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Jenkins JE, Fazli M, Evans CS. Mitochondrial motility modulators coordinate quality control dynamics to promote neuronal health. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102383. [PMID: 38908094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction in mitochondrial maintenance and trafficking is commonly correlated with the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, biomedical research has been dedicated to understanding how architecturally complex neurons maintain and transport their mitochondria. However, the systems that coordinate mitochondrial QC (quality control) dynamics and trafficking in response to neuronal activity and stress are less understood. Additionally, the degree of integration between the processes of mitochondrial trafficking and QC is unclear. Recent work indicates that mitochondrial motility modulators (i.e., anchors and tethers) help coordinate mitochondrial health by mediating distinct, stress-level-appropriate QC pathways following mitochondrial damage. This review summarizes current evidence supporting the role of two mitochondrial motility modulators, Syntaphilin and Mitofusin 2, in coordinating mitochondrial QC to promote neuronal health. Exploring motility modulators' intricate regulatory molecular landscape may reveal new therapeutic targets for delaying disease progression and enhancing neuronal survival post-insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Jenkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mohammad Fazli
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chantell S Evans
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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Swords SB, Jia N, Norris A, Modi J, Cai Q, Grant BD. A conserved requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in neuronal autophagic lysosome reformation. Autophagy 2024; 20:792-808. [PMID: 37942902 PMCID: PMC11062384 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2269028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autophagic lysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. The DNA-J domain HSC70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 has been linked to endosomal coat protein regulation and to neurological disease. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on intact C. elegans mechanosensory neurons, and primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. Loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including mutants lacking bec-1/BECN1/Beclin1 and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K) VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a previously unrecognized role in ALR, likely affecting autolysosome tubule severing. Additionally, in both systems, loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 reduced macroautophagic/autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease.Abbreviation: ALR, autophagic lysosome reformation; ATG-13/EPG-1, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-13; ATG-18, AuTophaGy (yeast Atg homolog)-18; AV, autophagic vacuole; CLIC-1, Clathrin Light Chain-1; EPG-3, Ectopic P Granules-3; EPG-6, Ectopic P Granules-6; LGG-1, LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family-1; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PD, Parkinson disease; PtdIns3P, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PtdIns(4,5)P2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; RME-8, Receptor Mediated Endocytosis-8; SNX-1, Sorting NeXin-1; VPS-34, related to yeast Vacuolar Protein Sorting factor-34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra B. Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nuo Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anne Norris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jil Modi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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3
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Xu C, Yan F, Zhao Y, Jaeschke H, Wu J, Fang L, Zhao L, Zhao Y, Wang L. Hepatocyte miR-21-5p-deficiency alleviates APAP-induced liver injury by inducing PPARγ and autophagy. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:50-60. [PMID: 38180883 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury is one of the most frequent causes of acute liver failure worldwide. Significant increases in the levels of miRNA-21 in both liver tissues and plasma have been observed in APAP-overdosed animals and humans. However, the mechanistic effect of miRNA-21 on acute liver injury remains unknown. In this study, we generated a new hepatocyte-specific miRNA-21 knockout (miR-21-HKO) mouse line. miR-21-HKO and the background-matched sibling wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a toxic dose of APAP. Compared with WT mice, miR-21 HKO mice showed an increased survival, a reduction of necrotic hepatocytes, and an increased expression of light chain 3 beta, which suggested an autophagy activation. The expression of PPARγ was highly induced in the livers of miR-21-HKO mice after a 2-h APAP treatment, which preceded the activation of LC3B at the 12 h APAP treatment. miR-21 negatively regulated PPARγ protein expression by targeting its 3'-UTR. When PPARγ function was blocked by a potent antagonist GW9662 in miR-21-HKO mice, the autophage activation was significantly diminished, suggesting an indispensable role of PPARγ signaling pathway in miR-21-mediated hepatotoxicity. Taken together, hepatocyte-specific depletion of miRNA-21 alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by activating PPARγ and autophagy, demonstrating a crucial new regulatory role of miR-21 in APAP-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pain Management, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yulan Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Li Wang
- Independent Researcher, Tucson, Arizona 85004, USA
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Jia N, Ganesan D, Guan H, Jeong YY, Han S, Nissenbaum M, Kusnecov AW, Cai Q. Mitochondrial bioenergetics stimulates autophagy for pathological tau clearance in tauopathy neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.579959. [PMID: 38405759 PMCID: PMC10888759 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.579959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of microtubule-associated tau is a pathogenic hallmark of tauopathies and a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological tau is targeted by autophagy for clearance, but autophagy dysfunction is indicated in tauopathy. While mitochondrial bioenergetic failure has been shown to precede the development of tau pathology, it is unclear whether energy metabolism deficiency is involved in tauopathy-related autophagy defects. Here, we reveal that stimulation of anaplerotic metabolism restores defective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in tauopathy which, strikingly, leads to enhanced autophagy and pronounced tau clearance. OXPHOS-induced autophagy is attributed to increased ATP-dependent phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis in mitochondria. Excitingly, early bioenergetic stimulation boosts autophagy activity and reduces tau pathology, thereby counteracting memory impairment in tauopathy mice. Taken together, our study sheds light on a pivotal role of bioenergetic dysfunction in tauopathy-linked autophagy defects and suggests a new therapeutic strategy to prevent toxic tau buildup in AD and other tauopathies.
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Liénard C, Pintart A, Bomont P. Neuronal Autophagy: Regulations and Implications in Health and Disease. Cells 2024; 13:103. [PMID: 38201307 PMCID: PMC10778363 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradative pathway that plays a key role in sustaining cell homeostasis, integrity, and physiological functions. Macroautophagy, which ensures the clearance of cytoplasmic components engulfed in a double-membrane autophagosome that fuses with lysosomes, is orchestrated by a complex cascade of events. Autophagy has a particularly strong impact on the nervous system, and mutations in core components cause numerous neurological diseases. We first review the regulation of autophagy, from autophagosome biogenesis to lysosomal degradation and associated neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative disorders. We then describe how this process is specifically regulated in the axon and in the somatodendritic compartment and how it is altered in diseases. In particular, we present the neuronal specificities of autophagy, with the spatial control of autophagosome biogenesis, the close relationship of maturation with axonal transport, and the regulation by synaptic activity. Finally, we discuss the physiological functions of autophagy in the nervous system, during development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Liénard
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
- CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pintart
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
| | - Pascale Bomont
- NeuroMyoGene Institute—PGNM, CNRS UMR 5261—INSERM U1315, University of Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France; (C.L.); (A.P.)
