1
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Milán M. Organogenesis: Cell death matters in size and shape regulation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R62-R64. [PMID: 38262361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Anisotropic growth and large-scale morphogenetic movements contribute to the final size and shape of the adult Drosophila wing. A new study unravels an unexpected contribution of cell death, which follows a spatial and temporal pattern, to the growth of the wing and the acquisition of its elongated shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Mitchell NP, Cislo DJ. TubULAR: tracking in toto deformations of dynamic tissues via constrained maps. Nat Methods 2023; 20:1980-1988. [PMID: 38057529 PMCID: PMC10848277 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-02081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
A common motif in biology is the arrangement of cells into tubes, which further transform into complex shapes. Traditionally, analysis of dynamic tissues has relied on inspecting static snapshots, live imaging of cross-sections or tracking isolated cells in three dimensions. However, capturing the interplay between in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors requires following the full surface as it deforms and integrating cell-scale motions into collective, tissue-scale deformations. Here, we present an analysis framework that builds in toto maps of tissue deformations by following tissue parcels in a static material frame of reference. Our approach then relates in-plane and out-of-plane behaviors and decomposes complex deformation maps into elementary contributions. The tube-like surface Lagrangian analysis resource (TubULAR) provides an open-source implementation accessible either as a standalone toolkit or as an extension of the ImSAnE package used in the developmental biology community. We demonstrate our approach by analyzing shape change in the embryonic Drosophila midgut and beating zebrafish heart. The method naturally generalizes to in vitro and synthetic systems and provides ready access to the mechanical mechanisms relating genetic patterning to organ shape change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah P Mitchell
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Dillon J Cislo
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Gou J, Zhang T, Othmer HG. The Interaction of Mechanics and the Hippo Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4840. [PMID: 37835534 PMCID: PMC10571775 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an ideal system for studying the networks that control tissue development and homeostasis and, given the similarity of the pathways involved, controlled and uncontrolled growth in mammalian systems. The signaling pathways used in patterning the Drosophila wing disc are well known and result in the emergence of interaction of these pathways with the Hippo signaling pathway, which plays a central role in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanical effects are another major factor in the control of growth, but far less is known about how they exert their control. Herein, we develop a mathematical model that integrates the mechanical interactions between cells, which occur via adherens and tight junctions, with the intracellular actin network and the Hippo pathway so as to better understand cell-autonomous and non-autonomous control of growth in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA;
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Hans G. Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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4
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Gupta VK, Chaudhuri O. Mechanical regulation of cell-cycle progression and division. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:773-785. [PMID: 35491306 PMCID: PMC9378598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression and division are fundamental biological processes in animal cells, and their biochemical regulation has been extensively studied. An emerging body of work has revealed how mechanical interactions of cells with their microenvironment in tissues, including with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells, also plays a crucial role in regulating cell-cycle progression and division. We review recent work on how cells interpret physical cues and alter their mechanics to promote cell-cycle progression and initiate cell division, and then on how dividing cells generate forces on their surrounding microenvironment to successfully divide. Finally, the article ends by discussing how force generation during division potentially contributes to larger tissue-scale processes involved in development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA..
