1
|
Saraiva AS, dos Reis EB, Farnese FS, Oliveira MS, Ofoegbu PU, Dornelas ASP, Sarmento RA, de Souza JCP, Resende EC, Rodrigues ACM. Unveiling the Subtle Threats: The Neurobehavioral Impact of Chlorpyrifos on Girardia tigrina. TOXICS 2024; 12:512. [PMID: 39058164 PMCID: PMC11280607 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12070512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests, poses a significant environmental threat due to its toxicity and persistence in soil and water. Our work aimed to evaluate the acute (survival) and chronic (regeneration, locomotion, and reproduction) toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the non-target freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The 48 h lethal concentration (LC50) of the commercial formulation, containing 480 g L-1 of chlorpyrifos, the active ingredient, was determined to be 622.8 µg a.i. L-1 for planarians. Sublethal effects were translated into a significant reduction in locomotion and delayed head regeneration (lowest observed effect concentration-LOEC = 3.88 µg a.i. L-1). Additionally, chlorpyrifos exposure did not affect planarian fecundity or fertility. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of chlorpyrifos-based insecticides to harm natural populations of freshwater planarians at environmentally relevant concentrations. The observed toxicity emphasizes the need for stricter regulations and careful management of chlorpyrifos usage to mitigate its deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. By understanding the specific impacts on non-target organisms like G. tigrina, we can make more informed suggestions regarding the usage and regulation of organophosphate insecticides, ultimately promoting sustainable agricultural practices and environmental conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Althiéris S. Saraiva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Campos Belos (CAE Research Group—Conservação de Agroecossistemas e Ecotoxicologia), Campos Belos 73840-000, GO, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Borges dos Reis
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Fernanda S. Farnese
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Marilene S. Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde 75901-970, GO, Brazil; (E.B.d.R.); (F.S.F.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Pearl U. Ofoegbu
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Aline S. P. Dornelas
- Programa de Apoio à Fixação de Jovens Doutores no Brasil, Estagio Pós-Doutoral—Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - Renato A. Sarmento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Gurupi 77402-970, TO, Brazil;
| | - João C. P. de Souza
- Departamento de Química da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”—Unesp—Campus Bauru, Bauru 17033-360, SP, Brazil;
| | - Erika C. Resende
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—Campus Iporá-GO, Iporá 76200-000, GO, Brazil;
| | - Andreia C. M. Rodrigues
- CESAM—Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang D, Yang J, Huang Q, Zhao D, Wang T, Yu D, Qin L, Zhang K. Molecular functions of HAX1 during disease progress. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02081-8. [PMID: 38992331 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX1) is a newly discovered multifunctional cell regulatory protein that is widely expressed in cells and has a close relationship with multiple cellular proteins. HAX1 plays important roles in various processes, including the regulation of apoptosis, maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential stability and calcium homeostasis, occurrence and development of diseases, post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and host immune response after viral infection. In this article, we have reviewed the research progress on the biological functions of HAX1, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for further exploration of its underlying mechanisms and targeted application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengshuai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dixi Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Qin
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Keshan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang J, Zhang J, Sun J, Gong M, Yuan Z. Exposure to polystyrene microplastics and perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupt the homeostasis of intact planarians and the growth of regenerating planarians. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171653. [PMID: 38485023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are widespread in the global ecosystem. MPs have the ability to adsorb organic contaminants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), leading to combined effects. The current work aims to explore the individual and combined toxicological effects of polystyrene (PS) and PFOS on the growth and nerves of the freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica). The results showed that PS particles could adsorb PFOS. PS and PFOS impeded the regeneration of decapitated planarians eyespots, whereas the combined treatment increased the locomotor speed of intact planarians. PS and PFOS caused significant DNA damage, while co-treatment with different PS concentrations aggravated and attenuated DNA damage, respectively. Further studies at the molecular level have shown that PS and PFOS affect the proliferation and differentiation of neoblasts in both intact and regenerating planarians, alter the expression levels of neuronal genes, and impede the development of the nervous system. PS and PFOS not only disrupted the homeostasis of intact planarians, but also inhibited the regeneration of decapitated planarians. This study is the first to assess the multiple toxicity of PS and PFOS to planarians after combined exposure. It provides a basis for the environmental and human health risks of MPs and PFAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Mengxin Gong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rajagopalan K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Chelladurai KS, Kalimuthu K, Das P, Chandrasekar M, Balamurugan N, Murugan K. Understanding the molecular mechanism of regeneration through apoptosis-induced compensatory proliferation studies - updates and future aspects. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1. [PMID: 38581530 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
