 1,698 patients; 85.8% had a 30-day follow-up. Of these patients, 968 (65.6%) had immediate breast reconstruction, of whom 95 (9.8%) were aged ≥65 years. Among patients aged ≥65 years, 27.6% underwent mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction compared with 77.1% of women aged <65 years (P < .001). Overall complication rates were not greater for older compared with younger mastectomy patients but were for older versus younger patients who had mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction (12.6% vs 6.8%; P = .04). Hematoma requiring reoperation was more frequent in patients aged ≥65 years (5.3% vs 0.9%; P = .006). Necrosis (5.3% vs 2.6%; P = .18) and 30-day unplanned readmissions (7.4% vs 4.0%; P = .18) were not greater. CONCLUSION Despite low overall postoperative complication rates, we found some clinically relevant differences between older and younger patients after mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. Additional investigation of contributing factors may help further refine patient selection. In the interim, elderly patients should be counseled on their somewhat greater risk of postoperative complications to facilitate shared decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Sada
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Courtney N Day
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Tanya L Hoskin
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Amy C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Elizabeth B Habermann
- The Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Surgical Outcomes Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Assessing Age as a Risk Factor for Complications in Autologous Breast Reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 142:840e-846e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000004990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Kuykendall LV, Zhang A, Tugertimur B, Bijan S, Agoris C, Kumar A, Dayicioglu D. Outcomes in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap and Implant-Based Reconstruction: Does Age Really Matter? Cancer Control 2018; 25:1073274817744603. [PMID: 29325422 PMCID: PMC5933585 DOI: 10.1177/1073274817744603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing elderly population, there is limited research specific to this demographic concerning breast reconstruction (BR). Lack of evidence-based BR recommendations in older populations may contribute to misconceptions and subsequent underutilization of BR, especially autologous BR. Patients who received either deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap BR or tissue expander/implant (TE/I) BR by a single surgeon between July 2011 and July 2015 were surveyed postoperatively by using the psychometrically validated BREAST-Q questionnaire to determine patient satisfaction. Patients were categorized into younger and older cohorts based on median age (55 years) and further stratified based on the type of reconstruction. Of the 311 patients surveyed, 95 patients responded (31% response rate). Overall, younger patients (<55 years old, n = 42) compared with older patients (≥55 years old, n = 53) had significantly higher satisfaction with their outcome (mean difference [MD] 12.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96-23.15; P = 0.034). In the TE/I group (n = 58), younger patients had significantly higher satisfaction with breasts (MD: 14.17; 95% CI: 2.58-25.75; P = .017) and outcome (MD: 18.25; 95% CI: 3.95-32.5; P = .010) with fewer complications (odds ratio [OR]: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.37-7.86; P = .010). In the DIEP flap group (n = 55), there was no significant difference inr any of the satisfaction outcomes between younger and older patients. Younger patients tend to be more satisfied and demonstrate fewer complications with implant-based BR. In contrast, both younger and older patients undergoing abdominally based autologous BR were equally satisfied with comparable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Kuykendall
- 1 Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Angie Zhang
- 2 University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bugra Tugertimur
- 2 University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sara Bijan
- 2 University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corin Agoris
- 2 University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deniz Dayicioglu
- 4 Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,5 Department of Women's Oncology, Comprehensive Breast Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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Thorarinsson A, Fröjd V, Kölby L, Lidén M, Elander A, Mark H. Patient determinants as independent risk factors for postoperative complications of breast reconstruction. Gland Surg 2017; 6:355-367. [PMID: 28861376 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2017.04.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast reconstruction is an essential component in the treatment of breast cancer. Postoperative complications after breast reconstruction are common and affect patient satisfaction. Determining independent risk factors using patient characteristics could be advantageous for patient assessment and counseling. METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 623 consecutive patients who underwent reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP), latissimus dorsi flap (LD), lateral thoracodorsal flap (LTDF), or tissue expander with a secondary implant (EXP) in this study. Information on demographic and perioperative factors was collected, as well as information on all postoperative complications. Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between possible patient-related risk factors and postoperative complications. RESULTS Smoking was associated with the highest number of early overall complications [odds ratio (OR) 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-3.37, P=0.0005], followed by body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13, P=0.017). High BMI was associated with the highest number of late overall postoperative complications (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.11, P=0.042), followed by history of radiotherapy (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.01-2.74, P=0.046). When the risk factors were combined, the risk for postoperative complications rose exponentially. