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Daniels J, Sainz G, Katija K. New Method for Rapid 3D Reconstruction of Semi-Transparent Underwater Animals and Structures. Integr Org Biol 2023; 5:obad023. [PMID: 37521145 PMCID: PMC10372866 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological features are the primary identifying properties of most animals and key to many comparative physiological studies, yet current techniques for preservation and documentation of soft-bodied marine animals are limited in terms of quality and accessibility. Digital records can complement physical specimens, with a wide array of applications ranging from species description to kinematics modeling, but options are lacking for creating models of soft-bodied semi-transparent underwater animals. We developed a lab-based technique that can live-scan semi-transparent, submerged animals, and objects within seconds. To demonstrate the method, we generated full three-dimensional reconstructions (3DRs) of an object of known dimensions for verification, as well as two live marine animals-a siphonophore and an amphipod-allowing detailed measurements on each. Techniques like these pave the way for faster data capture, integrative and comparative quantitative approaches, and more accessible collections of fragile and rare biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Daniels
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Giovanna Sainz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
| | - Kakani Katija
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, 95039, USA
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2
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Breusing C, Osborn KJ, Girguis PR, Reese AT. Composition and metabolic potential of microbiomes associated with mesopelagic animals from Monterey Canyon. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:117. [PMID: 37938735 PMCID: PMC9723714 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that microbiomes play substantial roles in animal eco-physiology and evolution. To date, microbiome research has largely focused on terrestrial animals, with far fewer studies on aquatic organisms, especially pelagic marine species. Pelagic animals are critical for nutrient cycling, yet are also subject to nutrient limitation and might thus rely strongly on microbiome digestive functions to meet their nutritional requirements. To better understand the composition and metabolic potential of midwater host-associated microbiomes, we applied amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to eleven mesopelagic animal species. Our analyses reveal that mesopelagic animal microbiomes are typically composed of bacterial taxa from the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota and, in some cases, Campylobacterota. Overall, compositional and functional microbiome variation appeared to be primarily governed by host taxon and depth and, to a lesser extent, trophic level and diel vertical migratory behavior, though the impact of host specificity seemed to differ between migrating and non-migrating species. Vertical migrators generally showed lower intra-specific microbiome diversity (i.e., higher host specificity) than their non-migrating counterparts. These patterns were not linked to host phylogeny but may reflect differences in feeding behaviors, microbial transmission mode, environmental adaptations and other ecological traits among groups. The results presented here further our understanding of the factors shaping mesopelagic animal microbiomes and also provide some novel, genetically informed insights into their diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Breusing
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Karen J Osborn
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Peter R Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aspen T Reese
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Sakai D, Nishikawa J, Kakiuchida H, Hirose E. Stack of cellular lamellae forms a silvered cortex to conceal the opaque organ in a transparent gastropod in epipelagic habitat. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14284. [PMID: 36325178 PMCID: PMC9620974 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gelatinous zooplankton in epipelagic environments often have highly transparent bodies to avoid detection by their visual predators and prey; however, the digestive systems are often exceptionally opaque even in these organisms. In a holoplanktonic gastropod, Pterotrachea coronata, the visceral nucleus is an opaque organ located at the posterior end of its alimentary system, but this organ has a mirrored surface to conceal its internal opaque tissue. Results Our ultrastructural observation proved that the cortex of the visceral nucleus comprised a stack of thin cellular lamellae forming a Bragg reflector, and the thickness of lamellae (0.16 µm in average) and the spaces between the lamellae (0.1 µm in average) tended to become thinner toward inner lamellae. Based on the measured values, we built virtual models of the multilamellar layer comprising 50 lamellae and spaces, and the light reflection on the models was calculated using rigorous coupled wave analysis to evaluate their properties as reflectors. Our simulation supported the idea that the layer is a reflective tissue, and the thickness of the lamella/space must be chirped to reflect sunlight as white/silver light, mostly independent of the angle of incidence. Conclusions In P. coronata, the cortex of the visceral nucleus comprised multicellular lamellae that form a chirped Bragg reflector. It is distinct in structure from the intracellular Bragg structures of common iridophores. This novel Bragg reflector demonstrates the diversity and convergent evolution of reflective tissue using reflectin-like proteins in Mollusca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakai