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6
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Kushnireva L, Segal M, Korkotian E. Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons Exposed to the Mitochondrial Uncoupler Carbonyl Cyanide Chlorophenylhydrazone Undergo a Rapid, Presenilin-Dependent Change in Neuronal Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:578. [PMID: 38203751 PMCID: PMC10779238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is a transmembrane proteolytic subunit of γ-secretase that cleaves amyloid precursor proteins. Mutations in PS1 (mPS1) are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The link between mutated PS1, mitochondrial calcium regulation, and AD has been studied extensively in different test systems. Despite the wide-ranging role of mPS1 in AD, there is a paucity of information on the link between PS1 and neuronal cell death, a hallmark of AD. In the present study, we employed the selective mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and compared the reactivity of mPS1-transfected cultured rat hippocampal neurons with PS1 and control neurons in a situation of impaired mitochondrial functions. CCCP causes a slow rise in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium in all three groups of neurons, with the mPS1 neurons demonstrating a faster rise. Consequently, mPS1 neurons were depolarized by CCCP and measured with TMRM, a mitochondrial voltage indicator, more than the other two groups. Morphologically, CCCP produced more filopodia in mPS1 neurons than in the other two groups, which were similarly affected by the drug. Finally, mPS1 transfected neurons tended to die from prolonged exposure to CCCP sooner than the other groups, indicating an increase in vulnerability associated with a lower ability to regulate excess cytosolic calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia Kushnireva
- Faculty of Biology, Perm State University, 614068 Perm, Russia;
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Menahem Segal
- Department of Brain Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Eduard Korkotian
- Department of Brain Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
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7
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Marzoog BA. Autophagy as an Anti-senescent in Aging Neurocytes. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:182-190. [PMID: 36683318 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230120102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuron homeostasis is crucial for the organism, and its maintenance is multifactorial, including autophagy. The turnover of aberrant intracellular components is a fundamental pathogenetic mechanism for cell aging. Autophagy is involved in the acceleration of the neurocyte aging process and the modification of cell longevity. Neurocyte aging is a process of loss of cell identity through cellular and subcellular changes that include molecular loss of epigenetics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and autophagy dysfunction. Autophagy dysfunction is the hallmark of neurocyte aging. Cell aging is the credential feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Pathophysiologically, aged neurocytes are characterized by dysregulated autophagy and subsequently neurocyte metabolic stress, resulting in accelerated neurocyte aging. In particular, chaperone- mediated autophagy perturbation results in upregulated expression of aging and apoptosis genes. Aged neurocytes are also characterized by the down-regulation of autophagy-related genes, such as ATG5-ATG12, LC3-II / LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1, and p62. Slowing aging through autophagy targeting is sufficient to improve prognosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Three primary anti-senescent molecules are involved in the aging process: mTOR, AMPK, and Sirtuins. Autophagy therapeutic effects can be applied to reverse and slow aging. This article discusses current advances in the role of autophagy in neurocyte homeostasis, aging, and potential therapeutic strategies to reduce aging and increase cell longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Abdullah Marzoog
- National Research Mordovia State University, Bolshevitskaya Street, 68, Saransk, 430005, Rep. Mordovia, Russia
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8
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Zhang T, Nie Y, Wang J. The emerging significance of mitochondrial targeted strategies in NAFLD treatment. Life Sci 2023; 329:121943. [PMID: 37454757 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide, ranging from liver steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which ultimately progresses to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Individuals with NAFLD have a higher risk of developing cardiovascular and extrahepatic cancers. Despite the great progress being made in understanding the pathogenesis and the introduction of new pharmacological targets for NAFLD, no drug or intervention has been accepted for its management. Recent evidence suggests that NAFLD may be a mitochondrial disease, as mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathological processes that lead to NAFLD. In this review, we describe the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD progression. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the efficacy of mitochondria-targeted compounds (e.g., Mito-Q, MitoVit-E, MitoTEMPO, SS-31, mitochondrial uncouplers, and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibitors) for treating NAFLD. Furthermore, we present some medications currently being tested in clinical trials for NAFLD treatment, such as exercise, mesenchymal stem cells, bile acids and their analogs, and antidiabetic drugs, with a focus on their efficacy in improving mitochondrial function. Based on this evidence, further investigations into the development of mitochondria-based agents may provide new and promising alternatives for NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yingli Nie
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China.
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Sammeta SS, Banarase TA, Rahangdale SR, Wankhede NL, Aglawe MM, Taksande BG, Mangrulkar SV, Upaganlawar AB, Koppula S, Kopalli SR, Umekar MJ, Kale MB. Molecular understanding of ER-MT communication dysfunction during neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:59-71. [PMID: 37495165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological researchers are seeing organelles in a new light. These cellular entities have been believed to be singular and distinctive structures that performed specialized purposes for a very long time. But in recentpast years, scientists have learned that organelles become dynamic and make physical contact. Additionally, Biological processes are regulated by organelles interactions and its alteration play an important role in cell malfunctioning and several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCS) have received considerable attention in the domain of cell homeostasis and dysfunction, specifically in the area of neurodegeneration. This is largely due to the significant role of this subcellular compartment in a diverse array of vital cellular functions, including Ca2+ homeostasis, transport, bioenergetics and turnover, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptotic signaling, ER stress, and inflammation. A significant number of disease-associated proteins were found to physically interact with the ER-Mitochondria (ER-MT) interface, causing structural and/or functional alterations in this compartment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the structure and functions of the ER-MT contact sites, as well as the possible repercussions of their alteration in notable neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and fronto-temporal dementia. The constraints and complexities in defining the nature and origin of the highlighted defects in ER-MT communication, as well as their concise contribution to the neurodegenerative process, are illustrated in particular. The possibility of using MERCS as a potential drug target to prevent neuronal damage and ultimately neurodegeneration is the topic of our final discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar S Sammeta
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Trupti A Banarase
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Sandip R Rahangdale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Nitu L Wankhede
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Manish M Aglawe
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Brijesh G Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Shubhada V Mangrulkar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk Do 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Spandana Rajendra Kopalli
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Milind J Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India
| | - Mayur B Kale
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra 441002, India.
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10
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Wang S, Long H, Hou L, Feng B, Ma Z, Wu Y, Zeng Y, Cai J, Zhang DW, Zhao G. The mitophagy pathway and its implications in human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:304. [PMID: 37582956 PMCID: PMC10427715 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple functions. They participate in necrotic cell death and programmed apoptotic, and are crucial for cell metabolism and survival. Mitophagy serves as a cytoprotective mechanism to remove superfluous or dysfunctional mitochondria and maintain mitochondrial fine-tuning numbers to balance intracellular homeostasis. Growing evidences show that mitophagy, as an acute tissue stress response, plays an important role in maintaining the health of the mitochondrial network. Since the timely removal of abnormal mitochondria is essential for cell survival, cells have evolved a variety of mitophagy pathways to ensure that mitophagy can be activated in time under various environments. A better understanding of the mechanism of mitophagy in various diseases is crucial for the treatment of diseases and therapeutic target design. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial elimination, how mitophagy maintains mitochondrial homeostasis at the system levels and organ, and what alterations in mitophagy are related to the development of diseases, including neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, renal disease, etc., in recent advances. Finally, we summarize the potential clinical applications and outline the conditions for mitophagy regulators to enter clinical trials. Research advances in signaling transduction of mitophagy will have an important role in developing new therapeutic strategies for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouliang Wang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijiao Long
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lianjie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Baorong Feng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zihong Ma
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Cai
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Guojun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China.
