Agonist-induced GPCR shedding from the ciliary surface is dependent on ESCRT-III and VPS4

Ceramide and Exosomes: A Novel Target in Cancer Biology and Therapy

Exosomes are secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry micro RNAs and other factors to reprogram cancer cells and tissues affected by cancer. Exosomes are exchanged between cancer cells and other tissues, often to prepare a premetastatic niche, escape immune surveillance, or spread multidrug resistance. Only a few studies investigated the function of lipids in exosomes although their lipid composition is different from that of the secreting cells. Ceramide is one of the lipids critical for exosome formation, and it is also enriched in these EVs. New research suggests that lipids in the exosomal membrane may organize and transmit "mobile rafts" that turn exosomes into extracellular signalosomes spreading activation of cell signaling pathways in oncogenesis and metastasis. Ceramide may modulate the function of mobile rafts and their effect on these cell signaling pathways. The critical role of lipids and, in particular, ceramide for formation, secretion, and function of exosomes may lead to a radically new understanding of cancer biology and therapy.

Inhibition of ESCRT-II-CHMP6 interactions impedes cytokinetic abscission and leads to cell death

Recently the ESCRT-III filamentous complex was designated as the driving force for mammalian cell abscission, that is, fission of the intercellular membrane bridge connecting daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. However, how ESCRT-III is activated to set on abscission has not been resolved. Here we revisit the role of the upstream canonical ESCRT players ESCRT-II and CHMP6 in abscission. Using high-resolution imaging, we show that these proteins form highly ordered structures at the intercellular bridge during abscission progression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a truncated version of CHMP6, composed of its first 52 amino acids (CHMP6-N), arrives at the intercellular bridge, blocks abscission, and subsequently leads to cell death. This phenotype is abolished in a mutated version of CHMP6-N designed to prevent CHMP6-N binding to its ESCRT-II partner. Of interest, deleting the first 10 amino acids from CHMP6-N does not interfere with its arrival at the intercellular bridge but almost completely abolishes the abscission failure phenotype. Taken together, these data suggest an active role for ESCRT-II and CHMP6 in ESCRT-mediated abscission. Our work advances the mechanistic understanding of ESCRT-mediated membrane fission in cells and introduces an easily applicable tool for upstream inhibition of the ESCRT pathway in live mammalian cells.