Chromosome Capture: Take Me to Your Kinetochore

Hypothesis testing via integrated computer modeling and digital fluorescence microscopy

Computational modeling has the potential to add an entirely new approach to hypothesis testing in yeast cell biology. Here, we present a method for seamless integration of computational modeling with quantitative digital fluorescence microscopy. This integration is accomplished by developing computational models based on hypotheses for underlying cellular processes that may give rise to experimentally observed fluorescent protein localization patterns. Simulated fluorescence images are generated from the computational models of underlying cellular processes via a "model-convolution" process. These simulated images can then be directly compared to experimental fluorescence images in order to test the model. This method provides a framework for rigorous hypothesis testing in yeast cell biology via integrated mathematical modeling and digital fluorescence microscopy.

Artificial gametes

In vitro fertilization (IVF) has been an efficient medical treatment for infertility in the past decades. However, conventional IVF approaches may be insufficient when gametes are lacking or non-viable thus precluding a significant number of patients from treatment. Ultimately, creation of artificial gametes may provide an universal solution for all indications. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has provided successful cloning in different animal species indicating that a derived technology may be applicable in infertility treatment procedures. Attempts to produce functional male or female gamete through nuclear transfer have been described through the process called haploidization. Initial successes have been observed, however, significant alterations at spindle construction and chromosomal segregation were also described. Stem cell technology may provide an alternative route to obtain fully functional gametes. Both sperm cells and oocytes were obtained using specific culture conditions for embryo originated stem cell. These two mainstream approaches are presented in the current review. Both of these techniques are involving sophisticated methods and consequently both of them demonstrate technical and ethical challenges. Related questions on (mitotic/meiotic) cell division, genetic/epigenetic alterations and cell renewal are needed to be addressed before clinical application.

Modeling mitosis

The mitotic spindle is a fascinating protein machine that uses bipolar arrays of dynamic microtubules and many mitotic motors to coordinate the accurate segregation of sister chromatids. Here we discuss recent mathematical models and computer simulations that, in concert with experimental studies, help explain the molecular mechanisms by which the spindle machinery performs its crucial functions. We review current models of spindle assembly, positioning, maintenance and elongation; of chromosome capture and congression; and of the spindle assembly checkpoint. We discuss some limitations of the application of modeling to other aspects of mitosis and the feasibility of building more comprehensive system-level models.