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Zaninello M, Bean C. Highly Specialized Mechanisms for Mitochondrial Transport in Neurons: From Intracellular Mobility to Intercellular Transfer of Mitochondria. Biomolecules 2023; 13:938. [PMID: 37371518 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly specialized structure and function of neurons depend on a sophisticated organization of the cytoskeleton, which supports a similarly sophisticated system to traffic organelles and cargo vesicles. Mitochondria sustain crucial functions by providing energy and buffering calcium where it is needed. Accordingly, the distribution of mitochondria is not even in neurons and is regulated by a dynamic balance between active transport and stable docking events. This system is finely tuned to respond to changes in environmental conditions and neuronal activity. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which mitochondria are selectively transported in different compartments, taking into account the structure of the cytoskeleton, the molecular motors and the metabolism of neurons. Remarkably, the motor proteins driving the mitochondrial transport in axons have been shown to also mediate their transfer between cells. This so-named intercellular transport of mitochondria is opening new exciting perspectives in the treatment of multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaninello
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Camilla Bean
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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12
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Li J, Wu J, Zhou X, Lu Y, Ge Y, Zhang X. Targeting neuronal mitophagy in ischemic stroke: an update. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad018. [PMID: 37274155 PMCID: PMC10232375 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a neurological disorder associated with complex pathological mechanisms, including autophagic degradation of neuronal mitochondria, or termed mitophagy, following ischemic events. Despite being well-documented, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of neuronal mitophagy remain unknown. So far, the evidence suggests neuronal autophagy and mitophagy are separately regulated in ischemic neurons, the latter being more likely activated by reperfusional injury. Specifically, given the polarized morphology of neurons, mitophagy is regulated by different neuronal compartments, with axonal mitochondria being degraded by autophagy in the cell body following ischemia-reperfusion insult. A variety of molecules have been associated with neuronal adaptation to ischemia, including PTEN-induced kinase 1, Parkin, BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3 (Bnip3), Bnip3-like (Bnip3l) and FUN14 domain-containing 1. Moreover, it is still controversial whether mitophagy protects against or instead aggravates ischemic brain injury. Here, we review recent studies on this topic and provide an updated overview of the role and regulation of mitophagy during ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Qingchun Road 79, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Qingchun Road 79, Xiacheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Ge
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Xihu District, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Han R, Liu Y, Li S, Li XJ, Yang W. PINK1-PRKN mediated mitophagy: differences between in vitro and in vivo models. Autophagy 2023; 19:1396-1405. [PMID: 36282767 PMCID: PMC10240983 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2139080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a key intracellular process that selectively removes damaged mitochondria to prevent their accumulation that can cause neuronal degeneration. During mitophagy, PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1), a serine/threonine kinase, works with PRKN/parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, to target damaged mitochondria to the lysosome for degradation. Mutations in the PINK1 and PRKN genes cause early-onset Parkinson disease that is also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. There are a large number of reports indicating the critical role of PINK1 in mitophagy. However, most of these findings were obtained from in vitro experiments with exogenous PINK1 expression and acute damage of mitochondria by toxins. Recent studies using novel animal models suggest that PINK1-PRKN can also function independent of mitochondria. In this review, we highlight the major differences between in vitro and in vivo models for investigating PINK1 and discuss the potential mechanisms underlying these differences with the aim of understanding how PINK1 functions under different circumstances.Abbreviations: AAV: adeno-associated viruses;AD: Alzheimer disease; CCCP: carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenyl hydrazone; HD: Huntington disease; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MTS: mitochondrial targeting sequence; PD: Parkinson diseases; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UIM, ubiquitin interacting motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weili Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Wang Y, Lin J, Li J, Yan L, Li W, He X, Ma H. Chronic Neuronal Inactivity Utilizes the mTOR-TFEB Pathway to Drive Transcription-Dependent Autophagy for Homeostatic Up-Scaling. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2631-2652. [PMID: 36868861 PMCID: PMC10089247 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0146-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in protein expression are critical for neuronal plasticity, a fundamental process for the processing and storage of information in the brain. Among the various forms of plasticity, homeostatic synaptic up-scaling is unique in that it is induced primarily by neuronal inactivity. However, precisely how the turnover of synaptic proteins occurs in this homeostatic process remains unclear. Here, we report that chronically inhibiting neuronal activity in primary cortical neurons prepared from embryonic day (E)18 Sprague Dawley rats (both sexes) induces autophagy, thereby regulating key synaptic proteins for up-scaling. Mechanistically, chronic neuronal inactivity causes dephosphorylation of ERK and mTOR, which induces transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated cytonuclear signaling and drives transcription-dependent autophagy to regulate αCaMKII and PSD95 during synaptic up-scaling. Together, these findings suggest that mTOR-dependent autophagy, which is often triggered by metabolic stressors such as starvation, is recruited and sustained during neuronal inactivity to maintain synaptic homeostasis, a process that ensures proper brain function and if impaired can cause neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the mammalian brain, protein turnover is tightly controlled by neuronal activation to ensure key neuronal functions during long-lasting synaptic plasticity. However, a long-standing question is how this process occurs during synaptic up-scaling, a process that requires protein turnover but is induced by neuronal inactivation. Here, we report that mTOR-dependent signaling, which is often triggered by metabolic stressors such as starvation, is "hijacked" by chronic neuronal inactivation, which then serves as a nucleation point for transcription factor EB (TFEB) cytonuclear signaling that drives transcription-dependent autophagy for up-scaling. These results provide the first evidence of a physiological role of mTOR-dependent autophagy in enduing neuronal plasticity, thereby connecting major themes in cell biology and neuroscience via a servo loop that mediates autoregulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingran Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lu Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingzhi He
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- National Health Commission of the PRC (NHC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Research Units for Emotion and Emotion disorders, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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15
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Banarase TA, Sammeta SS, Wankhede NL, Mangrulkar SV, Rahangdale SR, Aglawe MM, Taksande BG, Upaganlawar AB, Umekar MJ, Kale MB. Mitophagy regulation in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:239-255. [PMID: 37124925 PMCID: PMC10133433 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary cellular energy generators, supplying the majority of adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation, which is necessary for neuron function and survival. Mitophagy is the metabolic process of eliminating dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. It is a type of autophagy and it is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial and neuronal health. Impaired mitophagy leads to an accumulation of damaged mitochondria and proteins leading to the dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control processes. Recent research shows the vital role of mitophagy in neurons and the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases. Mitophagy also plays a major role in the process of aging. This review describes the alterations that are being caused in the mitophagy process at the molecular level in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also looks at how mitophagy can be exploited as a therapeutic target for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti A. Banarase
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Shivkumar S. Sammeta
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Nitu L. Wankhede
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Shubhada V. Mangrulkar
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Sandip R. Rahangdale
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Manish M. Aglawe
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Brijesh G. Taksande
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Aman B. Upaganlawar
- SNJB’s Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra India 423101
| | - Milind J. Umekar
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
| | - Mayur B. Kale
- Division of Neuroscience, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, Kamptee, Nagpur, Maharashtra India 441002
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16
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Kalani K, Chaturvedi P, Chaturvedi P, Kumar Verma V, Lal N, Awasthi SK, Kalani A. Mitochondrial mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: Quest for therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103547. [PMID: 36871845 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is essential for maintaining neuronal integrity, because neurons have a high energy demand. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are exacerbated by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) attenuates neurodegenerative diseases by eradicating dysfunctional mitochondria. In neurodegenerative disorders, there is disruption of the mitophagy process. High levels of iron also interfere with the mitophagy process and the mtDNA released after mitophagy is proinflammatory and triggers the cGAS-STING pathway that aids AD pathology. In this review, we critically discuss the factors that affect mitochondrial impairment and different mitophagy processes in AD. Furthermore, we discuss the molecules used in mouse studies as well as clinical trials that could result in potential therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Kalani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio 78249, TX, USA; Regulatory Scientist, Vestaron Cooperation, Durham 27703, NC, USA
| | - Poonam Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144402, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, KY, USA
| | - Vinod Kumar Verma
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nand Lal
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sudhir K Awasthi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Kalani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Swords S, Jia N, Norris A, Modi J, Cai Q, Grant BD. A Conserved Requirement for RME-8/DNAJC13 in Neuronal Autolysosome Reformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.27.530319. [PMID: 36909501 PMCID: PMC10002637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.27.530319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming autolysosomes that degrade engulfed cargo. To maintain lysosomal capacity, autolysosome reformation (ALR) must regenerate lysosomes from autolysosomes using a membrane tubule-based process. Maintaining lysosomal capacity is required to maintain proteostasis and cellular health, especially in neurons where lysosomal dysfunction has been repeatedly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Cell biological studies have linked the DNA-J domain Hsc70 co-chaperone RME-8/DNAJC13 to endosomal coat protein regulation, while human genetics studies have linked RME-8/DNAJC13 to neurological disease, including Parkinsonism and Essential Tremor. We report new analysis of the requirements for the RME-8/DNAJC13 protein in neurons, focusing on C. elegans mechanosensory neurons in the intact animal, and in primary mouse cortical neurons in culture. We find that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 in both systems results in accumulation of grossly elongated autolysosomal tubules. Further C. elegans analysis revealed a similar autolysosome tubule accumulation defect in mutants known to be required for ALR in mammals, including bec-1/beclin and vps-15/PIK3R4/p150 that regulate type-III PI3-kinase VPS-34, and dyn-1/dynamin that severs ALR tubules. Clathrin is also an important ALR regulator implicated in autolysosome tubule formation and release. In C. elegans we found that loss of RME-8 causes severe depletion of clathrin from neuronal autolysosomes, a phenotype shared with bec-1 and vps-15 mutants. We conclude that RME-8/DNAJC13 plays a conserved but previously unrecognized role in autolysosome reformation, likely affecting ALR tubule initiation and/or severing. Additionally, in both systems, we found that loss of RME-8/DNAJC13 appeared to reduce autophagic flux, suggesting feedback regulation from ALR to autophagy. Our results connecting RME-8/DNAJC13 to ALR and autophagy provide a potential mechanism by which RME-8/DNAJC13 could influence neuronal health and the progression of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Nuo Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Anne Norris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Jil Modi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ USA, 08854