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that patients should cease smoking and overweight patients should lose weight before undergoing breast reconstruction. Additionally, if the patient has received radiotherapy, the reconstruction method should be carefully chosen. High BMI, history of radiotherapy, and smoking are independent risk factors for many types of both early and late postoperative complications in breast reconstructive surgery. Combining these risk factors multiplies the risk of postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andri Thorarinsson
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria Fröjd
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kölby
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Lidén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Elander
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Mark
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institute for Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction for Cancer in the Elderly: A National Cancer Data Base Study. J Am Coll Surg 2017; 224:895-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Autologous Breast Reconstruction in Women Older Than 65 Years Versus Women Younger Than 65 Years: A Multi-Center Analysis. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 76:155-63. [PMID: 26637165 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous breast reconstruction has been shown to have fewer complications and superior outcomes. In the elderly patient population, a paucity of literature on the subject may render the surgeon reluctant to recommend or perform such a procedure. The objective of this study was to compare complications and satisfaction after abdominally based breast reconstruction in patients older than versus younger than 65 years. METHODS A retrospective study was performed with data from 5 North American centers from 2002 to 2012. Patients who underwent autologous reconstruction were identified retrospectively, and chart review was performed. The BREAST-Q questionnaire was sent to these patients via mail. Patient variables, operative outcomes and BREASTQ results were analyzed. The Pearson χ² and analysis of variance tests were used. Given the number of analyses, a more conservative α of 0.01 was used for each comparison. RESULTS A total of 1809 patients were included with 1751 patients younger than 65 years and 58 patients aged 65 years or older. Analysis of postoperative complications showed no significant differences between the age groups, though there was a trend toward higher seroma development (17.2% vs 8.1%; P = 0.013) and infection (19.0% vs 10.0%; P = 0.028) in the older group with statistical significance set at P less than 0.01 to account for multiple comparisons. A total of 1809 BREAST-Q surveys were sent with a response rate of 52.5%. Patient satisfaction results were equally high between the 2 age groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest study to compare patients undergoing autologous breast reconstruction older than and younger than 65 years within the same cohort. Women older than 65 years represent a minority and constituted only 3% of patients in this multicenter 10-year review. We have shown that with careful patient selection, abdominally based autologous reconstruction should be considered in the elderly patient population because it is well tolerated and achieves high patient satisfaction.
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Santosa KB, Qi J, Kim HM, Hamill JB, Pusic AL, Wilkins EG. Effect of Patient Age on Outcomes in Breast Reconstruction: Results from a Multicenter Prospective Study. J Am Coll Surg 2016; 223:745-754. [PMID: 27806906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although >40% of new breast cancer diagnoses in the US are in older women, few studies have assessed the outcomes of post-mastectomy reconstruction in this population. Our objective was to evaluate age effects on postoperative complications and patient-reported outcomes in women undergoing breast reconstruction, and to investigate whether age effects differ between reconstructive procedure types. STUDY DESIGN Eligible patients in the Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium study from 11 institutions (57 providers) in North America were analyzed. Two-year complications and patient-reported outcomes via BREAST-Q domains were compared across younger (younger than 45 years), middle-aged (45 to 60 years), and older (older than 60 years) women. Mixed-effects regression models were used, controlling for a range of demographic and clinical covariates. RESULTS A total of 1,531 patients were studied: 494 younger, 803 middle-aged, and 234 older. Age was not a significant predictor of complications. For sexual well-being 2 years post-reconstruction, older women reported 4.25 (p = 0.04) higher mean scores with implant procedures, and 10.39 (p < 0.01) higher mean scores with autologous procedures compared with younger women. No age effect was seen with implant procedures with regard to physical and psychosocial well-being; however, older women who underwent autologous procedures reported 6.07 (p < 0.01) higher physical, and 8.21 (p < 0.01) higher psychosocial well-being scores than younger women. CONCLUSIONS Age did not significantly affect complication rates. Older women demonstrated higher sexual well-being for both procedures, and better satisfaction and physical and psychosocial well-being than younger women with autologous procedures. Post-mastectomy reconstruction is a viable option for older patients, with risks and benefits comparable with those in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Santosa