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5
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Zhong T, Gongye X, Wang M, Yu J. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing spindle orientation: How far are we from there? J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4904-4910. [PMID: 36029193 PMCID: PMC9549511 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation is essential for cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Recently, accumulating studies have elucidated several factors that regulate spindle orientation, including geometric, internal and external cues. Abnormality in these factors generally leads to defects in the physiological functions of various organs and the development of severe diseases. Herein, we first review models that are commonly used for studying spindle orientation. We then review a conservative heterotrimeric complex critically involved in spindle orientation regulation in different models. Finally, we summarize some cues that affect spindle orientation and explore whether we can establish a model that precisely elucidates the effects of spindle orientation without interfusing other spindle functions. We aim to summarize current models used in spindle orientation studies and discuss whether we can build a model that disturbs spindle orientation alone. This can substantially improve our understanding of how spindle orientation is regulated and provide insights to investigate this complex event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gongye
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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6
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Rallis J, Pavlopoulos A. Cellular basis of limb morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100887. [PMID: 35150918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
How the size and shape of developing tissues is encoded in the genome has been a longstanding riddle for biologists. Constituent cells integrate several genetic and mechanical signals to decide whether to divide, die, change shape or position. We review here how morphogenetic cell behaviors contribute to leg formation from imaginal disc epithelia in the insect Drosophila melanogaster, as well as to direct embryonic limb outgrowths in the non-insect pancrustacean Parhyale hawaiensis. Considering the deep conservation of developmental programs for limb patterning among arthropods and other bilaterians, moving forward, it will be exciting to see how these genetic similarities reflect at the cellular and tissue mechanics level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rallis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Anastasios Pavlopoulos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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7
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Dye NA. Cultivation and Live Imaging of Drosophila Imaginal Discs. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2540:317-334. [PMID: 35980586 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2541-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, I present a method for the ex vivo cultivation and live imaging of Drosophila imaginal disc explants using low concentrations of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). This method has been optimized for analyzing cellular dynamics during wing disc growth and leverages recent insights from in vivo experiments demonstrating that 20E is required for growth and patterning of the imaginal tissues. Using this protocol, we directly observe wing disc proliferation at a rapid rate for at least 13 h during live imaging. The orientation of tissue growth is also consistent with that inferred from indirect in vivo techniques. Thus, this method provides an improved way of studying dynamic cellular processes and tissue movements during imaginal disc development. I first describe the preparation of the growth medium and the dissection, and then I include a protocol for mounting and live imaging of the explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Dye
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum (MSNZ) P2 & Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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9
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Schiller EA, Bergstralh DT. Interaction between Discs large and Pins/LGN/GPSM2: a comparison across species. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058982. [PMID: 34596678 PMCID: PMC8576264 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orientation of the mitotic spindle determines the direction of cell division, and therefore contributes to tissue shape and cell fate. Interaction between the multifunctional scaffolding protein Discs large (Dlg) and the canonical spindle orienting factor GPSM2 (called Pins in Drosophila and LGN in vertebrates) has been established in bilaterian models, but its function remains unclear. We used a phylogenetic approach to test whether the interaction is obligate in animals, and in particular whether Pins/LGN/GPSM2 evolved in multicellular organisms as a Dlg-binding protein. We show that Dlg diverged in C. elegans and the syncytial sponge Opsacas minuta and propose that this divergence may correspond with differences in spindle orientation requirements between these organisms and the canonical pathways described in bilaterians. We also demonstrate that Pins/LGN/GPSM2 is present in basal animals, but the established Dlg-interaction site cannot be found in either Placozoa or Porifera. Our results suggest that the interaction between Pins/LGN/GPSM2 and Dlg appeared in Cnidaria, and we therefore speculate that it may have evolved to promote accurate division orientation in the nervous system. This work reveals the evolutionary history of the Pins/LGN/GPSM2-Dlg interaction and suggests new possibilities for its importance in spindle orientation during epithelial and neural tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan T. Bergstralh
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14627, USA