- School of Regional Innovation and Social Design Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun Nishikawa
- Department of Marine Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakiuchida
- Innovative Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Euichi Hirose
- Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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McCoy DE, Shneidman AV, Davis AL, Aizenberg J. Finite-difference Time-domain (FDTD) Optical Simulations: A Primer for the Life Sciences and Bio-Inspired Engineering. Micron 2021; 151:103160. [PMID: 34678583 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Light influences most ecosystems on earth, from sun-dappled forests to bioluminescent creatures in the ocean deep. Biologists have long studied nano- and micro-scale organismal adaptations to manipulate light using ever-more sophisticated microscopy, spectroscopy, and other analytical equipment. In combination with experimental tools, simulations of light interacting with objects can help researchers determine the impact of observed structures and explore how variations affect optical function. In particular, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is widely used throughout the nanophotonics community to efficiently simulate light interacting with a variety of materials and optical devices. More recently, FDTD has been used to characterize optical adaptations in nature, such as camouflage in fish and other organisms, colors in sexually-selected birds and spiders, and photosynthetic efficiency in plants. FDTD is also common in bioengineering, as the design of biologically-inspired engineered structures can be guided and optimized through FDTD simulations. Parameter sweeps are a particularly useful application of FDTD, which allows researchers to explore a range of variables and modifications in natural and synthetic systems (e.g., to investigate the optical effects of changing the sizes, shape, or refractive indices of a structure). Here, we review the use of FDTD simulations in biology and present a brief methods primer tailored for life scientists, with a focus on the commercially available software Lumerical FDTD. We give special attention to whether FDTD is the right tool to use, how experimental techniques are used to acquire and import the structures of interest, and how their optical properties such as refractive index and absorption are obtained. This primer is intended to help researchers understand FDTD, implement the method to model optical effects, and learn about the benefits and limitations of this tool. Altogether, FDTD is well-suited to (i) characterize optical adaptations and (ii) provide mechanistic explanations; by doing so, it helps (iii) make conclusions about evolutionary theory and (iv) inspire new technologies based on natural structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota E McCoy
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna V Shneidman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Alexander L Davis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Campus Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 9 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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5
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Arias M, Leroy L, Madec C, Matos L, Tedore C, Elias M, Gomez D. Partial wing transparency works better when disrupting wing edges: Evidence from a field experiment. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1840-1846. [PMID: 34601773 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lepidoptera-a group of insects in which wing transparency has arisen multiple times-exhibits much variation in the size and position of transparent wing zones. However, little is known as to how this variability affects detectability. Here, we test how the size and position of transparent elements affect the predation of artificial moths by wild birds in the field. Morphs with transparent elements touching wing borders showed a reduced predation risk, with the effect being the same regardless of the number of wing borders being touched. By contrast, transparent element size had little to no effect on predation risk. Overall, this experiment shows for the first time that transparency offers higher protection when it disrupts prey contour in terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Arias
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,ISYEB, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Univ, EPHE, Univ. Antilles, 45 rue Buffon CP50, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Leroy
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Madec
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Louane Matos
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cynthia Tedore
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Elias
- ISYEB, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Univ, EPHE, Univ. Antilles, 45 rue Buffon CP50, Paris, France
| | - Doris Gomez
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.,INSP, CNRS, Sorbonne Univ., Paris, France
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6