- Center for Lipid Research, New Brunswick, NJ USA 08901
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18
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Pradeepkiran JA, Baig J, Selman A, Reddy PH. Mitochondria in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Mitophagy. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584221139761. [PMID: 36597577 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β and phosphorylated τ protein aggregates in the brain, which leads to the loss of neurons. Under the microscope, the function of mitochondria is uniquely primed to play a pivotal role in neuronal cell survival, energy metabolism, and cell death. Research studies indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive oxidative damage, and defective mitophagy in neurons are early indicators of AD. This review article summarizes the latest development of mitochondria in AD: 1) disease mechanism pathways, 2) the importance of mitochondria in neuronal functions, 3) metabolic pathways and functions, 4) the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy mechanisms in AD, and 5) the development of potential mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics and interventions to treat patients with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javaria Baig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ashley Selman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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19
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Baig J, Pradeepkiran JA, Reddy PH. Methods to Study Mitochondria: Techniques Used to Study the Effects of Age-Related Diseases Including Alzheimer's. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e631. [PMID: 36648280 PMCID: PMC9955455 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Various laboratories across the world have developed methods to study mitochondrial proteins/markers through extraction of mitochondrial RNA and protein to assess mitophagy/autophagy in Alzheimer's disease and other age-related diseases. Techniques outlined in this article include qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, Seahorse bioanalysis, staining for mitochondrial membrane potential, detection of mitophagy, and mitochondrial functional assays. Most of these techniques have been performed in vitro (in human and mouse neuronal cell lines transfected with mutant amyloid precursor protein or tau protein cDNAs) and in vivo (in brain tissues from different mouse models of Alzheimer's and other neurological diseases). Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease have taken various forms, including excessive reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial calcium dyshomeostasis, loss of ATP, defects in mitochondrial dynamics and transport, and mitophagy. Mitochondrial dysfunction is largely involved in aging; age-related diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and others. The goal of this article is to make protocols/methods available to students, scholars, and researchers of mitochondria in order to facilitate future mitochondrial studies. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Analyzing mitochondrial gene expression in mouse brain tissue and HT22 cells by qRT-PCR Basic Protocol 2: Analyzing protein expression in mouse brain tissue and HT22 cells by immunoblotting Basic Protocol 3: Immunofluorescence staining of cells and tissue sections Basic Protocol 4: Staining for mitochondrial membrane potential Basic Protocol 5: Assessing mitochondrial structure by transmission electron microscopy Basic Protocol 6: Methods for detecting mitophagy Basic Protocol 7: Bioenergetics assay via Seahorse Basic Protocol 8: Assays for mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaria Baig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | | | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Tx 79409
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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20
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Cell Biology of Parkin: Clues to the Development of New Therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease. CNS Drugs 2022; 36:1249-1267. [PMID: 36378485 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-022-00973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and contributes significantly to morbidity globally. Currently, no disease-modifying therapies exist to combat this disorder. Insights from the molecular and cellular pathobiology of the disease seems to indicate promising therapeutic targets. The parkin protein has been extensively studied for its role in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease and, more recently, its role in sporadic Parkinson's disease. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a prominent role in mitochondrial quality control, mitochondrial-dependent cell death pathways, and other diverse functions. Understanding the numerous roles of parkin has introduced many new possibilities for therapeutic modalities in treating both autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease and sporadic Parkinson's disease. In this article, we review parkin biology with an emphasis on mitochondrial-related functions and propose novel, potentially disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for treating this debilitating condition.
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21
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Braun MM, Puglielli L. Defective PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin mediated mitophagy and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1031153. [PMID: 36339819 PMCID: PMC9630469 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective degradation of mitochondria through mitophagy is a crucial process for maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular health. Mitophagy is a specialized form of selective autophagy that uses unique machinery to recognize and target damaged mitochondria for mitophagosome- and lysosome-dependent degradation. This process is particularly important in cells with high metabolic activity like neurons, and the accumulation of defective mitochondria is a common feature among neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we describe essential steps involved in the induction and progression of mitophagy, and then highlight the various mechanisms that specifically contribute to defective mitophagy in highly prevalent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Braun
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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22
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Sabui A, Biswas M, Somvanshi PR, Kandagiri P, Gorla M, Mohammed F, Tammineni P. Decreased anterograde transport coupled with sustained retrograde transport contributes to reduced axonal mitochondrial density in tauopathy neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:927195. [PMID: 36245925 PMCID: PMC9561864 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.927195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelle required for neuronal homeostasis. Mitochondria supply ATP and buffer calcium at synaptic terminals. However, the complex structural geometry of neurons poses a unique challenge in transporting mitochondria to synaptic terminals. Kinesin motors supply mitochondria to the axonal compartments, while cytoplasmic dynein is required for retrograde transport. Despite the importance of presynaptic mitochondria, how and whether axonal mitochondrial transport and distribution are altered in tauopathy neurons remain poorly studied. In the current study, we have shown that anterograde transport of mitochondria is reduced in P301L neurons, while there is no change in the retrograde transport. Consistently, axonal mitochondrial abundance is reduced in P301L neurons. We further studied the possible role of two opposing motor proteins on mitochondrial transport and found that mitochondrial association of kinesin is decreased significantly in P301L cells. Interestingly, fitting our experimental data into mathematical equations suggested a possible rise in dynein activity to maintain retrograde flux in P301L cells. Our data indicate that decreased kinesin-mediated transport coupled with sustained retrograde transport might reduce axonal mitochondria in tauopathy neurons, thus contributing to the synaptic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusruti Sabui
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mitali Biswas
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Preethi Kandagiri
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhavi Gorla
- Centre for Biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology (IST), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Fareed Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prasad Tammineni
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Prasad Tammineni,
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23
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The compartmentalised nature of neuronal mitophagy: molecular insights and implications. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e38. [PMID: 36172898 PMCID: PMC9884780 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial network and the ability to adjust organelle population in response to internal or external stimuli are essential for the function and the survival of eukaryotic cells. Over the last two decades several studies have demonstrated the paramount importance of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy that removes damaged and/or superfluous organelles, in organismal physiology. Post-mitotic neuronal cells are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial damage, and mitophagy impairment has emerged as a causative factor in multiple neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease among others. Although mitochondrial turnover is a multifaceted process, neurons have to tackle additional complications, arising from their pronounced bioenergetic demands and their unique architecture and cellular polarisation that render the degradation of distal organelles challenging. Mounting evidence indicates that despite the functional conservation of mitophagy pathways, the unique features of neuronal physiology have led to the adaptation of compartmentalised solutions, which serve to ensure seamless mitochondrial removal in every part of the cell. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that mediate mitophagy compartmentalisation and discuss their implications in various human pathologies.
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24
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Shi J, Xu J, Li Y, Li B, Ming H, Nice EC, Huang C, Li Q, Wang C. Drug repurposing in cancer neuroscience: From the viewpoint of the autophagy-mediated innervated niche. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:990665. [PMID: 36105204 PMCID: PMC9464986 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.990665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the bidirectional interactions between neurology and cancer science, the burgeoning field “cancer neuroscience” has been proposed. An important node in the communications between nerves and cancer is the innervated niche, which has physical contact with the cancer parenchyma or nerve located in the proximity of the tumor. In the innervated niche, autophagy has recently been reported to be a double-edged sword that plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis. Therefore, regulating the innervated niche by targeting the autophagy pathway may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. Drug repurposing has received considerable attention for its advantages in cost-effectiveness and safety. The utilization of existing drugs that potentially regulate the innervated niche via the autophagy pathway is therefore a promising pharmacological approach for clinical practice and treatment selection in cancer neuroscience. Herein, we present the cancer neuroscience landscape with an emphasis on the crosstalk between the innervated niche and autophagy, while also summarizing the underlying mechanisms of candidate drugs in modulating the autophagy pathway. This review provides a strong rationale for drug repurposing in cancer treatment from the viewpoint of the autophagy-mediated innervated niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Neurology and Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research and Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- *Correspondence: Qifu Li, ; Chuang Wang,
| | - Chuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Qifu Li, ; Chuang Wang,
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25
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Molecular Mechanism and Regulation of Autophagy and Its Potential Role in Epilepsy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172621. [PMID: 36078029 PMCID: PMC9455075 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionally conserved degradation mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis whereby cytoplasmic components are wrapped in autophagosomes and subsequently delivered to lysosomes for degradation. This process requires the concerted actions of multiple autophagy-related proteins and accessory regulators. In neurons, autophagy is dynamically regulated in different compartments including soma, axons, and dendrites. It determines the turnover of selected materials in a spatiotemporal control manner, which facilitates the formation of specialized neuronal functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that dysfunctional autophagy occurs in epilepsy, mainly caused by an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the brain. In recent years, much attention has been focused on how autophagy may cause the development of epilepsy. In this article, we overview the historical landmarks and distinct types of autophagy, recent progress in the core machinery and regulation of autophagy, and biological roles of autophagy in homeostatic maintenance of neuronal structures and functions, with a particular focus on synaptic plasticity. We also discuss the relevance of autophagy mechanisms to the pathophysiology of epileptogenesis.
