1
|
Liu D, Wang L, Guo Y. Advances in and prospects of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2024; 601:217155. [PMID: 39127338 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown promising therapeutic effects in hematological malignancies and certain solid tumors and has emerged as a critical and highly potential treatment modality for cancer. However, prostate cancer falls under the category of immune-resistant cold tumors, for which immunotherapy exhibits limited efficacy in patients with solid tumors. Thus, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer to facilitate immune system activation and overcome immune suppression to advance immunotherapy for prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the immunosuppressive microenvironment of prostate cancer, which is characterized by the presence of few tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, abundant immunosuppressive cells, low immunogenicity, and a noninflammatory phenotype, which significantly influences the efficacy of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Immunotherapy is mainly achieved by activating the host immune system and overcoming immunosuppression. In this regard, we summarize the therapeutic advances in immune checkpoint blockade, immunogenic cell death, reversal of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, tumor vaccines, immune adjuvants, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and overcoming penetration barriers in prostate cancer, with the aim of providing novel research insights and approaches to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China; Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Luofu Wang
- Department of Urology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Yanli Guo
- Department of Ultrasound, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Longoria O, Beije N, de Bono JS. PARP inhibitors for prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 2024; 51:25-35. [PMID: 37783649 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have transformed the treatment landscape for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and alterations in DNA damage response genes. This has also led to widespread use of genomic testing in all patients with mCRPC. The current review will give an overview of (1) the current understanding of the interplay between DNA damage response and PARP enzymes; (2) the clinical landscape of PARP inhibitors, including the combination of PARP inhibitors with other agents such as androgen-receptor signaling agents; (3) biomarkers related to PARP inhibitor response and resistance; and (4) considerations for interpreting genomic testing results and treating patients with PARP inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ossian Longoria
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Beije
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zang L, Yin D, Tan S. Hyperoside Inhibits RNF8-mediated Nuclear Translocation of β-catenin to Repress PD-L1 Expression and Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:464-476. [PMID: 38305391 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206289246240110044931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperoside is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Hypericum perforatum L. that has inhibitory effects on cancer cells; however, its effects on prostate cancer (PCa) remain unclear. Therefore, we studied the anti-PCa effects of hyperoside and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. AIM This study aimed to explore the mechanism of hyperoside in anti-PCa. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-Thiazolyl)-2,5-Diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT), transwell, and flow cytometry assays were used to detect PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell apoptosis. Immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were used to analyze the antitumor mechanism of hyperoside. RESULTS Hyperoside inhibited PCa cell growth, invasion, and cell cycle and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, RING finger protein 8 (RNF8), an E3 ligase that assembles K63 polyubiquitination chains, was predicted to be a direct target of hyperoside and was downregulated by hyperoside. Downregulation of RNF8 by hyperoside impeded the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and disrupted the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which reduced the expression of the target genes c-myc, cyclin D1, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Decreased PD-L1 levels contributed to induced immunity in Jurkat cells in vitro. Finally, in vivo studies demonstrated that hyperoside significantly reduced tumor size, inhibited PD-L1 and RNF8 expression, and induced apoptosis in tumor tissues of a subcutaneous mouse model. CONCLUSION Hyperoside exerts its anti-PCa effect by reducing RNF8 protein, inhibiting nuclear translocation of β-catenin, and disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, in turn reducing the expression of PD-L1 and improving Jurkat cell immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Long Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Dengke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Song Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Foos G, Blazeska N, Nielsen M, Carter H, Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Peters B, Sette A. A meta-analysis of epitopes in prostate-specific antigens identifies opportunities and knowledge gaps. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:578-589. [PMID: 37679223 PMCID: PMC11017785 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.08.