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Gonzalez BC, Martínez A, Worsaae K, Osborn KJ. Morphological convergence and adaptation in cave and pelagic scale worms (Polynoidae, Annelida). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10718. [PMID: 34021174 PMCID: PMC8139957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Across Annelida, accessing the water column drives morphological and lifestyle modifications-yet in the primarily "benthic" scale worms, the ecological significance of swimming has largely been ignored. We investigated genetic, morphological and behavioural adaptations associated with swimming across Polynoidae, using mitogenomics and comparative methods. Mitochondrial genomes from cave and pelagic polynoids were highly similar, with non-significant rearrangements only present in cave Gesiella. Gene orders of the new mitogenomes were highly similar to shallow water species, suggestive of an underlying polynoid ground pattern. Being the first phylogenetic analyses to include the holopelagic Drieschia, we recovered this species nested among shallow water terminals, suggesting a shallow water ancestry. Based on these results, our phylogenetic reconstructions showed that swimming evolved independently three times in Polynoidae, involving convergent adaptations in morphology and motility patterns across the deep sea (Branchipolynoe), midwater (Drieschia) and anchialine caves (Pelagomacellicephala and Gesiella). Phylogenetic generalized least-squares (PGLS) analyses showed that holopelagic and anchialine cave species exhibit hypertrophy of the dorsal cirri, yet, these morphological modifications are achieved along different evolutionary pathways, i.e., elongation of the cirrophore versus style. Together, these findings suggest that a water column lifestyle elicits similar morphological adaptations, favouring bodies designed for drifting and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C Gonzalez
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (MEG), Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Largo Tonolli, 50, Pallanza, Italy
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Karen J Osborn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, USA
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA, USA
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7
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Kingston ACN, Chappell DR, Koch L, Johnsen S, Speiser DI. The orbital hoods of snapping shrimp have surface features that may represent tradeoffs between vision and protection. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 61:101025. [PMID: 33508710 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Snapping shrimp (Alpheidae) are decapod crustaceans named for the snapping claws with which they produce cavitation bubbles. Snapping shrimp use the shock waves released by collapsing cavitation bubbles as weapons. Along with their distinctive claws, snapping shrimp have orbital hoods, extensions of their carapace that cover their heads and eyes. Snapping shrimp view the world through their orbital hoods, so we asked if the surfaces of the orbital hoods of the snapping shrimp Alpheus heterochaelis have features that minimize the scattering of light. Using SEM, we found that surface features, primarily microbial epibionts, covered less space on the surfaces of the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis (∼18%) than they do elsewhere on the carapace (∼50%). Next, we asked if these surface features influence aerophobicity. By measuring the contact angles of air bubbles, we found the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis are less aerophobic than other regions of the carapace. Surfaces that are less aerophobic are more likely to have cavitation bubbles adhere to them and are more likely to have shock waves cause new cavitation bubbles to nucleate upon them. Computational modeling indicates the orbital hoods of A. heterochaelis face a functional trade-off: fewer surface features, such as less extensive communities of microbial epibionts, may minimize the scattering of light at the cost of making the adhesion and nucleation of cavitation bubbles more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C N Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA; Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA.
| | - Daniel R Chappell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Loann Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Daniel I Speiser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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8
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Chou A, Lin C, Cronin TW. Visual metamorphoses in insects and malacostracans: Transitions between an aquatic and terrestrial life. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 59:100974. [PMID: 32822960 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods operate in an outrageous diversity of environments. From the deep sea to dense tropical forests, to wide open arctic tundra, they have colonized almost every possible habitat. Within these environments, the presence of light is nearly ubiquitous, varying in intensity, wavelength, and polarization. Light provides critical information about the environment, such as time of day or where food sources may be located. Animals take advantage of this prevalent and informative cue to make behavioral choices. However, the types of choices animals face depend greatly on their environments and needs at any given time. In particular, animals that undergo metamorphosis, with arthropods being the prime example, experience dramatic changes in both behavior and ecology, which in turn may require altering the structure and function of sensory systems such as vision. Amphibiotic organisms maintain aquatic lifestyles as juveniles before transitioning to terrestrial lifestyles as adults. However, light behaves differently in water than in air, resulting in distinct aquatic and terrestrial optical environments. Visual changes in response to these optical differences can occur on multiple levels, from corneal structure down to neural organization. In this review, we summarize examples of alterations in the visual systems of amphibiotic larval and adult insects and malacostracan crustaceans, specifically those attributed to environmental differences between metamorphic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Chan Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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9
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Ultra-black Camouflage in Deep-Sea Fishes. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3470-3476.e3. [PMID: 32679102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
At oceanic depths >200 m, there is little ambient sunlight, but bioluminescent organisms provide another light source that can reveal animals to visual predators and prey [1-4]. Transparency and mirrored surfaces-common camouflage strategies under the diffuse solar illumination of shallower waters-are conspicuous when illuminated by directed bioluminescent sources due to reflection from the body surface [5, 6]. Pigmentation allows animals to absorb light from bioluminescent sources, rendering them visually undetectable against the dark background of the deep sea [5]. We present evidence suggesting pressure to reduce reflected bioluminescence led to the evolution of ultra-black skin (reflectance <0.5%) in 16 species of deep-sea fishes across seven distantly related orders. Histological data suggest this low reflectance is mediated by a continuous layer of densely packed melanosomes in the exterior-most layer of the dermis [7, 8] and that this layer lacks the unpigmented gaps between pigment cells found in other darkly colored fishes [9-13]. Using finite-difference, time-domain modeling and comparisons with melanosomes found in other ectothermic vertebrates [11, 13-21], we find the melanosomes making up the layer in these ultra-black species are optimized in size and shape to minimize reflectance. Low reflectance results from melanosomes scattering light within the layer, increasing the optical path length and therefore light absorption by the melanin. By reducing reflectance, ultra-black fish can reduce the sighting distance of visual predators more than 6-fold compared to fish with 2% reflectance. This biological example of efficient light absorption via a simple architecture of strongly absorbing and highly scattering particles may inspire new ultra-black materials.
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10
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Abstract
The solar photovoltaic (PV) cell is a prominent energy harvesting device that reduces the strain in the conventional energy generation approach and endorses the prospectiveness of renewable energy. Thus, the exploration in this ever-green field is worth the effort. From the power conversion efficiency standpoint of view, PVs are consistently improving, and when analyzing the potential areas that can be advanced, more and more exciting challenges are encountered. One such crucial challenge is to increase the photon availability for PV conversion. This challenge is solved using two ways. First, by suppressing the reflection at the interface of the solar cell, and the other way is to enhance the optical pathlength inside the cell for adequate absorption of the photons. Our review addresses this challenge by emphasizing the various strategies that aid in trapping the light in the solar cells. These strategies include the usage of antireflection coatings (ARCs) and light-trapping structures. The primary focus of this study is to review the ARCs from a PV application perspective based on various materials, and it highlights the development of ARCs from more than the past three decades covering the structure, fabrication techniques, optical performance, features, and research potential of ARCs reported. More importantly, various ARCs researched with different classes of PV cells, and their impact on its efficiency is given a special attention. To enhance the optical pathlength, and thus the absorption in solar PV devices, an insight about the advanced light-trapping techniques that deals with the concept of plasmonics, spectral modification, and other prevailing innovative light-trapping structures approaching the Yablonovitch limit is discussed. An extensive collection of information is presented as tables under each core review section. Further, we take a step forward to brief the effects of ageing on ARCs and their influence on the device performance. Finally, we summarize the review of ARCs on the basis of structures, materials, optical performance, multifunctionality, stability, and cost-effectiveness along with a master table comparing the selected high-performance ARCs with perfect AR coatings. Also, from the discussed significant challenges faced by ARCs and future outlook; this work directs the researchers to identify the area of expertise where further research analysis is needed in near future.
