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Shikha D, Chang YT, Goswami C. TRPM8 affects relative "cooling and heating" of subcellular organelles in microglia in a context-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 173:106615. [PMID: 38908471 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Thermoregulation and thermal homeostasis at the cellular and subcellular organelle level are poorly understood events. In this work, we used BV2, a microglial cell line, and a series of thermo-sensitive subcellular organelle-specific probes to analyze the relative changes in the spatio-temporal temperatures of different subcellular organelles, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These methodologies allowed us to understand the thermal relationship of different subcellular organelles also. We modulated BV2 cells by pharmacological application of activator or inhibitor of TRPM8 ion channel (a cold-sensitive ion channel) and/or by treating the cells with LPS, a molecule that induces pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) signaling. We demonstrate that the temperatures of individual organelles remain variable within a physiological range, yet vary in different conditions. We also demonstrate that treating BV2 cells by TRPM8 modulators and/or LPS alters the organelle temperatures in a specific and context-dependent manner. We show that TRPM8 modulation and/or LPS can alter the relationship of mitochondrial membrane potential to mitochondrial temperature. Our work suggests that mitochondrial temperature positively influences ER temperature and negatively influences Golgi temperature. Golgi temperature positively influences membrane temperature. This understanding of thermal relationships may be crucial for dissecting cellular structures, function, and stress signaling and may be relevant for different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shikha
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khordha, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandan Goswami
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khordha, Jatni, Odisha 752050, India.
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2
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Gordillo L, Quiroga L, Ray M, Sanabria E. Changes in thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae) exposed to sublethal concentrations of different pesticide fractions (Lorsban® 75WG). J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103816. [PMID: 38428105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The intensive use of agrochemicals and the rapid increase of global temperatures have modified the thermal conditions of aquatic environments, thus increasing amphibians' vulnerability to global warming and positioning them at great risk. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (COM) are the pesticides most widely used in agricultural activities, with a high toxic potential on amphibians. However, little is known about the separate effects of the active ingredient (CPF) and adjuvants (AD). We studied the thermal sensitivity at different concentrations and pesticide fractions in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles, on thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = Critical thermal maximum and CTmin = Critical thermal minimum), swimming speed (Ss), Optimum temperature (Top), and Thermal breadth 50 (B50). Our results demonstrate that the pesticide active ingredient, the adjuvants, and the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos differentially impair the thermal sensitivity of R. arenarum tadpoles. The pesticide fractions affected the heat and the cold tolerance (CTmax and CTmin), depending on the concentrations they were exposed to. The locomotor performance (Ss, Top, and B50) of tadpoles also varied among fractions, treatments, and environmental temperatures. In the context of climate change, the outcomes presented are particularly relevant, as mean temperatures are increasing at unprecedented rates, which suggests that tadpoles inhabiting warming and polluted ponds are currently experiencing deleterious conditions. Considering that larval stages of amphibians are the most susceptible to changing environmental conditions and the alarming predictions about environmental temperatures in the future, it is likely that the synergism between high temperatures and pesticide exposure raise the threat of population deletions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gordillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Quiroga
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Maribel Ray
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo Sanabria
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Padre Jorge Contreras 1300. (M5502JMA), Mendoza, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
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3
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Paudel S, Yue M, Nalamalapu R, Saha MS. Deciphering the Calcium Code: A Review of Calcium Activity Analysis Methods Employed to Identify Meaningful Activity in Early Neural Development. Biomolecules 2024; 14:138. [PMID: 38275767 PMCID: PMC10813340 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracellular and intercellular flux of calcium ions represents an ancient and universal mode of signaling that regulates an extensive array of cellular processes. Evidence for the central role of calcium signaling includes various techniques that allow the visualization of calcium activity in living cells. While extensively investigated in mature cells, calcium activity is equally important in developing cells, particularly the embryonic nervous system where it has been implicated in a wide variety array of determinative events. However, unlike in mature cells, where the calcium dynamics display regular, predictable patterns, calcium activity in developing systems is far more sporadic, irregular, and diverse. This renders the ability to assess calcium activity in a consistent manner extremely challenging, challenges reflected in the diversity of methods employed to analyze calcium activity in neural development. Here we review the wide array of calcium detection and analysis methods used across studies, limiting the extent to which they can be comparatively analyzed. The goal is to provide investigators not only with an overview of calcium activity analysis techniques currently available, but also to offer suggestions for future work and standardization to enable informative comparative evaluations of this fundamental and important process in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Paudel
- Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.P.); (M.Y.)
| | - Michelle Yue
- Wyss Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.P.); (M.Y.)
| | - Rithvik Nalamalapu
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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4
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Sillar KT, Simmers J, Combes D. From tadpole to adult frog locomotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102753. [PMID: 37549591 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The transition from larval to adult locomotion in the anuran, Xenopus laevis, involves a dramatic switch from axial to appendicular swimming including intermediate stages when the tail and hindlimbs co-exist and contribute to propulsion. Hatchling tadpole swimming is generated by an axial central pattern generator (CPG) which matures rapidly during early larval life. During metamorphosis, the developing limbs are controlled by a de novo appendicular CPG driven initially by the axial system before segregating to allow both systems to operate together or independently. Neuromodulation plays important roles throughout, but key modulators switch their effects from early inhibitory influences to facilitating locomotion. Temperature affects the construction and operation of locomotor networks and global changes in environmental temperature place aquatic poikilotherms, like amphibians, at risk. The locomotor control strategy of anurans differs from other amphibian groups such as salamanders, where evolution has acted upon the thyroid hormone pathway to sculpt different developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Sillar
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Marys Quad., St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AP, Scotland.