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (CEDAR) is a newly developed repository of cancer epitope data from peer-reviewed publications, which includes epitope-specific T cell, antibody, and MHC ligand assays. Here we focus on prostate cancer as our first cancer category to demonstrate the capabilities of CEDAR, and to shed light on the advances of epitope-related prostate cancer research. RESULTS The meta-analysis focused on a subset of data describing epitopes from 8 prostate-specific (PS) antigens. A total of 460 epitopes were associated with these proteins, 187 T cell, 109B cell, and 271 MHC ligand epitopes. The number of epitopes was not correlated with the length of the protein; however, we found a significant positive correlation between the number of references per specific PS antigen and the number of reported epitopes. Forty-four different class I and 27 class II restrictions were found, with the most epitopes described for HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-DRB1*01:01. Cytokine assays were mostly limited to IFNg assays and a very limited number of tetramer assays were performed. Monoclonal and polyclonal B cell responses were balanced, with the highest number of epitopes studied in ELISA/Western blot assays. Additionally, epitopes were generically described as associated with prostate cancer, with little granularity specifying diseases state. We found that in vivo and tumor recognition assays were sparse, and the number of epitopes with annotated B/T cell receptor information were limited. Potential immunodominant regions were identified by the use of the ImmunomeBrowser tool. CONCLUSION CEDAR provides a comprehensive repository of epitopes related to prostate-specific antigens. This inventory of epitope data with its wealth of searchable T cell, B cell and MHC ligand information provides a useful tool for the scientific community. At the same time, we identify significant knowledge gaps that could be addressed by experimental analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Foos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nina Blazeska
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CP 1650 San Martín, Argentina; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hannah Carter
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zeynep Kosaloglu-Yalcin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, He JX, Ji B, Wang JF, Zhang L, Pang ZQ, Wang JS, Ding BC, Ren MH. Comprehensive analysis of integrin αvβ3/α6β1 in prognosis and immune escape of prostate cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11369-11388. [PMID: 37862114 PMCID: PMC10637796 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Integrin αvβ3/α6β1 are crucial in the transduction of intercellular cancer information, while their roles in prostate cancer (PCa) remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically analyzed the transcriptome, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clinical data of 495 PCa patients from the TCGA database and verified them in 220 GEO patients, and qPCR was used to validate the expression of the model genes in our patients. First, we found that integrin αvβ3/α6β1 was negatively correlated with most immune cell infiltration and immune functions and closely associated with poor survival in TCGA patients. Then, we divided these patients into two groups according to the expression level of αvβ3/α6β1, intersected differentially expressed genes of the two groups with the GEO dataset and identified eight biochemical recurrence-related genes (BRGs), and these genes were verified by qPCR in our patients. Next, these BRGs were used to construct a prognostic risk model by applying LASSO Cox regression. We found that the high-risk (HR) group showed poorer OS, PFS, biochemical recurrence and clinical characteristics than the low-risk (LR) group. In addition, the HR group was mainly enriched in the cell cycle pathway and had a higher TP53 mutation rate than the LR group. More importantly, lower immune cell infiltration and immune function, higher expression of PD-L1, PD-1, and CTLA4, and higher immune exclusion scores were identified in the HR group, suggesting a higher possibility of immune escape. These findings suggested the key role of integrin αvβ3/α6β1 in predicting prognosis, TP53 mutation and immune escape in PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia-Xin He
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Ji
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Pang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bei-Chen Ding
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming-Hua Ren
- Department of Urinary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varaprasad GL, Gupta VK, Prasad K, Kim E, Tej MB, Mohanty P, Verma HK, Raju GSR, Bhaskar L, Huh YS. Recent advances and future perspectives in the therapeutics of prostate cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:80. [PMID: 37740236 PMCID: PMC10517568 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in males and the fifth leading reason of death. Age, ethnicity, family history, and genetic defects are major factors that determine the aggressiveness and lethality of PC. The African population is at the highest risk of developing high-grade PC. It can be challenging to distinguish between low-risk and high-risk patients due to the slow progression of PC. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a revolutionary discovery for the identification of PC. However, it has led to an increase in over diagnosis and over treatment of PC in the past few decades. Even if modifications are made to the standard PSA testing, the specificity has not been found to be significant. Our understanding of PC genetics and proteomics has improved due to advances in different fields. New serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers, such as PC antigen 3 (PCA3), have led to various new diagnostic tests, such as the prostate health index, 4K score, and PCA3. These tests significantly reduce the number of unnecessary and repeat biopsies performed. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and prostatectomy are standard treatment options. However, newer novel hormone therapy drugs with a better response have been identified. Androgen deprivation and hormonal therapy are evolving as new and better options for managing hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant PC. This review aimed to highlight and discuss epidemiology, various risk factors, and developments in PC diagnosis and treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Lakshmi Varaprasad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiran Prasad
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandava Bhuvan Tej
- Department of Health Care Informatics, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Avenue, Fair Fields, CT, 06825, USA
| | - Pratik Mohanty