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ji Qi
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Hyungjin M Kim
- Center for Statistical Consultation and Research, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jennifer B Hamill
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Andrea L Pusic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edwin G Wilkins
- Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Sexual Function and the Cancer Patient. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hamnett KE, Subramanian A. Breast reconstruction in older patients: A literature review of the decision-making process. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2016; 69:1325-34. [PMID: 27498596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Women not undergoing breast reconstruction after mastectomy tend to be older. This review aims to aid in effective, evidence-based choices regarding breast reconstruction in an older population, appraising the influencing patient factors described in the literature and those directing the reconstructive surgeon. This may refute current misconceptions and ensure surgical decisions are made based on evidence without ageist assumptions. The review forms the basis of an evidence-based algorithm addressing each step of the decision-making process. METHOD A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Evidence.nhs.uk and the Cochrane database. Search terms initially were breast reconstruction, mastectomy, elderly, older, decision, reasons and rationale. A separate literature search was performed for each of the individual 'steps' in the decision-making process. RESULTS Overall, 44 papers were obtained. For each section of the decision-making process, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. Only English language papers were included. CONCLUSION If reconstruction is oncologically plausible and co-morbidities and frailty formally assessed, older women should be actively informed about breast reconstruction, receive support and engage in 'shared decision-making'. The older patient is less likely to do research independently. Amongst other factors, body image, cancer fears, employment and carer responsibilities play a part in the decision. With adequate preoperative and frailty assessment and early involvement of the geriatrician and anaesthetist, microsurgical reconstruction is safe. Autologous reconstruction has better long-term outcomes than implant-based reconstructions in this age group, correlating with improved survival and longevity of reconstruction. Age alone should not be considered a contraindication to breast reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hamnett
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, Prescot, Liverpool, L35 5DR, United Kingdom.
| | - A Subramanian
- Department of Breast Surgery, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, King's Dr, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 2UD, United Kingdom
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Oh D, Flitcroft K, Brennan M, Spillane A. Patterns and outcomes of breast reconstruction in older women – A systematic review of the literature. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2016; 42:604-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Quinn TT, Miller GS, Rostek M, Cabalag MS, Rozen WM, Hunter-Smith DJ. Prosthetic breast reconstruction: indications and update. Gland Surg 2016; 5:174-86. [PMID: 27047785 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2015.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite 82% of patients reporting psychosocial improvement following breast reconstruction, only 33% patients choose to undergo surgery. Implant reconstruction outnumbers autologous reconstruction in many centres. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was undertaken. Inclusion required: (I) Meta-analyses or review articles; (II) adult patients aged 18 years or over undergoing alloplastic breast reconstruction; (III) studies including outcome measures; (IV) case series with more than 10 patients; (V) English language; and (VI) publication after 1(st) January, 2000. RESULTS After full text review, analysis and data extraction was conducted for a total of 63 articles. Definitive reconstruction with an implant can be immediate or delayed. Older patients have similar or even lower complication rates to younger patients. Complications include capsular contracture, hematoma and infection. Obesity, smoking, large breasts, diabetes and higher grade tumors are associated with increased risk of wound problems and reconstructive failure. Silicone implant patients have higher capsular contracture rates but have higher physical and psychosocial function. There were no associations made between silicone implants and cancer or systemic disease. There were no differences in outcomes or complications between round and shaped implants. Textured implants have a lower risk of capsular contracture than smooth implants. Smooth implants are more likely to be displaced as well as having higher rates of infection. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) gives the best aesthetic outcome if radiotherapy is not required but has a higher rate of capsular contracture and implant failure. Delayed-immediate reconstruction patients can achieve similar aesthetic results to IBR whilst preserving the breast skin if radiotherapy is required. Delayed breast reconstruction (DBR) patients have fewer complications than IBR patients. CONCLUSIONS Implant reconstruction is a safe and popular mode of post-mastectomy reconstruction. Evidence exists for the settings in which complications are more likely, and we can now more reliably predict outcomes of reconstruction on an individual basis and assess patient suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam T Quinn
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - George S Miller
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Marie Rostek
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Miguel S Cabalag
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Warren M Rozen
