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Simões TR, Kammerer CF, Caldwell MW, Pierce SE. Successive climate crises in the deep past drove the early evolution and radiation of reptiles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1898. [PMID: 35984885 PMCID: PMC9390993 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-induced mass extinctions provide unique opportunities to explore the impacts of global environmental disturbances on organismal evolution. However, their influence on terrestrial ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a new time tree for the early evolution of reptiles and their closest relatives to reconstruct how the Permian-Triassic climatic crises shaped their long-term evolutionary trajectory. By combining rates of phenotypic evolution, mode of selection, body size, and global temperature data, we reveal an intimate association between reptile evolutionary dynamics and climate change in the deep past. We show that the origin and phenotypic radiation of reptiles was not solely driven by ecological opportunity following the end-Permian extinction as previously thought but also the result of multiple adaptive responses to climatic shifts spanning 57 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R. Simões
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Christian F. Kammerer
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 W. Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael W. Caldwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11645 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 11645 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Aspden JW, Armstrong CL, Gutierrez-Ibanez CI, Hawkes R, Iwaniuk AN, Kohl T, Graham DJ, Wylie DR. Zebrin II / aldolase C expression in the cerebellum of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117539. [PMID: 25692946 PMCID: PMC4334253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldolase C, also known as Zebrin II (ZII), is a glycolytic enzyme that is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells of the vertebrate cerebellum. In both mammals and birds, ZII is expressed heterogeneously, such that there are sagittal stripes of Purkinje cells with high ZII expression (ZII+), alternating with stripes of Purkinje cells with little or no expression (ZII-). The patterns of ZII+ and ZII- stripes in the cerebellum of birds and mammals are strikingly similar, suggesting that it may have first evolved in the stem reptiles. In this study, we examined the expression of ZII in the cerebellum of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox). In contrast to birds and mammals, the cerebellum of the rattlesnake is much smaller and simpler, consisting of a small, unfoliated dome of cells. A pattern of alternating ZII+ and ZII- sagittal stripes cells was not observed: rather all Purkinje cells were ZII+. This suggests that ZII stripes have either been lost in snakes or that they evolved convergently in birds and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W. Aspden
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Carol L. Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3E 6K6
| | - Cristian I. Gutierrez-Ibanez
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Straße 4, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1K 3M4
| | - Tobias Kohl
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann Straße 4, 85354, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - David J. Graham
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
- * E-mail:
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Ezcurra MD, Scheyer TM, Butler RJ. The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the permian Saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89165. [PMID: 24586565 PMCID: PMC3937355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauria is the crown-group of Diapsida and is subdivided into Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha, comprising a high percentage of the diversity of living and fossil tetrapods. The split between lepidosauromorphs and archosauromorphs (the crocodile-lizard, or bird-lizard, divergence) is considered one of the key calibration points for molecular analyses of tetrapod phylogeny. Saurians have a very rich Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil record, but their late Paleozoic (Permian) record is problematic. Several Permian specimens have been referred to Sauria, but the phylogenetic affinity of some of these records remains questionable. We reexamine and review all of these specimens here, providing new data on early saurian evolution including osteohistology, and present a new morphological phylogenetic dataset. We support previous studies that find that no valid Permian record for Lepidosauromorpha, and we also reject some of the previous referrals of Permian specimens to Archosauromorpha. The most informative Permian archosauromorph is Protorosaurus speneri from the middle Late Permian of Western Europe. A historically problematic specimen from the Late Permian of Tanzania is redescribed and reidentified as a new genus and species of basal archosauromorph: Aenigmastropheus parringtoni. The supposed protorosaur Eorasaurus olsoni from the Late Permian of Russia is recovered among Archosauriformes and may be the oldest known member of the group but the phylogenetic support for this position is low. The assignment of Archosaurus rossicus from the latest Permian of Russia to the archosauromorph clade Proterosuchidae is supported. Our revision suggests a minimum fossil calibration date for the crocodile-lizard split of 254.7 Ma. The occurrences of basal archosauromorphs in the northern (30°N) and southern (55°S) parts of Pangea imply a wider paleobiogeographic distribution for the group during the Late Permian than previously appreciated. Early archosauromorph growth strategies appear to be more diverse than previously suggested based on new data on the osteohistology of Aenigmastropheus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín D. Ezcurra
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten M. Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Butler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Lee MSY. Turtle origins: insights from phylogenetic retrofitting and molecular scaffolds. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2729-38. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Y. Lee
- Earth Sciences Section; South Australian Museum; North Terrace Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
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