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum, 85764, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lvks Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lanka SM, Zorko NA, Antonarakis ES, Barata PC. Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, and Beyond. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:4246-4256. [PMID: 37185436 PMCID: PMC10137248 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic landscape of several genitourinary malignancies has been revolutionized by the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs); however, the utility of immunotherapies in prostate cancer has been limited, partly due to the immunologically "cold" tumor terrain of prostate cancer. As of today, pembrolizumab is the only immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in a select group of patients with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), or high tumor mutational burden (TMB). Looking ahead, several combinatorial approaches with ICIs involving radioligands, radiotherapy, PARP inhibitors, interleukin inhibitors, and cancer vaccines are exploring a potential synergistic effect. Furthermore, B7-H3 is an alternative checkpoint that may hold promise in adding to the treatment landscape of mCRPC. This review aims to summarize previous monotherapy and combination therapy trials of ICIs as well as novel immunotherapy combination therapeutic strategies and treatment targets in mCRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sree M Lanka
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicholas A Zorko
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pedro C Barata
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Spindler NJ, Persson GF, Theile S, Nielsen DL, Høgdall EV, Al-Farra G, Hendel HW, Lorentzen T, Svane IM, Lindberg H, Eefsen RL. Randomised phase II trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CheckPRO): a study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e063500. [PMID: 36717150 PMCID: PMC9887717 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) has revolutionised cancer treatment but has no convincing effect in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). It has been suggested that a combination of CPI and hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) may work synergistically, and recent trials have supported this. We hypothesise that adding SBRT to CPI treatment can improve response rates in patients with mCRPC. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The CheckPRO trial is an open-label, randomised, two-stage, phase II trial. We aim to enrol and randomise 80 evaluable patients with mCRPC who progressed following ≥2 lines of treatment. Enrolment started in November 2019 with 38 months expected enrolment period. The participants receive treatment for 52 weeks including four cycles of ipilimumab and nivolumab with or without concomitant SBRT (24 Gray in three fractions) to a single soft tissue or bone metastasis, followed by 10 cycles of nivolumab. Participants are followed until progression, death, or for 12 months after the end of treatment.Co-primary endpoints are the objective response rate and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate. Secondary endpoints include safety, radiographic progression-free survival, clinical benefit rate, duration of response, PSA-progression-free survival beyond 12 weeks, quality of life and overall survival. Exploratory endpoints include translational analyses of tumour biopsies and consecutive blood samples. Biopsies from metastatic sites are collected at baseline, before the third treatment and at the end of treatment. Blood sampling for immune monitoring and circulating tumour DNA is performed consecutively at baseline and every radiographic assessment. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study follows the Helsinki Declaration and is approved by the Danish Ethics Committee System (journal no. H-19016100). All participants must receive written and oral information and provide a signed informed consent document prior to inclusion. The study results will be published in an international peer-review journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER EudraCT number: 2018-003461-34. CLINICALTRIALS gov ID NCT05655715.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Juel Spindler
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gitte Fredberg Persson
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susann Theile
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Dorte Lisbeth Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Gina Al-Farra
- Department of Radiology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Helle Westergren Hendel
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Torben Lorentzen
- Department of Surgery, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henriette Lindberg
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Rikke Løvendahl Eefsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liang H, Liu Y, Guo J, Dou M, Zhang X, Hu L, Chen J. Progression in immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126752. [PMID: 36925917 PMCID: PMC10011447 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers of the male genitourinary system and has high morbidity and mortality. Currently, treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer focus mainly on radical prostatectomy or radical radiation therapy. Some patients still experience disease recurrence or progression after these treatments, while others are already at an advanced stage or have metastases at the time of diagnosis. With the continuous development and progress of medicine in recent years, immunotherapy has become a revolutionary cancer treatment, and has achieved remarkable accomplishments in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. A variety of immunotherapies have also appeared in the field of advanced prostate cancer treatment, including therapeutic vaccines and immune checkpoint therapies. Despite the discrepancy between the results of some immunotherapy studies, immunotherapy for prostate cancer has shown some initial success, especially in combination immunotherapies. Currently, immunotherapy is mainly used in advanced prostate cancer, especially in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, with the development of more clinical trials of immunotherapy, more evidence will be provided supporting the rational application of immunotherapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Maoyang Dou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Liyong Hu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tong