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Mazzoni V, Anfora G, Cocroft RB, Fatouros NE, Groot AT, Gross J, Hill PSM, Hoch H, Ioriatti C, Nieri R, Pekas A, Stacconi MVR, Stelinski LL, Takanashi T, Virant-Doberlet M, Wessel A. Bridging biotremology and chemical ecology: a new terminology. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:848-855. [PMID: 38744599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms use both chemical and mechanical stimuli to survive in their environment. Substrate-borne vibrations play a significant role in mediating behaviors in animals and inducing physiological responses in plants, leading to the emergence of the discipline of biotremology. Biotremology is experiencing rapid growth both in fundamental research and in applications like pest control, drawing attention from diverse audiences. As parallels with concepts and approaches in chemical ecology emerge, there is a pressing need for a shared standardized vocabulary in the area of overlap for mutual understanding. In this article, we propose an updated set of terms in biotremology rooted in chemical ecology, using the suffix '-done' derived from the classic Greek word 'δονέω' (pronounced 'doneo'), meaning 'to shake'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Mazzoni
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Reginald B Cocroft
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Evolutionary and Population Biology (EPB), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany
| | | | - Hannelore Hoch
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science at Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rachele Nieri
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Department of Mathematics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Apostolos Pekas
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | | | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Takuma Takanashi
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Iwate, Japan
| | - Meta Virant-Doberlet
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreas Wessel
- Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde-Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science at Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Pekas A, Mazzoni V, Appel H, Cocroft R, Dicke M. Plant protection and biotremology: fundamental and applied aspects. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:32-39. [PMID: 37563025 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
There is overwhelming evidence that synthetic pesticides have a negative impact on the environment and human health, emphasizing the need for novel and sustainable methods for plant protection. A growing body of literature reports that plants interact through substrate-borne vibrations with arthropod pests and mutualistic arthropods that provide biological control and pollination services. Here, we propose a new theoretical framework that integrates insights from biological control, the ecology of fear, and plant-borne vibrations, to address plant-insect interactions and explore new, sustainable opportunities to improve plant health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Mazzoni
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, S. Michele all'Adige 38010, TN, Italy
| | - Heidi Appel
- University of Houston, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Science & Research Building 2, 3455 Cullen Blvd, Room 342, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Reginald Cocroft
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, NL-6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Ji F, Wu Y, Pumera M, Zhang L. Collective Behaviors of Active Matter Learning from Natural Taxes Across Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203959. [PMID: 35986637 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taxis orientation is common in microorganisms, and it provides feasible strategies to operate active colloids as small-scale robots. Collective taxes involve numerous units that collectively perform taxis motion, whereby the collective cooperation between individuals enables the group to perform efficiently, adaptively, and robustly. Hence, analyzing and designing collectives is crucial for developing and advancing microswarm toward practical or clinical applications. In this review, natural taxis behaviors are categorized and synthetic microrobotic collectives are discussed as bio-inspired realizations, aiming at closing the gap between taxis strategies of living creatures and those of functional active microswarms. As collective behaviors emerge within a group, the global taxis to external stimuli guides the group to conduct overall tasks, whereas the local taxis between individuals induces synchronization and global patterns. By encoding the local orientations and programming the global stimuli, various paradigms can be introduced for coordinating and controlling such collective microrobots, from the viewpoints of fundamental science and practical applications. Therefore, by discussing the key points and difficulties associated with collective taxes of different paradigms, this review potentially offers insights into mimicking natural collective behaviors and constructing intelligent microrobotic systems for on-demand control and preassigned tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtong Ji
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yilin Wu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Martin Pumera