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26
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Langeh U, Kumar V, Kumar A, Kumar P, Singh C, Singh A. Cellular and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms in maintaining homeostasis in ageing. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:208-222. [PMID: 35850516 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a natural process in all living organisms defined as destruction of cell function as a result of long-term accumulation of damages. Autophagy is a cellular house safeguard pathway which responsible for degrading damaged cellular organelles. Moreover, it maintains cellular homeostasis, control lifetime, and longevity. Damaged mitochondrial accumulation is a characteristic of aging which associated with neurodegeneration. Mitochondria functions as a principal energy source via supplying ATP through oxidative phosphorylation which serves as fuel for neuronal function. Mitophagy and mitochondrial specific autophagy plays an important role in maintenance of neuronal health via the removal of dysfunctional and aged mitochondria. The mitochondrial QC system involves different strategies for protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction and maintaining healthy mitochondria in cells. Mitochondrial function protection could be a strategy for the promotion of neuroprotection. Mitophagy, could be an effective target for drug discovery. Therefore, further detailed studies for mechanism of mitophagy will advance our mitochondrial phenotype knowledge and understanding to disease pathogenesis. This review mainly focuses on ageing mediated mechanism of autophagy and mitophagy for maintaining the cellular homeostasis and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Langeh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | - Vishal Kumar
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- University of the Witwatersrand, 37707, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Charan Singh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, Moga, Punjab, India;
| | - Arti Singh
- ISF College of Pharmacy, 75126, Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Moga, Moga, Punjab, India, 142001;
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27
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Blagov AV, Grechko AV, Nikiforov NG, Borisov EE, Sadykhov NK, Orekhov AN. Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Dynamics Processes in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136954. [PMID: 35805958 PMCID: PMC9266759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a contributing factor to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mitochondria are signaling organelles with a variety of functions ranging from energy production to the regulation of cellular metabolism, energy homeostasis, and response to stress. The successful functioning of these complex processes is critically dependent on the accuracy of mitochondrial dynamics, which includes the ability of mitochondria to change shape and position in the cell, which is necessary to maintain proper function and quality control, especially in polarized cells such as neurons. There has been much evidence to suggest that the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. This review highlights aspects of altered mitochondrial dynamics in AD that may contribute to the etiology of this debilitating condition. We also discuss therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial dynamics and function that may provide an alternative treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (N.K.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.B.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Evgeny E. Borisov
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, AP Avtsyn Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nikolay K. Sadykhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.N.); (N.K.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.V.B.); (A.N.O.)
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28
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Cheng XT, Huang N, Sheng ZH. Programming axonal mitochondrial maintenance and bioenergetics in neurodegeneration and regeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:1899-1923. [PMID: 35429433 PMCID: PMC9233091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate ATP essential for neuronal growth, function, and regeneration. Due to their polarized structures, neurons face exceptional challenges to deliver mitochondria to and maintain energy homeostasis throughout long axons and terminal branches where energy is in high demand. Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by bioenergetic failure is a pathological hallmark of major neurodegenerative diseases. Brain injury triggers acute mitochondrial damage and a local energy crisis that accelerates neuron death. Thus, mitochondrial maintenance defects and axonal energy deficits emerge as central problems in neurodegenerative disorders and brain injury. Recent studies have started to uncover the intrinsic mechanisms that neurons adopt to maintain (or reprogram) axonal mitochondrial density and integrity, and their bioenergetic capacity, upon sensing energy stress. In this review, we discuss recent advances in how neurons maintain a healthy pool of axonal mitochondria, as well as potential therapeutic strategies that target bioenergetic restoration to power neuronal survival, function, and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Tang Cheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Ning Huang
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA
| | - Zu-Hang Sheng
- Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-215, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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29
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Kandimalla R, Manczak M, Pradeepkiran JA, Morton H, Reddy PH. A partial reduction of Drp1 improves cognitive behavior and enhances mitophagy, autophagy and dendritic spines in a transgenic Tau mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1788-1805. [PMID: 34919689 PMCID: PMC9169458 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study is to understand the impact of a partial dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) on cognitive behavior, mitophagy, autophagy and mitochondrial and synaptic activities in transgenic Tau mice in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our laboratory reported increased levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and phosphorylated Tau (P-Tau) and reported that abnormal interactions between Aβ and Drp1, P-Tau and Drp1 induced increased mitochondrial fragmentation and reduced fusion and synaptic activities in AD. These abnormal interactions result in the proliferation of dysfunctional mitochondria in AD neurons. Recent research on mitochondria revealed that fission protein Drp1 is largely implicated in mitochondrial dynamics in AD. To determine the impact of reduced Drp1 in AD, we recently crossed transgenic Tau mice with Drp1 heterozygote knockout (Drp1+/-) mice and generated double mutant (P301LDrp1+/-) mice. In the current study, we assessed the cognitive behavior, mRNA and protein levels of mitophagy, autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and synaptic genes, mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial function and dendritic spines in Tau mice relative to double mutant mice. When compared with Tau mice, double mutant mice did better on the Morris Maze (reduced latency to find hidden platform, increased swimming speed and time spent on quadrant) and rotarod (stayed a longer period of time) tests. Both mRNA- and protein-level autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and synaptic proteins were increased in double mutant mice compared with Tau (P301L) mice. Dendritic spines were significantly increased; mitochondrial number was reduced and length was increased in double mutant mice. Based on these observations, we conclude that reduced Drp1 is beneficial in a symptomatic-transgenic Tau (P301L) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kandimalla
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana 50000, India
| | - Maria Manczak
- Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | | | - Hallie Morton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA. Tel: +1 8067433194;
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30
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Eldeeb MA, Thomas RA, Ragheb MA, Fallahi A, Fon EA. Mitochondrial quality control in health and in Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1721-1755. [PMID: 35466694 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a central hub for cellular metabolism and intracellular signalling, the mitochondrion is a pivotal organelle, dysfunction of which has been linked to several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, and in particular Parkinson's disease. An inherent challenge that mitochondria face is the continuous exposure to diverse stresses which increase their likelihood of dysregulation. In response, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated quality control mechanisms to monitor, identify, repair and/or eliminate abnormal or misfolded proteins within the mitochondrion and/or the dysfunctional mitochondrion itself. Chaperones identify unstable or otherwise abnormal conformations in mitochondrial proteins and can promote their refolding to recover their correct conformation and stability. However, if repair is not possible, the abnormal protein is selectively degraded to prevent potentially damaging interactions with other proteins or its oligomerization into toxic multimeric complexes. The autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediate the selective and targeted degradation of such abnormal or misfolded protein species. Mitophagy (a specific kind of autophagy) mediates the selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, in order to prevent the deleterious effects the dysfunctional organelles within the cell. Despite our increasing understanding of the molecular responses toward dysfunctional mitochondria, many key aspects remain relatively poorly understood. Herein, we review the emerging mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control including quality control strategies coupled to mitochondrial import mechanisms. In addition, we review the molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy with an emphasis on the regulation of PINK1/PARKIN-mediated mitophagy in cellular physiology and in the context of Parkinson's disease cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eldeeb
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Ragheb