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - David J Hunter-Smith
- 1 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Monash University Plastic Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 3 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University Clinical School, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
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Arraras JI, Manterola A, Asin G, Illarramendi JJ, Cruz SDL, Ibañez B, Delfrade J, Salgado E, Zarandona U, Cambra K, Vera R, Dominguez MA. Quality of life in elderly patients with localized breast cancer treated with radiotherapy. A prospective study. Breast 2016; 26:46-53. [PMID: 27017241 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a debate on the role of adjuvant Radiotherapy (RT) in elderly breast cancer patients. The aim is to study Quality of Life (QL) throughout the treatment and follow-up periods in early stages breast cancer patients who have started radiotherapy, and to compare the QL of axillary surgery groups. METHODS 173 patients, ≥65 years completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23, and the Interview for Deterioration in Daily Living Activities in Dementia(IDDD) questionnaires three times throughout treatment and follow-up periods. Linear mixed effect models were used to evaluate longitudinal changes in QL, and whether these changes differed among axillary surgery groups. RESULTS QL scores were high (>70/100 points) in most QL areas, with moderate limitations (>30) in sexual functioning and enjoyment, future perspective and global QL. In six areas there was a decline at the RT sessions end, that after 6 weeks was recovered. For three areas, there was an improvement in the follow-up measurement compared to the previous assessments. Changes in seven areas were <5 points. Axillary node dissection patients had a body image decrease (6 points) in the follow up period. The lymphadenectomy group had more fatigue (10 points, p = 0.078) than the other two axillary surgery groups. CONCLUSIONS Results orientate towards good patients' adaptation to their disease and treatments, and to administering RT in early stages breast cancer patients. QL differences between the axillary surgery groups and in their evolutions were few but have appeared in key QL areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Arraras
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Ana Manterola
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gemma Asin
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Illarramendi
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susana de la Cruz
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Berta Ibañez
- Fundación Miguel Servet-NavarraBiomed, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josu Delfrade
- Instituto Salud Pública, CIBER Salud Pública, Leyre 3, 31003 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban Salgado
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Uxue Zarandona
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Koldo Cambra
- Fundación Miguel Servet-NavarraBiomed, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth Vera
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Medical Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Dominguez
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Bodilsen A, Christensen S, Christiansen P, Damsgaard TE, Zachariae R, Jensen AB. Socio-demographic, clinical, and health-related factors associated with breast reconstruction – A nationwide cohort study. Breast 2015; 24:560-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ludolph I, Horch RE, Harlander M, Arkudas A, Bach AD, Kneser U, Schmitz M, Taeger CD, Beier JP. Is there a Rationale for Autologous Breast Reconstruction in Older Patients? A Retrospective Single Center Analysis of Quality of life, Complications and Comorbidities after DIEP or ms-TRAM Flap Using the BREAST-Q. Breast J 2015; 21:588-95. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Ludolph
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Raymund E. Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Marina Harlander
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Arkudas
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Alexander D. Bach
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Ulrich Kneser
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Marweh Schmitz
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian D. Taeger
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Justus P. Beier
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery - University Hospital of Erlangen; Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
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Advanced age is a predictor of 30-day complications after autologous but not implant-based postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 135:253e-261e. [PMID: 25626808 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000000988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older breast cancer patients undergo postmastectomy breast reconstruction infrequently, in part because of a perception of increased surgical risk. This study sought to investigate the effects of age on perioperative complications after postmastectomy breast reconstruction. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program Participant Use Files from 2005 to 2012 were used to identify women with breast cancer who underwent unilateral mastectomy alone or with immediate reconstruction. Thirty-day complication rates were compared between younger (<65 years) and older (≥65 years) women after implant-based reconstruction, autologous reconstruction, or mastectomy alone. Linear and logistic regression models were used to control for differences in comorbidities and age. RESULTS A total of 40,769 patients were studied, of whom 15,093 (37 percent) were aged 65 years or older. Breast reconstruction was performed in 39.5 percent of younger and 10.7 percent of older women. The attributable risks of breast reconstruction, manifested by longer hospital stays (p < 0.001), more frequent complications (p < 0.001), and more reoperations (p < 0.001), were similar in older and younger women. There were no differences in the adjusted complication rates between older and younger patients undergoing implant-based reconstruction. However, older women undergoing autologous reconstruction were more likely to suffer venous thromboembolism (OR, 3.67; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The perioperative risks attributable to breast reconstruction are similar in older and younger women. Older patients should be counseled that their age does not confer an increased risk of complications after implant-based breast reconstruction. However, age is an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism after autologous reconstruction. Special attention should be paid to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in this group. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
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Does Immediate Tissue Expander Placement Increase Immediate Postoperative Complications in Patients with Breast Cancer? Am Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481508100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate 1) the rate of immediate breast reconstruction; 2) the frequency of immediate tissue expander placement; and 3) to compare perioperative outcomes in patients who underwent breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer with immediate tissue expander placement (TE) with those with no reconstruction (NR). Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, we examined the clinical data of patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy with or without immediate TE from 2006 to 2010 in the United States. A total of 344,253 patients with breast cancer underwent mastectomy in this period in the United States. Of these patients, 31 per cent had immediate breast reconstruction. We only included patients with mastectomy and no reconstruction (NR: 237,825 patients) and patients who underwent only TE placement with no other reconstruction combination (TE: 61,178 patients) to this study. Patients in the TE group had a lower overall postoperative complication rate (2.6 vs 5.5%; P < 0.01) and lower in-hospital mortality rate (0.01 vs 0.09%; P < 0.01) compared with the NR group. Fifty-three per cent of patients in the NR group were discharged the day of surgery compared with 36 per cent of patients in the TE group. Using multivariate regression analyses and adjusting patient characteristics and comorbidities, patients in the TE group had a significantly lower overall complication rate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.6) and lower in-hospital mortality (AOR, 0.2) compared with the NR group. The rate of immediate reconstruction is 31 per cent. TE alone is the most common type of immediate reconstruction (57%). There is a lower complication rate for the patients who underwent immediate TE versus the no-reconstruction cohort.
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When Is the Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery Flap Indicated for Breast Reconstruction in Patients not Treated With Radiotherapy? Ann Plast Surg 2014; 73:105-13. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e31826cafd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Montroni I, Rocchi M, Santini D, Ceccarelli C, Ghignone F, Zattoni D, Nuvola G, Zanotti S, Ugolini G, Taffurelli M. Has breast cancer in the elderly remained the same over recent decades? A comparison of two groups of patients 70years or older treated for breast cancer twenty years apart. J Geriatr Oncol 2014; 5:260-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Mátrai Z, Polgár C, Kovács E, Bartal A, Rubovszky G, Gulyás G. [Special aspects of breast cancer surgery in the elderly]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:931-8. [PMID: 24918175 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the aging population of Western countries and the high-quality health care system, breast cancer in the elderly generally affects women of good or satisfactory performance status pursuing active lifestyle. Over the last decade, it became evident that, in contrast to previous dogmas, age alone cannot be the contraindication to standard oncological treatment, and adequate multidisciplinary therapy aiming full recovery rather than compromise treatment is required. A number of specific aspects needs to be taken into account regarding surgery, such as life expectancy, co-morbidities, individual mobility, mental and emotional status as well as family background, which may result in changes to the individual treatment plan. Objective evaluation of the above mentioned parameters necessitates a close co-operation of professions. Interestingly, the evidence-based protocols of modern oncology often originate from the generalizations of results from clinical trials representing younger population, due to the typical under representation of elderly patients in clinical studies. Clinical trials should be extended to elderly patients as well or should specifically aim this patient population. The authors of the present paper review the special oncological and reconstructive surgical aspects of breast cancer in the elderly, such as breast conserving surgery versus mastectomia, sentinel lymph node biopsy, axillary lymphadenectomy or the omission of surgery in axillary staging, and questions regarding implant based and autologous reconstructive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Mátrai
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Emlő- és Lágyrészsebészeti Osztály Budapest Ráth Gy. u. 7-9. 1122
| | - Csaba Polgár
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Sugárterápiás Központ Budapest
| | - Eszter Kovács
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Radiológiai Diagnosztikus Osztály Budapest
| | | | - Gábor Rubovszky
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet "B" Belgyógyászati-Onkológiai és Klinikai Farmakológiai Osztály Budapest