AICP is a crucial process that maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In the past, cell death was perceived merely as a means to discard cells without functional consequences. However, during regeneration, effector caspases orchestrate apoptosis, releasing signals that activate stem cells, thereby compensating for tissue loss across various animal models. Despite significant progress, the activation of Wnt3a by caspase-3 remains a focal point of research gaps in AICP mechanisms, spanning from lower to higher regenerative animals. This inquiry into the molecular intricacies of caspase-3-induced Wnt3a activation contributes to a deeper understanding of the links between regeneration and cancer mechanisms. Our report provides current updates on AICP pathways, delineating research gaps and highlighting the potential for future investigations aimed at enhancing our comprehension of this intricate process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Puja Das
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meikandan Chandrasekar
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nivedha Balamurugan
- Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Research Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Murugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang XS, Wei L, Zhang W, Zhang FX, Li L, Li L, Wen Y, Zhang JH, Liu S, Yuan D, Liu Y, Ren C, Li S. ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation during appendage regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk8331. [PMID: 38507478 PMCID: PMC10954200 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk8331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Appendage regeneration relies on the formation of blastema, a heterogeneous cellular structure formed at the injury site. However, little is known about the early injury-activated signaling pathways that trigger blastema formation during appendage regeneration. Here, we provide compelling evidence that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-activated casein kinase 2 (CK-2), which has not been previously implicated in appendage regeneration, triggers blastema formation during leg regeneration in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. After amputation, CK-2 undergoes rapid activation through ERK-induced phosphorylation within blastema cells. RNAi knockdown of CK-2 severely impairs blastema formation by repressing cell proliferation through down-regulating mitosis-related genes. Evolutionarily, the regenerative role of CK-2 is conserved in zebrafish caudal fin regeneration via promoting blastema cell proliferation. Together, we find and demonstrate that the ERK-activated CK-2 triggers blastema formation in both cockroach and zebrafish, helping explore initiation factors during appendage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fei-Xue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yejie Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jia-Hui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology & School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nano M, Montell DJ. Apoptotic signaling: Beyond cell death. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 156:22-34. [PMID: 37988794 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is the best described form of regulated cell death, and was, until relatively recently, considered irreversible once particular biochemical points-of-no-return were activated. In this manuscript, we examine the mechanisms cells use to escape from a self-amplifying death signaling module. We discuss the role of feedback, dynamics, propagation, and noise in apoptotic signaling. We conclude with a revised model for the role of apoptosis in animal development, homeostasis, and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Nano
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang KT, Tapper J, Adler CE. Purification of Planarian Stem Cells Using a Draq5-Based FACS Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2805:203-212. [PMID: 39008184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3854-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Planarians are flatworms that have the remarkable ability to regenerate entirely new animals. This regenerative ability requires abundant adult stem cells called neoblasts, which are relatively small in size, sensitive to irradiation and the only proliferative cells in the animal. Despite the lack of cell surface markers, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) protocols have been developed to discriminate and isolate neoblasts, based on DNA content. Here, we describe a protocol that combines staining of far-red DNA dye Draq5, Calcein-AM and DAPI, along with a shortened processing time. This profiling strategy can be used to functionally characterize the neoblast population in pharmacologically-treated or gene knockdown animals. Highly purified neoblasts can be analyzed with downstream assays, such as in situ hybridization and RNA sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Tse Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Justin Tapper
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn E Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jin B, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhou W, Liu Y, Dong Z, Chen G, Liu D. Toxicity assessment of microcystin-leucine arginine in planarian Dugesia japonica. Integr Zool 2023. [PMID: 37849408 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR), a representative cyanobacterial toxin, poses an increasing and serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. Despite investigating its toxic effects in various organisms and cells, the toxicity to tissue regeneration and stem cells in vivo still needs to be explored. Planarians are ideal regeneration and toxicology research models and have profound implications in ecotoxicology evaluation. This study conducted a systemic toxicity evaluation of MC-LR, including morphological changes, growth, regeneration, and the underlying cellular and molecular changes after MC-LR exposure, which were investigated in planarians. The results showed that exposure to MC-LR led to time- and dose-dependent lethal morphological changes, tissue damage, degrowth, and delayed regeneration in planarians. Furthermore, MC-LR exposure disturbed the activities of antioxidants, including total superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and total antioxidant capacity, leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage, and then reduced the number of dividing neoblasts and promoted apoptosis. The results demonstrated that oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by MC-LR exposure caused apoptosis. Excessive apoptosis and suppressed neoblast activity led to severe homeostasis imbalance. This study explores the underlying mechanism of MC-LR toxicity in planarians and provides a basis for the toxicity assessment of MC-LR to aquatic organisms and ecological risk evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baijie Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yingyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shiroor DA, Wang KT, Sanketi BD, Tapper JK, Adler CE. Inhibition of ATM kinase rescues planarian regeneration after lethal radiation. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56112. [PMID: 36943023 PMCID: PMC10157310 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As stem cells divide, they acquire mutations that can be passed on to daughter cells. To mitigate potentially deleterious outcomes, cells activate the DNA damage response (DDR) network, which governs several cellular outcomes following DNA damage, including repairing DNA or undergoing apoptosis. At the helm of the DDR are three PI3-like kinases including Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM). We report here that knockdown of ATM in planarian flatworms enables stem cells to withstand lethal doses of radiation which would otherwise induce cell death. In this context, stem cells circumvent apoptosis, replicate their DNA, and recover function using homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair. Despite radiation exposure, atm knockdown animals survive long-term and regenerate new tissues. These effects occur independently of ATM's canonical downstream effector p53. Together, our results demonstrate that in planarians, ATM promotes radiation-induced apoptosis. This acute, ATM-dependent apoptosis is a key determinant of long-term animal survival. Our results suggest that inhibition of ATM in these organisms could, therefore, potentially favor cell survival after radiation without obvious effects on stem cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya A Shiroor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kuang-Tse Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Bhargav D Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Justin K Tapper
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn E Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wendt GR, Shiroor DA, Adler CE, Collins JJ. Convergent evolution of a genotoxic stress response in a parasite-specific p53 homolog. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205201119. [PMID: 36067283 PMCID: PMC9478680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205201119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
P53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor that plays important roles in cell-cycle regulation, cell death, and DNA damage repair. P53 is found throughout metazoans, even in invertebrates that do not develop malignancies. The prevailing theory for why these invertebrates possess a tumor suppressor is that P53 originally evolved to protect the germline of early metazoans from genotoxic stress such as ultraviolet radiation. This theory is largely based upon functional data from only three invertebrates, omitting important groups of animals including flatworms. Previous studies in the freshwater planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea suggested that flatworm P53 plays an important role in stem cell maintenance and skin production, but these studies did not directly test for any tumor suppressor functions. To better understand the function of P53 homologs across diverse flatworms, we examined the function of two different P53 homologs in the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. The first P53 homolog (p53-1) is orthologous to S. mediterranea P53(Smed-p53) and human TP53 and regulates flatworm stem cell maintenance and skin production. The second P53 homolog (p53-2) is a parasite-specific paralog that is conserved across parasitic flatworms and is required for the normal response to genotoxic stress in S. mansoni. We then found that Smed-p53 does not seem to play any role in the planarian response to genotoxic stress. The existence of this parasite-specific paralog that bears a tumor suppressor-like function in parasitic flatworms implies that the ability to respond to genotoxic stress in parasitic flatworms may have arisen from convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R. Wendt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Divya A. Shiroor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Carolyn E. Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - James J. Collins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ermakov AM, Kamenskikh KA, Ermakova ON, Blagodatsky AS, Popov AL, Ivanov VK. Planarians as an In Vivo Experimental Model for the Study of New Radioprotective Substances. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111763. [PMID: 34829634 PMCID: PMC8615267 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionising radiation causes the death of the most actively dividing cells, thus leading to depletion of the stem cell pool. Planarians are invertebrate flatworms that are unique in that their stem cells, called neoblasts, constantly replace old, damaged, or dying cells. Amenability to efficient RNAi treatments, the rapid development of clear phenotypes, and sensitivity to ionising radiation, combined with new genomic technologies, make planarians an outstanding tool for the discovery of potential radioprotective agents. In this work, using the well-known antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, planarians are, for the first time, shown to be an excellent model system for the fast and effective screening of novel radioprotective and radio-sensitising substances. In addition, a panel of measurable parameters that can be used for the study of radioprotective effects on this model is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem M. Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.M.E.); (K.A.K.); (O.N.E.); (A.S.B.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Kristina A. Kamenskikh
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.M.E.); (K.A.K.); (O.N.E.); (A.S.B.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Olga N. Ermakova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.M.E.); (K.A.K.); (O.N.E.); (A.S.B.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Artem S. Blagodatsky
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.M.E.); (K.A.K.); (O.N.E.); (A.S.B.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Anton L. Popov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (A.M.E.); (K.A.K.); (O.N.E.); (A.S.B.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Vladimir K. Ivanov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verma P, Waterbury CKM, Duncan EM. Set1 Targets Genes with Essential Identity and Tumor-Suppressing Functions in Planarian Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081182. [PMID: 34440355 PMCID: PMC8393678 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are essential for normal cellular function in multicellular organisms, but many TSGs and tumor-suppressing mechanisms remain unknown. Planarian flatworms exhibit particularly robust tumor suppression, yet the specific mechanisms underlying this trait remain unclear. Here, we analyze histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) signal across the planarian genome to determine if the broad H3K4me3 chromatin signature that marks essential cell identity genes and TSGs in mammalian cells is conserved in this valuable model of in vivo stem cell function. We find that this signature is indeed conserved on the planarian genome and that the lysine methyltransferase Set1 is largely responsible for creating it at both cell identity and putative TSG loci. In addition, we show that depletion of set1 in planarians induces stem cell phenotypes that suggest loss of TSG function, including hyperproliferation and an abnormal DNA damage response (DDR). Importantly, this work establishes that Set1 targets specific gene loci in planarian stem cells and marks them with a conserved chromatin signature. Moreover, our data strongly suggest that Set1 activity at these genes has important functional consequences both during normal homeostasis and in response to genotoxic stress.