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Armaan Fallahi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Catale C, Lo Iacono L, Martini A, Heil C, Guatteo E, Mercuri NB, Viscomi MT, Palacios D, Carola V. Early Life Social Stress Causes Sex- and Region-Dependent Dopaminergic Changes that Are Prevented by Minocycline. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3913-3932. [PMID: 35435618 PMCID: PMC9148283 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is known to modify trajectories of brain dopaminergic development, but the mechanisms underlying have not been determined. ELS perturbs immune system and microglia reactivity, and inflammation and microglia influence dopaminergic transmission and development. Whether microglia mediate the effects of ELS on dopamine (DA) system development is still unknown. We explored the effects of repeated early social stress on development of the dopaminergic system in male and female mice through histological, electrophysiological, and transcriptomic analyses. Furthermore, we tested whether these effects could be mediated by ELS-induced altered microglia/immune activity through a pharmacological approach. We found that social stress in early life altered DA neurons morphology, reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase expression, and lowered DAT-mediated currents in the ventral tegmental area but not substantia nigra of male mice only. Notably, stress-induced DA alterations were prevented by minocycline, an inhibitor of microglia activation. Transcriptome analysis in the developing male ventral tegmental area revealed that ELS caused downregulation of dopaminergic transmission and alteration in hormonal and peptide signaling pathways. Results from this study offer new insight into the mechanisms of stress response and altered brain dopaminergic maturation after ELS, providing evidence of neuroimmune interaction, sex differences, and regional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Catale
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Neurobiology of Behavior Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Lo Iacono
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Constantin Heil
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Epigenetics and Signal Transduction Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Motor Science and Wellness, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Experimental Neurology Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Università Degli Studi Di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, Università Cattolica Del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Epigenetics and Signal Transduction Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Biology, Università Cattolica Del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Carola
- Division of Experimental Neuroscience, Neurobiology of Behavior Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli 1, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Abstract
The brain is one of the most energetically demanding tissues in the human body, and mitochondrial pathology is strongly implicated in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast to acute brain injuries in which bioenergetics and cell death play dominant roles, studies modeling familial neurodegeneration implicate a more complex and nuanced relationship involving the entire mitochondrial life cycle. Recent literature on mitochondrial mechanisms in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is reviewed with an emphasis on mitochondrial quality control, transport and synaptodendritic calcium homeostasis. Potential neuroprotective interventions include targeting the mitochondrial kinase PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), which plays a role in regulating not only multiple facets of mitochondrial biology, but also neuronal morphogenesis and dendritic arborization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen T Chu
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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33
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Faria-Pereira A, Morais VA. Synapses: The Brain's Energy-Demanding Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3627. [PMID: 35408993 PMCID: PMC8998888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most energy-consuming organs in the mammalian body, and synaptic transmission is one of the major contributors. To meet these energetic requirements, the brain primarily uses glucose, which can be metabolized through glycolysis and/or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The relevance of these two energy production pathways in fulfilling energy at presynaptic terminals has been the subject of recent studies. In this review, we dissect the balance of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet synaptic energy demands in both resting and stimulation conditions. Besides ATP output needs, mitochondria at synapse are also important for calcium buffering and regulation of reactive oxygen species. These two mitochondrial-associated pathways, once hampered, impact negatively on neuronal homeostasis and synaptic activity. Therefore, as mitochondria assume a critical role in synaptic homeostasis, it is becoming evident that the synaptic mitochondria population possesses a distinct functional fingerprint compared to other brain mitochondria. Ultimately, dysregulation of synaptic bioenergetics through glycolytic and mitochondrial dysfunctions is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders, as one of the first hallmarks in several of these diseases are synaptic energy deficits, followed by synapse degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa A. Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
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34
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Jeong YY, Han S, Jia N, Zhang M, Sheshadri P, Tammineni P, Cheung J, Nissenbaum M, Baskar SS, Kwan K, Margolis DJ, Jiang P, Kusnecov AW, Cai Q. Broad activation of the Parkin pathway induces synaptic mitochondrial deficits in early tauopathy. Brain 2022; 145:305-323. [PMID: 35022692 PMCID: PMC8967101 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial defects are a hallmark of early pathophysiology in Alzheimer's disease, with pathologically phosphorylated tau reported to induce mitochondrial toxicity. Mitophagy constitutes a key pathway in mitochondrial quality control by which damaged mitochondria are targeted for autophagy. However, few details are known regarding the intersection of mitophagy and pathologies in tauopathy. Here, by applying biochemical and cell biological approaches including time-lapse confocal imaging in live tauopathy neurons, combined with gene rescue experiments via stereotactic injections of adeno-associated virus particles into tauopathy mouse brains, electrophysiological recordings and behavioural tests, we demonstrate for the first time that mitochondrial distribution deficits at presynaptic terminals are an early pathological feature in tauopathy brains. Furthermore, Parkin-mediated mitophagy is extensively activated in tauopathy neurons, which accelerates mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 (Miro1) turnover and consequently halts Miro1-mediated mitochondrial anterograde movement towards synaptic terminals. As a result, mitochondrial supply at tauopathy synapses is disrupted, impairing synaptic function. Strikingly, increasing Miro1 levels restores the synaptic mitochondrial population by enhancing mitochondrial anterograde movement and thus reverses tauopathy-associated synaptic failure. In tauopathy mouse brains, overexpression of Miro1 markedly elevates synaptic distribution of mitochondria and protects against synaptic damage and neurodegeneration, thereby counteracting impairments in learning and memory as well as synaptic plasticity. Taken together, our study reveals that activation of the Parkin pathway triggers an unexpected effect-depletion of mitochondria from synaptic terminals, a characteristic feature of early tauopathy. We further provide new mechanistic insights into how parkin activation-enhanced Miro1 degradation and impaired mitochondrial anterograde transport drive tauopathy-linked synaptic pathogenesis and establish a foundation for future investigations into new therapeutic strategies to prevent synaptic deterioration in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Young Jeong
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sinsuk Han
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Nuo Jia
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Prasad Tammineni
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jasmine Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Marialaina Nissenbaum
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sindhuja S Baskar
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kelvin Kwan
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David J Margolis
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alexander W. Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Qian Cai
- Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA,Correspondence to: Qian Cai, MD, PhD Division of Life Science, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA E-mail:
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Zaninello M, Palikaras K, Sotiriou A, Tavernarakis N, Scorrano L. Sustained intracellular calcium rise mediates neuronal mitophagy in models of autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:167-177. [PMID: 34389813 PMCID: PMC8738763 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy are often hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases such as autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) caused by mutations in the key mitochondrial dynamics protein optic atrophy 1 (Opa1). However, the second messengers linking mitochondrial dysfunction to initiation of mitophagy remain poorly characterized. Here, we show in mammalian and nematode neurons that Opa1 mutations trigger Ca2+-dependent mitophagy. Deletion or expression of mutated Opa1 in mouse retinal ganglion cells and Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and decreased axonal mitochondrial density. Chelation of Ca2+ restores mitochondrial density in neuronal processes, neuronal function, and viability. Mechanistically, sustained Ca2+ levels activate calcineurin and AMPK, placed in the same genetic pathway regulating axonal mitochondrial density. Our data reveal that mitophagy in ADOA depends on Ca2+-calcineurin-AMPK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zaninello
- grid.428736.cVeneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.6190.e0000 0000 8580 3777Present Address: Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Sotiriou
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete Greece ,grid.8127.c0000 0004 0576 3437Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete Greece
| | - Luca Scorrano
- grid.428736.cVeneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy ,grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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36