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10
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Mateus R, Fuhrmann JF, Dye NA. Growth across scales: Dynamic signaling impacts tissue size and shape. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:50-57. [PMID: 34182209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organ and tissue growth result from an integration of biophysical communication across biological scales, both in time and space. In this review, we highlight new insight into the dynamic connections between control mechanisms operating at different length scales. First, we consider how the dynamics of chemical and electrical signaling in the shape of gradients or waves affect spatiotemporal signal interpretation. Then, we discuss the mechanics underlying dynamic cell behavior during oriented tissue growth, followed by the connections between signaling at the tissue and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mateus
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Jana F Fuhrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum (MSNZ) P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Strutt H, Strutt D. How do the Fat-Dachsous and core planar polarity pathways act together and independently to coordinate polarized cell behaviours? Open Biol 2021; 11:200356. [PMID: 33561385 PMCID: PMC8061702 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity describes the coordinated polarization of cells within the plane of a tissue. This is controlled by two main pathways in Drosophila: the Frizzled-dependent core planar polarity pathway and the Fat–Dachsous pathway. Components of both of these pathways become asymmetrically localized within cells in response to long-range upstream cues, and form intercellular complexes that link polarity between neighbouring cells. This review examines if and when the two pathways are coupled, focusing on the Drosophila wing, eye and abdomen. There is strong evidence that the pathways are molecularly coupled in tissues that express a specific isoform of the core protein Prickle, namely Spiny-legs. However, in other contexts, the linkages between the pathways are indirect. We discuss how the two pathways act together and independently to mediate a diverse range of effects on polarization of cell structures and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David Strutt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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12
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Du W, Bhojwani A, Hu JK. FACEts of mechanical regulation in the morphogenesis of craniofacial structures. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33547271 PMCID: PMC7865003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, organs undergo distinct and programmed morphological changes as they develop into their functional forms. While genetics and biochemical signals are well recognized regulators of morphogenesis, mechanical forces and the physical properties of tissues are now emerging as integral parts of this process as well. These physical factors drive coordinated cell movements and reorganizations, shape and size changes, proliferation and differentiation, as well as gene expression changes, and ultimately sculpt any developing structure by guiding correct cellular architectures and compositions. In this review we focus on several craniofacial structures, including the tooth, the mandible, the palate, and the cranium. We discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of different mechanical cues at both the cellular and tissue scales during craniofacial development and examine how tissue mechanics control various aspects of cell biology and signaling to shape a developing craniofacial organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arshia Bhojwani
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy K Hu
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Thompson BJ. From genes to shape during metamorphosis: a history. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 43:1-10. [PMID: 32898719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metamorphosis (Greek for a state of transcending-form or change-in-shape) refers to a dramatic transformation of an animal's body structure that occurs after development of the embryo or larva in many species. The development of a fly (or butterfly) from a crawling larva (or caterpillar) that forms a pupa (or chrysalis) before eclosing as a flying adult is a classic example of metamorphosis that captures the imagination and has been immortalized in children's books. Powerful genetic experiments in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have revealed how genes can instruct the behaviour of individual cells to control patterns of tissue growth, mechanical force, cell-cell adhesion and cell-matrix adhesion drive morphogenetic change in epithelial tissues. Together, the distribution of mass, force and resistance determines cell shape changes, cell-cell rearrangements, and/or the orientation of cell divisions to generate the final form of the tissue. In organising tissue shape, genes harness the power of self-organisation to determine the collective behaviour of molecules and cells, which can often be reproduced in computer simulations of cell polarity and/or tissue mechanics. This review highlights fundamental discoveries in epithelial morphogenesis made by pioneers who were fascinated by metamorphosis, including D'Arcy Thompson, Conrad Waddington, Dianne Fristrom and Antonio Garcia-Bellido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), 2601, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
In this issue of Developmental Cell, Gibson and colleagues (Ramanathan et al., 2019) investigate the relationship between size and shape in epithelial cells. They find that cell size impacts cell shape, with unexpected consequences for epithelial growth and morphogenesis, particularly the clonal dynamics of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Thompson
- Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2602, Australia.