Y, Cao Y, Jin T, Huang Z, He Q, Mao M. Role of Interleukin-1 family in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:951167. [PMID: 36237303 PMCID: PMC9552844 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.951167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most fatal diseases in male patients with high bone metastatic potential. Bone metastasis severely shortens overall survival and brings skeletal-related events (SREs) which reduces the life quality of patients, and this situation is currently regarded as irreversible and incurable. The progression and metastasis of PCa are found to be closely associated with inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. As pivotal members of inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family plays a crucial role in this process. Elevated expression of IL-1 family was detected in PCa patients with bone metastasis, and accumulating evidences proved that IL-1 family could exert vital effects on the progression and bone metastasis of many cancers, while some members have dual effects. In this review, we discuss the role of IL-1 family in the bone metastasis of PCa. Furthermore, we demonstrate that many members of IL-1 family could act as pivotal biomarkers to predict the clinical stage and prognosis of PCa patients. More importantly, we have elucidated the role of IL-1 family in the bone metastasis of PCa, which could provide potential targets for the treatment of PCa bone metastasis and probable directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Tong
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinghao Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhe Jin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinyuan He
- Organization Department, Suzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Min Mao,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang XH, Wang ZQ, Mu ZY, Zhu LP, Zhong CF, Guo S. The efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29715. [PMID: 35945714 PMCID: PMC9351907 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aim to assess the efficacy and safety profiles of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer using a meta-analysis. METHODS We extracted and examined data from phase I, II and III clinical trials from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, which included patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate several indexes of efficacy and safety, including the objective response rate, 1-year overall survival (OS) rate, prostate-specific antigen response rate, and adverse event rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The material data were calculated and pooled using The R Project for Statistical Computing and STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS We identified 12 clinical trials in our study. We assessed the pooled frequencies of all-grade AEs and grade ≥ 3 AEs first and showed 0.82 (95% CI: 0.74-0.91, I2 = 94%, P < .01) and 0.42 (95% CI: 0.33-0.54, I2 = 96%, P < .01), respectively. The objective response rate was 0.10 (95% CI: 0.04-0.19, I2 = 70%, P < .01), and the 1-year OS and prostate-specific antigen response rate were 0.55 (95% CI: 0.45-0.67, I2 = 93%, P < .01) and 0.18 (95% CI: 0.16-0.20, I2 = 43%, P = .03), respectively. CONCLUSION The immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy was well tolerated and showed potential to improve tumor responses in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, People’s hospital of Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Mu
- Department of Neurology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Chong-Fu Zhong
- Department of Andrology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shanchun Guo
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA
- *Correspondence: Shanchun Guo, PhD, RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Dr, New Orleans, LA 70125 (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guo L, Kang Y, Xia D, Ren Y, Yang X, Xiang Y, Tang L, Ren D, Yu J, Wang J, Liang T. Characterization of Immune-Based Molecular Subtypes and Prognostic Model in Prostate Adenocarcinoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1087. [PMID: 35741849 PMCID: PMC9223199 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD), also named prostate cancer, the most common visceral malignancy, is diagnosed in male individuals. Herein, in order to obtain immune-based subtypes, we performed an integrative analysis to characterize molecular subtypes based on immune-related genes, and further discuss the potential features and differences between identified subtypes. Simultaneously, we also construct an immune-based risk model to assess cancer prognosis. Our findings showed that the two subtypes, C1 and C2, could be characterized, and the two subtypes showed different characteristics that could clearly describe the heterogeneity of immune microenvironments. The C2 subtype presented a better survival rate than that in the C1 subtype. Further, we constructed an immune-based prognostic model based on four screened abnormally expressed genes, and they were selected as predictors of the robust prognostic model (AUC = 0.968). Our studies provide reference for characterization of molecular subtypes and immunotherapeutic agents against prostate cancer, and the developed robust and useful immune-based prognostic model can contribute to cancer prognosis and provide reference for the individualized treatment plan and health resource utilization. These findings further promote the development and application of precision medicine in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Yihao Kang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Daoliang Xia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Yujie Ren
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Xueni Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Yangyang Xiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Lihua Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Dekang Ren
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China;
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Smart Health Big Data Analysis and Location Services Engineering Lab of Jiangsu Province, School of Geographic and Biologic Information, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China; (L.G.); (Y.K.); (D.X.); (Y.R.); (X.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.R.)