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Cai Q, Ganesan D. Regulation of neuronal autophagy and the implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 162:105582. [PMID: 34890791 PMCID: PMC8764935 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized and post-mitotic cells with the specific requirements of neurotransmission accompanied by high metabolic demands that create a unique challenge for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Thus, neurons rely heavily on autophagy that constitutes a key quality control system by which dysfunctional cytoplasmic components, protein aggregates, and damaged organelles are sequestered within autophagosomes and then delivered to the lysosome for degradation. While mature lysosomes are predominantly located in the soma of neurons, the robust, constitutive biogenesis of autophagosomes occurs in the synaptic terminal via a conserved pathway that is required to maintain synaptic integrity and function. Following formation, autophagosomes fuse with late endosomes and then are rapidly and efficiently transported by the microtubule-based cytoplasmic dynein motor along the axon toward the soma for lysosomal clearance. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the roles of autophagy in neuronal health and disease. We summarize the available evidence about the normal functions of autophagy as a protective factor against neurodegeneration and discuss the mechanism underlying neuronal autophagy regulation. Finally, we describe how autophagy function is affected in major neurodegenerative diseases with a special focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Sarkar A, Hameed R, Mishra A, Bhatta RS, Nazir A. Genetic modulators associated with regulatory surveillance of mitochondrial quality control, play a key role in regulating stress pathways and longevity in C. elegans. Life Sci 2021; 290:120226. [PMID: 34953889 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The multi-factorial Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, alpha synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neuronal death, with oxidative stress being a common denominator to these underlying processes. The perception of mitochondria being 'just ATP producing compartments' have been counterpoised as studies, particularly related to PD, have underlined their strong role in cause and progression of the disease. During PD pathogenesis, neurons encounter chronic stress conditions mainly due to failure of Mitochondrial Quality Control (MQC) machinery. To dissect the regulatory understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction during neurological disease progression, we endeavored to identify key regulatory endpoints that control multiple facets of MQC machinery. Our studies, employing transgenic C. elegans strain expressing human α-synuclein, led us to identification of mitochondrial genes nuo-5 (involved in oxidative phosphorylation), F25B4.7 (exhibits ATP transmembrane transporter activity) and C05D11.9 (having ribonuclease activity), which form predicted downstream targets of most elevated and down-regulated mi-RNA molecules. RNAi mediated silencing, gene ontology and functional genomics analysis studies demonstrated their role in modulating major MQC pathways. The attenuated MQC pathways mainly affected clearance of misfolded and aggregated proteins, redox homeostasis and longevity with compromised dopaminergic functions. Overexpression of the mitochondrial genes by 3 beta-hydroxyl steroid, Tomatidine, was found to curtail the redox imbalance thus leading to amelioration of effects associated with PD and an increase in the lifespan of treated nematodes. Therefore, this study unveils the regulatory role of mitochondrial genes as critical modulators of stress control involved in effects associated with PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Sarkar
- Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Rohil Hameed
- Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Aging Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India.
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Cytosolic Self-DNA—A Potential Source of Chronic Inflammation in Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123544. [PMID: 34944052 PMCID: PMC8700131 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the consequence of a lifelong accumulation of stochastic damage to tissues and cellular components. Advancing age closely associates with elevated markers of innate immunity and low-grade chronic inflammation, probably reflecting steady increasing incidents of cellular and tissue damage over the life course. The DNA sensing cGAS-STING signaling pathway is activated by misplaced cytosolic self-DNA, which then initiates the innate immune responses. Here, we hypothesize that the stochastic release of various forms of DNA from the nucleus and mitochondria, e.g., because of DNA damage, altered nucleus integrity, and mitochondrial damage, can result in chronic activation of inflammatory responses that characterize the aging process. This cytosolic self-DNA-innate immunity axis may perturb tissue homeostasis and function that characterizes human aging and age-associated pathology. Proper techniques and experimental models are available to investigate this axis to develop therapeutic interventions.
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PINK1 signalling in neurodegenerative disease. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:913-923. [PMID: 34897410 PMCID: PMC8709887 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) impacts cell health and human pathology through diverse pathways. The strict processing of full-length PINK1 on the outer mitochondrial membrane populates a cytoplasmic pool of cleaved PINK1 (cPINK1) that is constitutively degraded. However, despite rapid proteasomal clearance, cPINK1 still appears to exert quality control influence over the neuronal protein homeostasis network, including protein synthesis and degradation machineries. The cytoplasmic concentration and activity of this molecule is therefore a powerful sensor that coordinates aspects of mitochondrial and cellular health. In addition, full-length PINK1 is retained on the mitochondrial membrane following depolarisation, where it is a powerful inducer of multiple mitophagic pathways. This function is executed primarily through the phosphorylation of several ubiquitin ligases, including its most widely studied substrate Parkin. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins by mitochondrial PINK1 acts as a pro-cellular survival signal when faced with apoptotic stimuli. Through these varied roles PINK1 directly influences functions central to cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
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Mitochondrial Phenotypes in Parkinson's Diseases-A Focus on Human iPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123436. [PMID: 34943944 PMCID: PMC8699816 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Established disease models have helped unravel the mechanistic underpinnings of pathological phenotypes in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. However, these discoveries have been limited to relatively simple cellular systems and animal models, which typically manifest with incomplete or imperfect recapitulation of disease phenotypes. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has provided a powerful scientific tool for investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of both familial and sporadic PD within disease-relevant cell types and patient-specific genetic backgrounds. Overwhelming evidence supports mitochondrial dysfunction as a central feature in PD pathophysiology, and iPSC-based neuronal models have expanded our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics in the development and progression of this devastating disorder. The present review provides a comprehensive assessment of mitochondrial phenotypes reported in iPSC-derived neurons generated from PD patients’ somatic cells, with an emphasis on the role of mitochondrial respiration, morphology, and trafficking, as well as mitophagy and calcium handling in health and disease. Furthermore, we summarize the distinguishing characteristics of vulnerable midbrain dopaminergic neurons in PD and report the unique advantages and challenges of iPSC disease modeling at present, and for future mechanistic and therapeutic applications.
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Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Neurons: How and Where. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313059. [PMID: 34884861 PMCID: PMC8657637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons rely mostly on mitochondria for the production of ATP and Ca2+ homeostasis. As sub-compartmentalized cells, they have different pools of mitochondria in each compartment that are maintained by a constant mitochondrial turnover. It is assumed that most mitochondria are generated in the cell body and then travel to the synapse to exert their functions. Once damaged, mitochondria have to travel back to the cell body for degradation. However, in long cells, like motor neurons, this constant travel back and forth is not an energetically favourable process, thus mitochondrial biogenesis must also occur at the periphery. Ca2+ and ATP levels are the main triggers for mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell body, in a mechanism dependent on the Peroxisome-proliferator-activated γ co-activator-1α-nuclear respiration factors 1 and 2-mitochondrial transcription factor A (PGC-1α-NRF-1/2-TFAM) pathway. However, even though of extreme importance, very little is known about the mechanisms promoting mitochondrial biogenesis away from the cell body. In this review, we bring forward the evoked mechanisms that are at play for mitochondrial biogenesis in the cell body and periphery. Moreover, we postulate that mitochondrial biogenesis may vary locally within the same neuron, and we build upon the hypotheses that, in the periphery, local protein synthesis is responsible for giving all the machinery required for mitochondria to replicate themselves.
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Tang Y, Wang L, Yi T, Xu J, Wang J, Qin JJ, Chen Q, Yip KM, Pan Y, Hong P, Lu Y, Shen HM, Chen HB. Synergistic effects of autophagy/mitophagy inhibitors and magnolol promote apoptosis and antitumor efficacy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3966-3982. [PMID: 35024319 PMCID: PMC8727919 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria as a signaling platform play crucial roles in deciding cell fate. Many classic anticancer agents are known to trigger cell death through induction of mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy, one selective autophagy, is the key mitochondrial quality control that effectively removes damaged mitochondria. However, the precise roles of mitophagy in tumorigenesis and anticancer agent treatment remain largely unclear. Here, we examined the functional implication of mitophagy in the anticancer properties of magnolol, a natural product isolated from herbal Magnolia officinalis. First, we found that magnolol induces mitochondrial depolarization, causes excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). Second, magnolol induces PTEN-induced putative kinase protein 1 (PINK1)‒Parkin-mediated mitophagy through regulating two positive feedforward amplification loops. Third, magnolol triggers cancer cell death and inhibits neuroblastoma tumor growth via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, magnolol prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing mice. Finally, inhibition of mitophagy by PINK1/Parkin knockdown or using inhibitors targeting different autophagy/mitophagy stages significantly promotes magnolol-induced cell death and enhances magnolol's anticancer efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our study demonstrates that magnolol can induce autophagy/mitophagy and apoptosis, whereas blockage of autophagy/mitophagy remarkably enhances the anticancer efficacy of magnolol, suggesting that targeting mitophagy may be a promising strategy to overcome chemoresistance and improve anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tao Yi
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Qilei Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Ka-Man Yip
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yihang Pan
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Peng Hong
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
| | - Hu-Biao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +852 93590902.