| | - Gusztáv Gulyás
- Országos Onkológiai Intézet Emlő- és Lágyrészsebészeti Osztály Budapest Ráth Gy. u. 7-9. 1122
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Single Dual-Trained Surgeon for Breast Care Leads to Higher Reconstruction Rates After Mastectomy. World J Surg 2013; 37:2600-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Héquet D, Zarca K, Dolbeault S, Couturaud B, Ngô C, Fourchotte V, De La Rochefordière A, Féron JG, Fitoussi A, Bélichard C, Reyal F, Laki F, Hajage D, Sigal B, Asselain B, Alran S. Reasons of not having breast reconstruction: a historical cohort of 1937 breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:325. [PMID: 23961399 PMCID: PMC3733069 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The aims of the study were to investigate the factors associated with not having breast reconstruction following mastectomy and to assess patient satisfaction with information on reconstruction. Patients and methods We analysed a historical cohort of 1937 consecutive patients who underwent mastectomy at Institut Curie between January 2004 and February 2007. Their sociodemographic and clinicobiological characteristics were recorded in a prospective database. A questionnaire was sent to 10% of nonreconstructed patients. Results The proportion of patients with invasive cancer was 82.7%. The rate of nonreconstruction in patients with in situ and invasive cancer was 34.6% and 74.9%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, only employment outside the home was associated with reconstruction in patients with in situ cancer (p < 0.001). In patients with invasive cancer, employment status (p < 0.001) and smoking (p = 0.045) were associated with reconstruction, while age > 50, ASA score >1, radiotherapy (p < 0.0001) and metastatic status (p = 0.018) were associated with nonreconstruction. For 80% of questionnaire responders, nonreconstruction was a personal choice, mainly for the following reasons: refusal of further surgery, acceptance of body asymmetry, risk of complications and advanced age. Information on reconstruction was entirely unsatisfactory or inadequate for 62% of patients. Conclusion Better understanding the factors that influence decision of nonreconstruction can help us adapt the information to serve the patient’s personal needs.
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Swaminathan V, Spiliopoulos MK, Audisio RA. Choices in surgery for older women with breast cancer. Breast Care (Basel) 2012; 7:445-51. [PMID: 24715825 DOI: 10.1159/000345402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. As the population ages and life expectancy increases, the burden of cancer on health services will increase. Older patients with breast cancer are becoming more suitable for surgery; tailored surgical techniques and increasing healthy life expectancy alongside improved assessment of patients are aiding this trend. Surgery is also becoming a favoured treatment of personal choice for older patient with breast cancer. Evidence shows that surgery is almost always feasible for the older patient with outcomes (survival, progression, and recurrence rates) comparable to younger groups and superior to non-surgical treatments. We aim to describe the current status of surgery for the older patient with breast cancer, showing it is an option that should not be denied. Surgery should always be considered regardless of age, after evaluation of co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Riccardo A Audisio
- Consultant Breast Oncological Surgeon, St Helens Teaching Hospital, St Helens, UK
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Richardson H, Ma G. The Goldilocks mastectomy. Int J Surg 2012; 10:522-6. [PMID: 22892093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To reconstruct a breast mound from cutaneous mastectomy flap tissue alone, obviating the need for additional flap or implant techniques. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA With growing numbers of obese and elderly women facing breast cancer, options outside of simple mastectomy without reconstruction and formal breast reconstruction using complex autologous flap harvesting techniques or artificial implants need to be explored. METHODS Patients who declined traditional methods of breast reconstruction were offered standard skin sparing mastectomy with closure utilizing a standard Wise pattern. A completely autologous breast mound was created by preserving and de-epithelializing residual mastectomy flap tissue. RESULTS Over 24 months, 32 women (50 breasts) underwent mastectomy and closure using this technique. Seromas occurred in 1 of 50 operated breasts and cellulitis developed in 3 of 50 breasts. One of the two patients had active hidradenitis at the time of surgery which made expander placement a contraindication and post operative infection a high risk. There has been no incidence of locoregional breast cancer recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Some patients are poor candidates for traditional methods of breast reconstruction secondary to medical comorbidities, while others may decline for more personal reasons. For these patients, we describe an additional option. The procedure is performed in a single stage and does not necessitate closure by a reconstructive surgeon, although a team approach can improve aesthetic results. Disadvantages include limited applicability in patients with small, non-ptotic breasts. Deemed the "Goldilocks Mastectomy", it is neither amputation of the breast, nor is it full reconstruction. It is a third, middle option. This offers an aesthetic advantage for women over simple mastectomy without reconstruction and potentially decreases cost and number of procedures sometimes associated with formal reconstruction.
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Age and abdominal wall strength: Assessing the aging abdominal wall after autologous breast reconstruction. Microsurgery 2012; 33:14-23. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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