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou C, He Q, Feng Y, Chen M, Zhang D. A m 6Avalue predictive of prostate cancer stemness, tumor immune landscape and immunotherapy response. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac010. [PMID: 35350771 PMCID: PMC8953419 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underpinning prostate cancer (PCa) progression are incompletely understood, and precise stratification of aggressive primary PCa (pri-PCa) from indolent ones poses a major clinical challenge. Here, we comprehensively dissect, genomically and transcriptomically, the m6A (N 6-methyladenosine) pathway as a whole in PCa. Expression, but not the genomic alteration, repertoire of the full set of 24 m6A regulators at the population level successfully stratifies pri-PCa into three m6A clusters with distinct molecular and clinical features. These three m6A modification patterns closely correlate with androgen receptor signaling, stemness, proliferation and tumor immunogenicity of cancer cells, and stroma activity and immune landscape of tumor microenvironment (TME). We observe a discrepancy between a potentially higher neoantigen production and a deficiency in antigen presentation processes in aggressive PCa, offering insights into the failure of immunotherapy. Identification of PCa-specific m6A phenotype-associated genes provides a basis for construction of m6Avalue to measure m6A methylation patterns in individual patients. Tumors with lower m6Avalue are relatively indolent with abundant immune cell infiltration and stroma activity. Interestingly, m6Avalue separates PCa TME into fibrotic and nonfibrotic phenotypes (instead of previously reported immune-proficient or -desert phenotypes in other cancer types). Significantly, m6Avalue can be used to predict drug response and clinical immunotherapy efficacy in both castration-resistant PCa and other cancer types. Therefore, our study establishes m6A methylation modification pattern as a determinant in PCa progression via impacting cancer cell aggressiveness and TME remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qinju He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dingxiao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yoon JG, Mohamed I, Smith DA, Tirumani SH, Paspulati RM, Mendiratta P, Ramaiya NH. The modern therapeutic & imaging landscape of metastatic prostate cancer: a primer for radiologists. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:781-800. [PMID: 34783876 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer represents one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States and the most common cancer among men. Treatment paradigms for the management of advanced stages of prostate cancer have continued to evolve in recent years. These advancements in the therapeutic landscape of metastatic prostate cancer and diagnostic imaging modalities have fundamentally changed the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. In this review article we provide a primer for radiologists highlighting the most recent developments in treatment options and imaging techniques utilized in the modern oncologic management of metastatic prostate cancer. We will examine current therapy options and associated toxicities with an emphasis on relevant imaging findings commonly encountered by radiologists. We also summarize the role of modalities including CT, MRI, PET, bone scintigraphy, and PET in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin G Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Inas Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel A Smith
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Sree H Tirumani
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Raj M Paspulati
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Prateek Mendiratta
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Nikhil H Ramaiya
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Zhang Y, Gao WQ. The evolving role of immune cells in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:9-21. [PMID: 34715253 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men in western countries. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is considered the standard therapy for recurrent prostate cancer; however, this therapy may lead to ADT resistance and tumor progression, which seems to be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and/or neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). In addition, recent data suggested the involvement of either adaptive or innate infiltrated immune cells in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment of prostate cancer. In this review, we outlined the characteristics and roles of these immune cells in the initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatments of prostate cancer. We also summarized the current therapeutic strategies in targeting immune cells of the prostate tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-MedX Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-MedX Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ke ZB, You Q, Sun JB, Zhu JM, Li XD, Chen DN, Su L, Zheng QS, Wei Y, Xue XY, Xu N. A Novel Ferroptosis-Based Molecular Signature Associated with Biochemical Recurrence-Free Survival and Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Prostate Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:774625. [PMID: 35071228 PMCID: PMC8773967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.774625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify ferroptosis-related molecular clusters, and to develop and validate a ferroptosis-based molecular signature for predicting biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) and tumor immune microenvironment of prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: The clinical data and transcriptome data of PCa were downloaded from TCGA and GEO database. Ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) were obtained from FerrDb database. We performed consensus clustering analysis to identify ferroptosis-related molecular subtypes for PCa. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used to establish a ferroptosis-based signature for predicting BCRFS. Internal verification, external verification and subgroup survival analysis were then successfully performed. Results: There was a total of 40 differentially expressed FRGs in PCa. We then identified three ferroptosis-related molecular clusters of PCa, which have significantly different immune infiltrating cells, tumor immune microenvironment and PD-L1 expression level. More importantly, a novel ferroptosis-based signature for predicting BCRFS of PCa based on four FRGs (including ASNS, GPT2, NFE2L2, RRM2) was developed. Internal and external verifications were then successfully performed. Patients with high-risk score were associated with significant poor BCRFS compared with those with low-risk score in training cohort, testing cohort and validating cohort, respectively. The area under time-dependent Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were 0.755, 0.705 and 0.726 in training cohort, testing cohort and validating cohort, respectively, indicating the great performance of this signature. Independent prognostic analysis indicated that this signature was an independent predictor for BCRFS of PCa. Subgroup analysis revealed that this signature was particularly suitable for younger or stage T III-IV or stage N0 or cluster 1-2 PCa patients. Patients with high-risk score have significantly different tumor immune microenvironment in comparison with those with low-risk score. The results of qRT-PCR successfully verified the mRNA expression levels of ASNS, GPT2, RRM2 and NFE2L2 in DU-145 and RWPE-1 cells while the results of IHC staining exactly verified the relative protein expression levels of ASNS, GPT2, RRM2 and NFE2L2 between PCa and BPH tissues. Conclusions: This study successfully identified three ferroptosis-related molecular clusters. Besides, we developed and validated a novel ferroptosis-based molecular signature, which performed well in predicting BCRFS and tumor immune microenvironment of PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Ke
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi You
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Bo Sun
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Ming Zhu
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ning Chen
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qing-Shui Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yi Xue
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Urology, Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ottini A, Sepe P, Beninato T, Claps M, Guadalupi V, Verzoni E, Giannatempo P, Baciarello G, de Braud F, Procopio G. Biomarker-driven immunotherapy for precision medicine in prostate cancer. Per Med 2021; 19:51-66. [PMID: 34873959 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy has recently revolutionized standard of care in different cancer types, prostate cancer has generally failed to show dramatic responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors. As in other tumors, the goal in prostate cancer is now to target treatments more precisely on patient's individual characteristics through precision medicine. Defects in mismatch repair, mutations in the exonuclease domain of the DNA polymerase epsilon (POLE), high tumor mutational burden and the presence of biallelic loss of CDK12 among others, are predictive biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. In the present review, we summarize the evolving landscape of immunotherapy in prostate cancer, including precision approaches and strategies to define classes of responsive patients and scale up resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Ottini
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierangela Sepe
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Beninato
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Mélanie Claps
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Guadalupi
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Verzoni
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Giannatempo
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Baciarello
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kan S, Ren H, Gao Z, Dai E, Liu Y, Yang L, Cai Q. Lichenoid drug eruption on the lower lip caused by anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody: a case report and literature review. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1373-1378. [PMID: 34632814 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies result in a unique spectrum of side effects, widely known as immune-related adverse events. Toripalimab is an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of some cancers. Here we report the first case, to our knowledge, of oral lichenoid drug reaction triggered by toripalimab. A 78-year-old man who was diagnosed with systemic metastatic prostate cancer presented with ulcers on the lower lip after the fifth cycle of toripalimab. We diagnosed him with oral lichenoid drug reaction based on clinical manifestation, histopathological findings and the history of anti-PD-1 therapy. The patient responded well to oral corticosteroids combined with helium-neon laser therapy. The anti-PD-1 therapy was not restarted because of stable disease, and the eruptions did not recur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Kan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Hongjin Ren
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zhiqin Gao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Erhong Dai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Yeqiang Liu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lianjuan Yang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Department of Medical Mycology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Subudhi SK, Siddiqui BA, Aparicio AM, Yadav SS, Basu S, Chen H, Jindal S, Tidwell RSS, Varma A, Logothetis CJ, Allison JP, Corn PG, Sharma P. Combined CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is associated with increased myeloid and neutrophil immune subsets in the bone microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002919. [PMID: 34663638 PMCID: PMC8524287 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has low response rates in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), in part due to few T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) promotes intratumoral T cell infiltration but induces upregulation of PD-1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) within