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Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:4-22. [PMID: 34782781 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features - including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions - neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or 'synaptoenergetics'. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction.
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44
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Markaki M, Tsagkari D, Tavernarakis N. Mitophagy mechanisms in neuronal physiology and pathology during ageing. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:955-965. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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45
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Wyse RK, Stott SRW, Mursaleen L, Matthews H, Dawson VL, Dawson TM. Waiting for PARIS-A Biological Target in Search of a Drug. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 12:95-103. [PMID: 34744054 PMCID: PMC8842778 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A recent breakthrough paper published in Science Translational Medicine has provided compelling evidence that inhibition of Parkin Interacting Substrate (PARIS) may offer clinical researchers an important new therapeutic approach since it shows considerable promise as an important biological target potentially capable of pharmaceutical intervention to slow long term neurodegeneration in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). We present several PD-relevant perspectives on this paper that were not discussed in that otherwise entirely scientific narrative. We also outline the some of the work leading up to it, including the massive drug screen that proved necessary to discover a clinically suitable inhibitor of PARIS (Farnesol), as well as relevant PD research within the wider drug class, issues surrounding its future formulation, and next steps in translating this new knowledge into the clinic to evaluate possible long-term PD patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Valina L Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ted M Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Jurcau A. Insights into the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11847. [PMID: 34769277 PMCID: PMC8584731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing. Due to intensive research, important steps in the elucidation of pathogenetic cascades have been made and significantly implicated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. However, the available treatment in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is mainly symptomatic, providing minor benefits and, at most, slowing down the progression of the disease. Although in preclinical setting, drugs targeting mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress yielded encouraging results, clinical trials failed or had inconclusive results. It is likely that by the time of clinical diagnosis, the pathogenetic cascades are full-blown and significant numbers of neurons have already degenerated, making it impossible for mitochondria-targeted or antioxidant molecules to stop or reverse the process. Until further research will provide more efficient molecules, a healthy lifestyle, with plenty of dietary antioxidants and avoidance of exogenous oxidants may postpone the onset of neurodegeneration, while familial cases may benefit from genetic testing and aggressive therapy started in the preclinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
- Neurology Ward, Clinical Municipal Hospital “dr. G. Curteanu” Oradea, 410154 Oradea, Romania
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47
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Aberrant Mitochondrial Dynamics and Exacerbated Response to Neuroinflammation in a Novel Mouse Model of CMT2A. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111569. [PMID: 34769001 PMCID: PMC8584238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) is the most common hereditary axonal neuropathy caused by mutations in MFN2 encoding Mitofusin-2, a multifunctional protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. In order to study the effects of a novel MFN2K357T mutation associated with early onset, autosomal dominant severe CMT2A, we generated a knock-in mouse model. While Mfn2K357T/K357T mouse pups were postnatally lethal, Mfn2+/K357T heterozygous mice were asymptomatic and had no histopathological changes in their sciatic nerves up to 10 months of age. However, immunofluorescence analysis of Mfn2+/K357T mice revealed aberrant mitochondrial clustering in the sciatic nerves from 6 months of age, in optic nerves from 8 months, and in lumbar spinal cord white matter at 10 months, along with microglia activation. Ultrastructural analyses confirmed dysmorphic mitochondrial aggregates in sciatic and optic nerves. After exposure of 6-month-old mice to lipopolysaccharide, Mfn2+/K357T mice displayed a higher immune response, a more severe motor impairment, and increased CNS inflammation, microglia activation, and macrophage infiltrates. Overall, ubiquitous Mfn2K357T expression renders the CNS and peripheral nerves of Mfn2+/K357T mice more susceptible to mitochondrial clustering, and augments their response to inflammation, modeling some cellular mechanisms that may be relevant for the development of neuropathy in patients with CMT2A.
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48
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Baranov SV, Jauhari A, Carlisle DL, Friedlander RM. Two hit mitochondrial-driven model of synapse loss in neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105451. [PMID: 34298088 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy neurons, a mitochondrial membrane potential gradient exists whereby membrane potential is highest in the soma and decreases with distance from the nucleus. Correspondingly, distal mitochondria have more oxidative damage and slower protein import than somal mitochondria. Due to these differences, distal mitochondria have an intrinsic first stressor that somal mitochondria do not have, resulting in synaptic mitochondrial vulnerability. A second stressor may result from mutant protein expression, situational stress, or aging, exacerbating vulnerable mitochondria activating stress responses. Under these conditions, distal mitochondria release cytochrome c and mitochondrial DNA, leading to compartmentalized sub-lethal caspase-3 activation and cytokine production. In this two-hit mitochondrial-driven synaptic loss model, synapse vulnerability during neurodegeneration is explained as a superposition of pre-existing lower synaptic mitochondrial membrane potential (hit one) with additional mitochondrial stress (hit two). This two-hit mechanism occurs in synaptic mitochondria, activating signaling pathways leading to synaptic degeneration, as a potential preamble to neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Baranov
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Abhishek Jauhari
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Diane L Carlisle
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Robert M Friedlander
- Neuroapoptosis Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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Mitochondrial fission, integrity and completion of mitophagy require separable functions of Vps13D in Drosophila neurons. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009731. [PMID: 34383748 PMCID: PMC8384225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy population of mitochondria, maintained by proper fission, fusion, and degradation, is critical for the long-term survival and function of neurons. Here, our discovery of mitophagy intermediates in fission-impaired Drosophila neurons brings new perspective into the relationship between mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Neurons lacking either the ataxia disease gene Vps13D or the dynamin related protein Drp1 contain enlarged mitochondria that are engaged with autophagy machinery and also lack matrix components. Reporter assays combined with genetic studies imply that mitophagy both initiates and is completed in Drp1 impaired neurons, but fails to complete in Vps13D impaired neurons, which accumulate compromised mitochondria within stalled mito-phagophores. Our findings imply that in fission-defective neurons, mitophagy becomes induced, and that the lipid channel containing protein Vps13D has separable functions in mitochondrial fission and phagophore elongation.
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Li H, Doric Z, Berthet A, Jorgens DM, Nguyen MK, Hsieh I, Margulis J, Fang R, Debnath J, Sesaki H, Finkbeiner S, Huang E, Nakamura K. Longitudinal tracking of neuronal mitochondria delineates PINK1/Parkin-dependent mechanisms of mitochondrial recycling and degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabf6580. [PMID: 34362731 PMCID: PMC8346224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial quality control and dynamics may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, but we understand little about these processes in neurons. We combined time-lapse microscopy and correlative light and electron microscopy to track individual mitochondria in neurons lacking the fission-promoting protein dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and delineate the kinetics of PINK1-dependent pathways of mitochondrial quality control. Depolarized mitochondria recruit Parkin to the outer mitochondrial membrane, triggering autophagosome formation, rapid lysosomal fusion, and Parkin redistribution. Unexpectedly, these mitolysosomes are dynamic and persist for hours. Some are engulfed by healthy mitochondria, and others are deacidified before bursting. In other cases, Parkin is directly recruited to the matrix of polarized mitochondria. Loss of PINK1 blocks Parkin recruitment, causes LC3 accumulation within mitochondria, and exacerbates Drp1KO toxicity to dopamine neurons. These results define a distinct neuronal mitochondrial life cycle, revealing potential mechanisms of mitochondrial recycling and signaling relevant to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Li
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zak Doric
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amandine Berthet
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danielle M Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mai K Nguyen
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ivy Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julia Margulis
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rebecca Fang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Huang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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