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Bota JL, Schöner MG, Schöner CR, Eberhard MJB. Rustling ants: Vibrational communication performed by two Camponotus species in Borneo. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 70:101172. [PMID: 35810530 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between ants and plants are classic examples of cooperation between individuals of different species. Usually, plants provide shelter or food for ants and in turn are defended against herbivores by their insect allies. To coordinate attacks, ants use multi-modal alarm signals consisting of vibrational and chemical components. This can also be observed in Borneo, where two Camponotus species inhabit the ocreas (diverging, tubular leaf sheaths) of the rattan palm Korthalsia robusta. When ants are disturbed, they beat or scratch mandibles and abdomens on the plant surface resulting in loud rustling sounds. To describe the characteristics of these signals, we recorded them with a Laser-Doppler-vibrometer in the field. Analyses of temporal patterns and dominant frequency revealed that the signals of the two species differ fundamentally. To assess transmission characteristics of the rattan palm, we conducted experiments under controlled lab-conditions. We show that the ocrea is an adequate structure for converting airborne sound into substrate vibrations, acting as a mediator between these two modalities. We hypothesize that the ants' vibratory signal has multiple functions, with the substrate-borne component used as an alarm signal for conspecifics, and the airborne component acting as vibro-acoustic aposematism against predators or herbivores to protect the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien L Bota
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer-Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael G Schöner
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer-Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany; Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | - Caroline R Schöner
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer-Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Monika J B Eberhard
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Loitzer-Str. 26, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Guo X, Lin MR, Azizi A, Saldyt LP, Kang Y, Pavlic TP, Fewell JH. Decoding alarm signal propagation of seed-harvester ants using automated movement tracking and supervised machine learning. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212176. [PMID: 35078355 PMCID: PMC8790334 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alarm signal propagation through ant colonies provides an empirically tractable context for analysing information flow through a natural system, with useful insights for network dynamics in other social animals. Here, we develop a methodological approach to track alarm spread within a group of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex californicus. We initially alarmed three ants and tracked subsequent signal transmission through the colony. Because there was no actual standing threat, the false alarm allowed us to assess amplification and adaptive damping of the collective alarm response. We trained a random forest regression model to quantify alarm behaviour of individual workers from multiple movement features. Our approach translates subjective categorical alarm scores into a reliable, continuous variable. We combined these assessments with automatically tracked proximity data to construct an alarm propagation network. This method enables analyses of spatio-temporal patterns in alarm signal propagation in a group of ants and provides an opportunity to integrate individual and collective alarm response. Using this system, alarm propagation can be manipulated and assessed to ask and answer a wide range of questions related to information and misinformation flow in social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michael R. Lin
- Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Asma Azizi
- Department of Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA, USA
| | - Lucas P. Saldyt
- School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yun Kang
- Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,Science and Mathematics, College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Theodore P. Pavlic
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA,School of Complex Adaptive Systems, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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A common computational principle for vibrotactile pitch perception in mouse and human. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5336. [PMID: 34504074 PMCID: PMC8429766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We live surrounded by vibrations generated by moving objects. These oscillatory stimuli propagate through solid substrates, are sensed by mechanoreceptors in our body and give rise to perceptual attributes such as vibrotactile pitch (i.e. the perception of how high or low a vibration’s frequency is). Here, we establish a mechanistic relationship between vibrotactile pitch perception and the physical properties of vibrations using behavioral tasks, in which vibratory stimuli were delivered to the human fingertip or the mouse forelimb. The resulting perceptual reports were analyzed with a model demonstrating that physically different combinations of vibration frequencies and amplitudes can produce equal pitch perception. We found that the perceptually indistinguishable but physically different stimuli follow a common computational principle in mouse and human. It dictates that vibrotactile pitch perception is shifted with increases in amplitude toward the frequency of highest vibrotactile sensitivity. These findings suggest the existence of a fundamental relationship between the seemingly unrelated concepts of spectral sensitivity and pitch perception. The features of vibrations provide key information on the surrounding environment. Here the authors show that a common computational principle underlies vibrotactile pitch perception in both mice and humans.