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Ó, Felix DA, Salvetti A, Amro EM, Thems A, Pietsch S, Koeberle A, Rudolph KL, González-Estévez C. Regeneration in starved planarians depends on TRiC/CCT subunits modulating the unfolded protein response. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e52905. [PMID: 34190393 PMCID: PMC8344900 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202152905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Planarians are able to stand long periods of starvation by maintaining adult stem cell pools and regenerative capacity. The molecular pathways that are needed for the maintenance of regeneration during starvation are not known. Here, we show that down‐regulation of chaperonin TRiC/CCT subunits abrogates the regeneration capacity of planarians during starvation, but TRiC/CCT subunits are dispensable for regeneration in fed planarians. Under starvation, they are required to maintain mitotic fidelity and for blastema formation. We show that TRiC subunits modulate the unfolded protein response (UPR) and are required to maintain ATP levels in starved planarians. Regenerative defects in starved CCT‐depleted planarians can be rescued by either chemical induction of mild endoplasmic reticulum stress, which leads to induction of the UPR, or by the supplementation of fatty acids. Together, these results indicate that CCT‐dependent UPR induction promotes regeneration of planarians under food restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A Felix
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elias M Amro
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Thems
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pietsch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K Lenhard Rudolph
- Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bohr TE, Shiroor DA, Adler CE. Planarian stem cells sense the identity of the missing pharynx to launch its targeted regeneration. eLife 2021; 10:e68830. [PMID: 34156924 PMCID: PMC8219383 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to regenerate tissues successfully, stem cells must detect injuries and restore missing cell types through largely unknown mechanisms. Planarian flatworms have an extensive stem cell population responsible for regenerating any organ after amputation. Here, we compare planarian stem cell responses to different injuries by either amputation of a single organ, the pharynx, or removal of tissues from other organs by decapitation. We find that planarian stem cells adopt distinct behaviors depending on what tissue is missing to target progenitor and tissue production towards missing tissues. Loss of non-pharyngeal tissues only increases non-pharyngeal progenitors, while pharynx removal selectively triggers division and expansion of pharynx progenitors. By pharmacologically inhibiting either mitosis or activation of the MAP kinase ERK, we identify a narrow window of time during which stem cell division and ERK signaling produces pharynx progenitors necessary for regeneration. These results indicate that planarian stem cells can tailor their output to match the regenerative needs of the animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tisha E Bohr
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
| | - Divya A Shiroor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
| | - Carolyn E Adler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
TIM29 is required for enhanced stem cell activity during regeneration in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1166. [PMID: 33441924 PMCID: PMC7806878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80682-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TIM29 is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that interacts with the protein import complex TIM22. TIM29 was shown to stabilize the TIM22 complex but its biological function remains largely unknown. Until recently, it was classified as one of the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) genes, with a conserved protein domain DUF2366 of unclear function. Since characterizing DUF genes can provide novel biological insight, we used previously established transcriptional profiles of the germline and stem cells of the flatworm Macrostomum lignano to probe conserved DUFs for their potential role in germline biology, stem cell function, regeneration, and development. Here, we demonstrate that DUF2366/TIM29 knockdown in M. lignano has very limited effect during the normal homeostatic condition but prevents worms from adapting to a highly proliferative state required for regeneration.
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang Q, Liu Y, Jin B, Dong Z, Chen G, Liu D. Djmek is involved in planarian regeneration by regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 532:355-361. [PMID: 32888646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dugesia japonica, belonging to Platyhelminthes, plays an important role in the animal evolution and is well known for its extraordinary regenerative ability. Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important cell signaling pathway that converts extracellular stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses. The MAP-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) is a main component of MAPK/ERK signaling, but there are few studies on mek gene in planarians. In this study, we observe the expression patterns of Djmek1 and Djmek2 in planarians, and find that both of the two genes are required for the planarian regeneration. At the same time, we also find that both Djmek1 and Djmek2 are involved in the planarian regeneration by regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Together, our findings show that the functions of the two genes are similar and complementary, and they play an important role in the regeneration of planarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Yingyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Baijie Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Zimei Dong
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Guangwen Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| | - Dezeng Liu
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|