the prostate TME. Combined anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 can partly overcome this adaptive resistance and was recently shown to augment responses in patients with mCRPC with measurable disease. Although bone is the most common site of metastasis in prostate cancer, patients with bone-predominant disease are frequently excluded from trials because they lack measurable disease, which limits assessment of disease progression and tissue sampling. We therefore designed this study to investigate combined ICT in mCRPC to bone. HYPOTHESIS Combined anti-CTLA-4 (tremelimumab) plus anti-PD-L1 (durvalumab) is safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this single-arm pilot study, men with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone received tremelimumab (75 mg intravenous) plus durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) every 4 weeks (up to four doses), followed by durvalumab (1500 mg intravenous) maintenance every 4 weeks (up to nine doses). The primary endpoint was incidence of adverse events. Secondary endpoints included serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), progression-free survival (PFS), radiographic PFS (rPFS), and maximal PSA decline. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were treated between August 8, 2017 and March 28, 2019. Grade ≥3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 11 patients (42%), with no grade 4 or 5 events. TRAEs leading to discontinuation occurred in three patients (12%). PSA decline ≥50% occurred in three patients (12%). Six patients (24%) achieved stable disease for >6 months. At a median follow-up of 43.6 months, median rPFS was 3.7 months (95% CI: 1.9 to 5.7), and median overall survival was 28.1 months (95% CI: 14.5 to 37.3). Post-treatment evaluation of the bone microenvironment revealed transcriptional upregulation in myeloid and neutrophil immune subset signatures and increased expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints. CONCLUSIONS Tremelimumab plus durvalumab was safe and well tolerated in patients with chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC to bone, with potential activity in a small number of patients as measured by rPFS. Combination of CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade with therapies targeting the myeloid compartment or other inhibitory immune receptors may be necessary to overcome mechanisms of resistance within prostate bone microenvironment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03204812.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit K Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bilal A Siddiqui
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shalini S Yadav
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sreyashi Basu
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca S S Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashwin Varma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James P Allison
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mjaess G, Karam A, Aoun F, Albisinni S, Roumeguère T. Fecal microbiota transplantation for immunotherapy-resistant urological tumors: Is it time? An update of the recent literature. Cancer 2021; 128:14-19. [PMID: 34494666 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Mjaess
- Department of Urology, University Clinics of Brussels, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aya Karam
- Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fouad Aoun
- Hotel-Dieu de France, University of Saint Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Urology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Albisinni
- Department of Urology, University Clinics of Brussels, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Roumeguère
- Department of Urology, University Clinics of Brussels, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Urology, Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Melo CM, Vidotto T, Chaves LP, Lautert-Dutra W, dos Reis RB, Squire JA. The Role of Somatic Mutations on the Immune Response of the Tumor Microenvironment in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9550. [PMID: 34502458 PMCID: PMC8431051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has improved patient survival in many types of cancer, but for prostate cancer, initial results with immunotherapy have been disappointing. Prostate cancer is considered an immunologically excluded or cold tumor, unable to generate an effective T-cell response against cancer cells. However, a small but significant percentage of patients do respond to immunotherapy, suggesting that some specific molecular subtypes of this tumor may have a better response to checkpoint inhibitors. Recent findings suggest that, in addition to their function as cancer genes, somatic mutations of PTEN, TP53, RB1, CDK12, and DNA repair, or specific activation of regulatory pathways, such as ETS or MYC, may also facilitate immune evasion of the host response against cancer. This review presents an update of recent discoveries about the role that the common somatic mutations can play in changing the tumor microenvironment and immune response against prostate cancer. We describe how detailed molecular genetic analyses of the tumor microenvironment of prostate cancer using mouse models and human tumors are providing new insights into the cell types and pathways mediating immune responses. These analyses are helping researchers to design drug combinations that are more likely to target the molecular and immunological pathways that underlie treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Morais Melo
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil; (C.M.M.); (T.V.); (L.P.C.); (W.L.-D.)
| | - Thiago Vidotto
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil; (C.M.M.); (T.V.); (L.P.C.); (W.L.-D.)
| | - Luiz Paulo Chaves
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil; (C.M.M.); (T.V.); (L.P.C.); (W.L.-D.)
| | - William Lautert-Dutra
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil; (C.M.M.); (T.V.); (L.P.C.); (W.L.-D.)
| | - Rodolfo Borges dos Reis
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jeremy Andrew Squire
- Department of Genetics, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14048-900, SP, Brazil; (C.M.M.); (T.V.); (L.P.C.); (W.L.-D.)