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Silva LF, Silva FWS, Demolin-Leite GL, Soares MA, Lemes PG, Zanuncio JC. Distribution pattern of arthropods on the leaf surfaces of Acacia auriculiformis saplings. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e243651. [PMID: 34431904 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - F W S Silva
- Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - G L Demolin-Leite
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - M A Soares
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri - UFVJM, Departamento de Agronomia, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - P G Lemes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | - J C Zanuncio
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Zorzal G, Camarota F, Dias M, Vidal DM, Lima E, Fregonezi A, Campos RI. The dear enemy effect drives conspecific aggressiveness in an Azteca-Cecropia system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6158. [PMID: 33731789 PMCID: PMC7970830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Territoriality is costly, and the accurate identification of intruders and the decision to perform aggressive responses are key behavioral traits in social animals. We studied aggression among individuals belonging to close and distant nests of the plant-ant Azteca muelleri, which lives in stems of the pioneer tree Cecropia glaziovii. More specifically, we aim to investigate if the DE (dear-enemy effect-less aggression towards neighbors than strangers) or NN (nasty-neighbor effect-less aggression to strangers than neighbors) effects or even none of them apply for this iconic Azteca-Cecropia system. We further checked if ant aggression towards conspecifics is related to cuticular hydrocarbon profiles (CHCs), which provide chemical cues for nestmate recognition. Therefore, we sampled 46 nests of A. muelleri in three Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments and performed behavioral trials within and between sites. Consistently with the DE effect, we found higher aggression levels in 'between sites' versus 'within sites' treatments as well as a positive effect of spatial distance on ant aggressiveness. We found no effect of the overall dissimilarities on CHC blend on ant aggressiveness, but of one CHC class, the methylated alkanes. Overall, we provide key insights on nest-mate recognition in obligatory ant-plant mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zorzal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570900, Brazil
| | - Flávio Camarota
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570900, Brazil
| | - Marcondes Dias
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo M Vidal
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eraldo Lima
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline Fregonezi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo I Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570900, Brazil.
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Masoni A, Frizzi F, Nieri R, Casacci LP, Mazzoni V, Turillazzi S, Santini G. Ants modulate stridulatory signals depending on the behavioural context. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5933. [PMID: 33723279 PMCID: PMC7970987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect societies require an effective communication system to coordinate members' activities. Although eusocial species primarily use chemical communication to convey information to conspecifics, there is increasing evidence suggesting that vibroacoustic communication plays a significant role in the behavioural contexts of colony life. In this study, we sought to determine whether stridulation can convey information in ant societies. We tested three main hypotheses using the Mediterranean ant Crematogaster scutellaris: (i) stridulation informs about the emitter'caste; (ii) workers can modulate stridulation based on specific needs, such as communicating the profitability of a food resource, or (iii) behavioural contexts. We recorded the stridulations of individuals from the three castes, restrained on a substrate, and the signals emitted by foragers workers feeding on honey drops of various sizes. Signals emitted by workers and sexuates were quantitatively and qualitatively distinct as was stridulation emitted by workers on different honey drops. Comparing across the experimental setups, we demonstrated that signals emitted in different contexts (restraining vs feeding) differed in emission patterns as well as certain parameters (dominant frequency, amplitude, duration of chirp). Our findings suggest that vibrational signaling represents a flexible communication channel paralleling the well-known chemical communication system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Masoni
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F. Frizzi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - R. Nieri
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy ,grid.424414.30000 0004 1755 6224Research and Innovation Center, Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, Italy
| | - L. P. Casacci
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Turin University, Turin, Italy ,grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - V. Mazzoni
- grid.424414.30000 0004 1755 6224Research and Innovation Center, Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All’Adige, Italy
| | - S. Turillazzi
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G. Santini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Effective communication is essential in animal life to allow fundamental behavioral processes and survival. Communicating by surface-borne vibrations is likely the most ancient mode of getting and exchanging information in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In this review, we concentrate on the use of vibrational communication in arthropods as a form of intraspecific and interspecific signaling, with a focus on the newest discoveries from our research group in terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea), a taxon never investigated before in this context. After getting little attention in the past, biotremology is now an emerging field of study in animal communication, and it is receiving increased interest from the scientific community dealing with these behavioral processes. In what follows, we illustrate the general principles and mechanisms on which biotremology is based, using definitions, examples, and insights from the literature in arthropods. Vibrational communication in arthropods has mainly been studied in insects and arachnids. For these taxa, much evidence of its use as a source of information from the surrounding environment exists, as well as its involvement in many behavioral roles, such as courtship and mating, conspecific recognition, competition, foraging, parental care, and danger perception. Recently, and for the first time, communication through surface-borne waves has been studied in terrestrial isopods, using a common Mediterranean species of the Armadillidae family as a pilot species, Armadillo officinalis Duméril, 1816. Mainly, for this species, we describe typical behavioral processes, such as turn alternation, aggregation, and stridulation, where vibrational communication appears to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cividini
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L693BX, UK.
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Abstract
A new study shines light on an already well-known and mutually beneficial association between ants and the acacia tree. For the first time in this system, plant-borne vibrations introduced by foraging browsers are confirmed as the cue that directs ants to attack the attacker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S M Hill
- Professor Emerita, Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74015, USA.
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