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15
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Barrio L, Milán M. Regulation of Anisotropic Tissue Growth by Two Orthogonal Signaling Centers. Dev Cell 2020; 52:659-672.e3. [PMID: 32084357 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila wing has served as a paradigm to mechanistically characterize the role of morphogens in patterning and growth. Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) are expressed in two orthogonal signaling centers, and their gradients organize patterning by regulating the expression of well-defined target genes. By contrast, graded activity of these morphogens is not an absolute requirement for wing growth. Despite their permissive role in regulating growth, here we show that Wg and Dpp are utilized in a non-interchangeable manner by the two existing orthogonal signaling centers to promote preferential growth along the two different axes of the developing wing. Our data indicate that these morphogens promote anisotropic growth by making use of distinct and non-interchangeable molecular mechanisms. Whereas Dpp drives growth along the anterior-posterior axis by maintaining Brinker levels below a growth-repressing threshold, Wg exerts its action along the proximal-distal axis through a double repression mechanism involving T cell factor (TCF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Barrio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Milán
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Fat/Dachsous family cadherins in cell and tissue organisation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 62:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Inoue Y, Tateo I, Adachi T. Epithelial tissue folding pattern in confined geometry. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:815-822. [PMID: 31728791 PMCID: PMC7203093 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primordium of the exoskeleton of an insect is epithelial tissue with characteristic patterns of folds. As the insect develops from larva to pupa, the spreading of these folds produces the three-dimensional shape of the exoskeleton of the insect. It is known that the three-dimensional exoskeleton shape has already been encoded in characteristic patterns of folds in the primordium; however, a description of how the epithelial tissue forms with the characteristic patterns of folds remains elusive. The present paper suggests a possible mechanism for the formation of the folding pattern. During the primordium development, because of the epithelial tissue is surrounded by other tissues, cell proliferation proceeds within a confined geometry. To elucidate the mechanics of the folding of the epithelial tissue in the confined geometry, we employ a three-dimensional vertex model that expresses tissue deformations based on cell mechanical behaviors and apply the model to examine the effects of cell divisions and the confined geometry on epithelial folding. Our simulation results suggest that the orientation of the axis of cell division is sufficient to cause different folding patterns in silico and that the restraint of out-of-plane deformation due to the confined geometry determines the interspacing of the folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Itsuki Tateo
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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van Leen EV, di Pietro F, Bellaïche Y. Oriented cell divisions in epithelia: from force generation to force anisotropy by tension, shape and vertices. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:9-16. [PMID: 31509787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation has been linked to asymmetric cell divisions, tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. The canonical pathway to orient the mitotic spindle is composed of the cortical recruitment factor NuMA and the molecular motor dynein, which exerts pulling forces on astral microtubules to orient the spindle. Recent work has defined a novel role for NuMA as a direct contributor to force generation. In addition, the exploration of geometrical and physical cues combined with the study of classical polarity pathways has led to deeper insights into the upstream regulation of spindle orientation. Here, we focus on how cell shape, junctions and mechanical tension act to orient spindle pulling forces in epithelia, and discuss different roles for spindle orientation in epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Victor van Leen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France.
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19
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Myat MM, Louis D, Mavrommatis A, Collins L, Mattis J, Ledru M, Verghese S, Su TT. Regulators of cell movement during development and regeneration in Drosophila. Open Biol 2019; 9:180245. [PMID: 31039676 PMCID: PMC6544984 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental cell biological process essential both for normal development and for tissue regeneration after damage. Cells can migrate individually or as a collective. To better understand the genetic requirements for collective migration, we expressed RNA interference (RNAi) against 30 genes in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland cells that are known to migrate collectively. The genes were selected based on their effect on cell and membrane morphology, cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in cell culture-based screens or in Drosophila tissues other than salivary glands. Of these, eight disrupted salivary gland migration, targeting: Rac2, Rab35 and Rab40 GTPases, MAP kinase-activated kinase-2 (MAPk-AK2), RdgA diacylglycerol kinase, Cdk9, the PDSW subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ND-PDSW) and actin regulator Enabled (Ena). The same RNAi lines were used to determine their effect during regeneration of X-ray-damaged larval wing discs. Cells translocate during this process, but it remained unknown whether they do so by directed cell divisions, by cell migration or both. We found that RNAi targeting Rac2, MAPk-AK2 and RdgA disrupted cell translocation during wing disc regeneration, but RNAi against Ena and ND-PDSW had little effect. We conclude that, in Drosophila, cell movements in development and regeneration have common as well as distinct genetic requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monn Monn Myat
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Dheveline Louis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Andreas Mavrommatis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Latoya Collins
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Jamal Mattis
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Michelle Ledru
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Shilpi Verghese
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
| | - Tin Tin Su
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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