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy involves the genetic modification of the patient's own T cells so that they specifically recognize and destroy tumour cells. Considerable clinical success has been achieved using this technique in patients with lymphoid malignancies, but clinical studies that investigated treating solid tumours using this emerging technology have been disappointing. A number of developments might be able to increase the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy for treatment of prostate cancer, including improved trafficking to the tumour, techniques to overcome the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, as well as methods to enhance CAR T cell persistence, specificity and safety. Furthermore, CAR T cell therapy has the potential to be combined with other treatment modalities, such as androgen deprivation therapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and could be applied as focal CAR T cell therapy for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to highlight recent advances in prostate cancer tumor-immune microenvironment research and summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge of immune checkpoint inhibitors in prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the cornerstone of modern immunotherapy which have shown encouraging results across a spectrum of cancers. However, only limited survival benefit has been seen in patients with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer progression and its response to immunotherapies are strongly influenced by the tumor-immune microenvironment, whose feature can be summarized as low amounts of tumor-specific antigens, low frequency of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and high frequency of tumor-associated macrophages. To improve the therapeutic effect of immunotherapies, in recent years, many strategies have been applied, of which the most promising ones include the combination of multiple immunotherapeutic agents, the combination of an immunotherapeutic agent with other modalities in parallel or in sequential, and the development of biomarkers to find a subgroup of patients who may benefit the most from immunotherapeutic agents. SUMMARY The impact of immune content and specific immune cell types on prostate cancer biology is highly complex. Recent clinical trials have shed light on the optimal use of immunotherapies for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Xue J, Chen K, Hu H, Gopinath SCB. Progress in gene therapy treatments for prostate cancer. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1166-1175. [PMID: 33988271 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the predominant cancers affecting men and has been widely reported. In the past, various therapies and drugs have been proposed to treat prostate cancer. Among these treatments, gene therapy has been considered to be an optimal and widely applicable treatment. Furthermore, due to the increased specificity of gene sequence complementation, the targeted delivery of complementary gene sequences may represent a useful treatment in certain instances. Various gene therapies, including tumor-suppressor gene therapy, suicide gene therapy, immunomodulation gene therapy and anti-oncogene therapies, have been established to treat a wide range of diseases, such as cardiac disease, cystic fibrosis, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hemophilia, and cancers. To this end, several gene therapy clinical trials at various phases are underway. This overview describes the developments and progress in gene therapy, with a special focus being placed on prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Xue
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinan Third Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keming Chen
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinan Third Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heyi Hu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Jinan Third Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia.,Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors in Prostate Cancer: Molecular Aspects and Biological Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249511. [PMID: 33327545 PMCID: PMC7765031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone receptors (GnRH-R) mediate the activity of the hypothalamic decapeptide GnRH, thus playing a key role in the regulation of the reproductive axis. Early-stage prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on serum androgen levels, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), based on GnRH agonists and antagonists, represents the standard therapeutic approach for PCa patients. Unfortunately, the tumor often progresses towards the more aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) stage. GnRH receptors are also expressed in CRPC tissues, where their binding to both GnRH agonists and antagonists is associated with significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects, mediated by the Gαi/cAMP signaling cascade. GnRH agonists and antagonists are now considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for CRPC patients with many clinical trials demonstrating that the combined use of these drugs with standard therapies (i.e., docetaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone) significantly improves disease-free survival. In this context, GnRH-based bioconjugates (cytotoxic drugs covalently linked to a GnRH-based decapeptide) have been recently developed. The rationale of this treatment is that the GnRH peptide selectively binds to its receptors, delivering the cytotoxic drug to CRPC cells while sparing nontumor cells. Some of these compounds have already entered clinical trials.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rizzo A, Mollica V, Cimadamore A, Santoni M, Scarpelli M, Giunchi F, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Fiorentino M, Montironi R, Massari F. Is There a Role for Immunotherapy in Prostate Cancer? Cells 2020; 9:E2051. [PMID: 32911806 PMCID: PMC7564598 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape of several hematological and solid malignancies, reporting unprecedented response rates. Unfortunately, this is not the case for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), as several phase I and II trials assessing programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors have shown limited benefits. Moreover, despite sipuleucel-T representing the only cancer vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for mCRPC following the results of the IMPACT trial, the use of this agent is relatively limited in everyday clinical practice. The identification of specific histological and molecular biomarkers that could predict response to immunotherapy represents one of the current challenges, with an aim to detect subgroups of mCRPC patients who may benefit from immune checkpoint monoclonal antibodies as monotherapy or in combination with other anticancer agents. Several unanswered questions remain, including the following: is there-or will there ever be-a role for immunotherapy in prostate cancer? In this review, we aim at underlining the failures and promises of immunotherapy in prostate cancer, summarizing the current state of art regarding cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint monoclonal antibodies, and discussing future research directions in this immunologically "cold" malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rizzo
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (V.M.)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62012 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesca Giunchi
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore and University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Liang Cheng
- Laboratory Medicine and Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Department of Pathology, Ospedale Maggiore and University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, United Hospitals, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (A.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Francesco Massari
- Oncologia Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, via Albertoni, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (V.M.)
| |
Collapse
|