| | - John Simmers
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33706 Bordeaux, France
| | - Denis Combes
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33706 Bordeaux, France
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5
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Shim S, Goyal R, Panoutsopoulos AA, Balashova OA, Lee D, Borodinsky LN. Calcium dynamics at the neural cell primary cilium regulate Hedgehog signaling-dependent neurogenesis in the embryonic neural tube. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220037120. [PMID: 37252980 PMCID: PMC10266006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220037120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The balance between neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation is paramount for the appropriate development of the nervous system. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known to sequentially promote cell proliferation and specification of neuronal phenotypes, but the signaling mechanisms responsible for the developmental switch from mitogenic to neurogenic have remained unclear. Here, we show that Shh enhances Ca2+ activity at the neural cell primary cilium of developing Xenopus laevis embryos through Ca2+ influx via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 3 (TRPC3) and release from intracellular stores in a developmental stage-dependent manner. This ciliary Ca2+ activity in turn antagonizes canonical, proliferative Shh signaling in neural stem cells by down-regulating Sox2 expression and up-regulating expression of neurogenic genes, enabling neuronal differentiation. These discoveries indicate that the Shh-Ca2+-dependent switch in neural cell ciliary signaling triggers the switch in Shh action from canonical-mitogenic to neurogenic. The molecular mechanisms identified in this neurogenic signaling axis are potential targets for the treatment of brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Shim
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Raman Goyal
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Alexios A. Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Olga A. Balashova
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - David Lee
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
| | - Laura N. Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
- Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA95817
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Malik HR, Bertolesi GE, McFarlane S. TRPM8 thermosensation in poikilotherms mediates both skin colour and locomotor performance responses to cold temperature. Commun Biol 2023; 6:127. [PMID: 36721039 PMCID: PMC9889708 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic process to maintain an organism's internal temperature within a physiological range compatible with life. In poikilotherms, body temperature fluctuates with that of the environment, with both physiological and behavioral responses employed to modify body temperature. Changing skin colour/reflectance and locomotor activity are both well-recognized temperature regulatory mechanisms, but little is known of the participating thermosensor/s. We find that Xenopus laevis tadpoles put in the cold exhibit a temperature-dependent, systemic, and rapid melanosome aggregation in melanophores, which lightens the skin. Cooling also induces a reduction in the locomotor performance. To identify the cold-sensor, we focus on transient receptor potential (trp) channel genes from a Trpm family. mRNAs for several Trpms are present in Xenopus tails, and Trpm8 protein is present in skin melanophores. Temperature-induced melanosome aggregation is mimicked by the Trpm8 agonist menthol (WS12) and blocked by a Trpm8 antagonist. The degree of skin lightening induced by cooling is correlated with locomotor performance, and both responses are rapidly regulated in a dose-dependent and correlated manner by the WS12 Trpm8 agonist. We propose that TRPM8 serves as a cool thermosensor in poikilotherms that helps coordinate skin lightening and behavioural locomotor performance as adaptive thermoregulatory responses to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannan R. Malik
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Gabriel E. Bertolesi
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Sarah McFarlane
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
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7
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Lewis CM, Griffith TN. The mechanisms of cold encoding. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Beltrán I, Herculano-Houzel S, Sinervo B, Whiting MJ. Are ectotherm brains vulnerable to global warming? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:691-699. [PMID: 34016477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Elevated temperatures during development affect a wide range of traits in ectotherms. Less well understood is the impact of global warming on brain development, which has only rarely been studied experimentally. Here, we evaluate current progress in the field and search for common response patterns among ectotherm groups. Evidence suggests that temperature may have a positive effect on neuronal activity and growth in developing brains, but only up to a threshold, above which temperature is detrimental to neuron development. These responses appear to be taxon dependent but this assumption may be due to a paucity of data for some taxonomic groups. We provide a framework with which to advance this highly promising field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Beltrán
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Suzana Herculano-Houzel
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Martin J Whiting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Thermoregulation is critical for survival and animals therefore employ strategies to keep their body temperature within a physiological range. As ectotherms, fish exclusively rely on behavioral strategies for thermoregulation. Different species of fish seek out their specific optimal temperatures through thermal navigation by biasing behavioral output based on experienced environmental temperatures. Like other vertebrates, fish sense water temperature using thermoreceptors in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia neurons that innervate the skin. Recent research in larval zebrafish has revealed how neural circuits subsequently transform this sensation of temperature into thermoregulatory behaviors. Across fish species, thermoregulatory strategies rely on a modulation of swim vigor based on current temperature and a modulation of turning based on temperature change. Interestingly, temperature preferences are not fixed but depend on other environmental cues and internal states. The following review is intended as an overview on the current knowledge as well as open questions in fish thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Haesemeyer
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Goyal R, Spencer KA, Borodinsky LN. From Neural Tube Formation Through the Differentiation of Spinal Cord Neurons: Ion Channels in Action During Neural Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:62. [PMID: 32390800 PMCID: PMC7193536 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are expressed throughout nervous system development. The type and diversity of conductances and gating mechanisms vary at different developmental stages and with the progressive maturational status of neural cells. The variety of ion channels allows for distinct signaling mechanisms in developing neural cells that in turn regulate the needed cellular processes taking place during each developmental period. These include neural cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, which are crucial for developmental events ranging from the earliest steps of morphogenesis of the neural tube through the establishment of neuronal circuits. Here, we compile studies assessing the ontogeny of ionic currents in the developing nervous system. We then review work demonstrating a role for ion channels in neural tube formation, to underscore the necessity of the signaling downstream ion channels even at the earliest stages of neural development. We discuss the function of ion channels in neural cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation and conclude with how the regulation of all these morphogenetic and cellular processes by electrical activity enables the appropriate development of the nervous system and the establishment of functional circuits adapted to respond to a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Goyal
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Kira A Spencer
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Laura N Borodinsky
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospital for Children, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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