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11
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Pan E, Zhang G. Natural Antireflective Microstructure of Blue Mussel Shells and Biomimetic Replication. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4065-4070. [PMID: 32216257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nature provides various exquisite photonic structures of antireflection. Here, we investigate the color and structure of the inner surface of the shell edge (ISSE) of blue mussel shells, using a fiber optical spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). We demonstrate that the structurally assisted black color of the ISSE is produced by a pyramidal microstructure. Furthermore, we use the two-step biotemplate (TSBT) method to successfully replicate this microstructure. Particularly, we modify this method by using a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film as the negative replica and an epoxy resin film as the positive replica both fabricated without vacuum treatment. We show that the natural and replicated structures show a reflectivity of ∼4% and of ∼3% in the visible wavelength. Finally, we hope our investigation can provide basic data for the study of the bioinspired antireflective structures, which have a promising application in smart windows and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercai Pan
- School of Resources, Environment, and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Gangsheng Zhang
- School of Resources, Environment, and Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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12
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Bagge LE. Not As Clear As It May Appear: Challenges Associated with Transparent Camouflage in the Ocean. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1653-1663. [PMID: 31141119 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The "superpower" of invisibility is a reality and a necessity for many animals that live in featureless environments like the open ocean, where there is nowhere to hide. How do animals achieve invisibility? Many animals match their color patterns to their background, but this strategy is limited when the background scene is dynamic. Transparency allows organisms to match any background all the time. However, it is challenging for an organism to maintain transparency across its entire body volume. To be transparent, tissues must minimize light scattering, both at the surface and within. Until recently, it has been unclear how clear animals with complex bodies (such as many crustaceans with hard cuticles, thick muscles, and other internal organs) minimize such light scattering. This is especially challenging in an environment where light can come from many directions: reflections from downwelling sunlight and bioluminescent searchlights from predators. This review summarizes several recent discoveries of multiple unique adaptations for minimizing light scattering both on the exterior cuticle surface and throughout the body volume of transparent crustaceans, as well as the potential tradeoffs and challenges associated with transparent camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Bagge
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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13
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Ren J, Wang Y, Yao Y, Wang Y, Fei X, Qi P, Lin S, Kaplan DL, Buehler MJ, Ling S. Biological Material Interfaces as Inspiration for Mechanical and Optical Material Designs. Chem Rev 2019; 119:12279-12336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ping Qi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shihui Lin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, China
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14
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Leachman SA, Hornyak TJ, Barsh G, Bastian BC, Brash DE, Cleaver JE, Cooper CD, D'Orazio JA, Fujita M, Holmen SL, Indra AK, Kraemer KH, Le Poole IC, Lo RS, Lund AW, Manga P, Pavan WJ, Setaluri V, Stemwedel CE, Kulesz-Martin MF. Melanoma to Vitiligo: The Melanocyte in Biology & Medicine-Joint Montagna Symposium on the Biology of Skin/PanAmerican Society for Pigment Cell Research Annual Meeting. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:269-274. [PMID: 31348921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thomas J Hornyak
- Research and Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland; Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Greg Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Douglas E Brash
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Dermatology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - James E Cleaver
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cynthia D Cooper
- School of Molecular Biosciences and College of Arts and Sciences, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, Washington
| | - John A D'Orazio
- The Markey Cancer Center and the Departments of Toxicology and Cancer Biology and Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Denver VA Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Departments of Oncological Sciences and Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, and Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kenneth H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - I Caroline Le Poole
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois; Departments of Dermatology and Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roger S Lo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Clara E Stemwedel
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Molly F Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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15
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Abstract
Animals inhabiting the open ocean often conceal themselves by being highly transparent, but this transparency is compromised by light that is scattered and reflected from the body surface. New research shows that some midwater crustaceans use antireflection coatings to enhance their invisibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21043, USA.
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16
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Caro T, Stoddard MC, Stuart-Fox D. Animal coloration research: why it matters. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0333. [PMID: 28533451 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
While basic research on animal coloration is the theme of this special edition, here we highlight its applied significance for industry, innovation and society. Both the nanophotonic structures producing stunning optical effects and the colour perception mechanisms in animals are extremely diverse, having been honed over millions of years of evolution for many different purposes. Consequently, there is a wealth of opportunity for biomimetic and bioinspired applications of animal coloration research, spanning colour production, perception and function. Fundamental research on the production and perception of animal coloration is contributing to breakthroughs in the design of new materials (cosmetics, textiles, paints, optical coatings, security labels) and new technologies (cameras, sensors, optical devices, robots, biomedical implants). In addition, discoveries about the function of animal colour are influencing sport, fashion, the military and conservation. Understanding and applying knowledge of animal coloration is now a multidisciplinary exercise. Our goal here is to provide a catalyst for new ideas and collaborations between biologists studying animal coloration and researchers in other disciplines.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Caro
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mary Caswell Stoddard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Devi Stuart-Fox
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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