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Hsiang JC, Shen N, Soto F, Kerschensteiner D. Distributed feature representations of natural stimuli across parallel retinal pathways. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1920. [PMID: 38429280 PMCID: PMC10907388 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
How sensory systems extract salient features from natural environments and organize them across neural pathways is unclear. Combining single-cell and population two-photon calcium imaging in mice, we discover that retinal ON bipolar cells (second-order neurons of the visual system) are divided into two blocks of four types. The two blocks distribute temporal and spatial information encoding, respectively. ON bipolar cell axons co-stratify within each block, but separate laminarly between them (upper block: diverse temporal, uniform spatial tuning; lower block: diverse spatial, uniform temporal tuning). ON bipolar cells extract temporal and spatial features similarly from artificial and naturalistic stimuli. In addition, they differ in sensitivity to coherent motion in naturalistic movies. Motion information is distributed across ON bipolar cells in the upper and the lower blocks, multiplexed with temporal and spatial contrast, independent features of natural scenes. Comparing the responses of different boutons within the same arbor, we find that axons of all ON bipolar cell types function as computational units. Thus, our results provide insights into the visual feature extraction from naturalistic stimuli and reveal how structural and functional organization cooperate to generate parallel ON pathways for temporal and spatial information in the mammalian retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chun Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Florentina Soto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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2
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Matsumoto A, Yonehara K. Emerging computational motifs: Lessons from the retina. Neurosci Res 2023; 196:11-22. [PMID: 37352934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The retinal neuronal circuit is the first stage of visual processing in the central nervous system. The efforts of scientists over the last few decades indicate that the retina is not merely an array of photosensitive cells, but also a processor that performs various computations. Within a thickness of only ∼200 µm, the retina consists of diverse forms of neuronal circuits, each of which encodes different visual features. Since the discovery of direction-selective cells by Horace Barlow and Richard Hill, the mechanisms that generate direction selectivity in the retina have remained a fascinating research topic. This review provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of direction-selectivity circuits. Beyond the conventional wisdom of direction selectivity, emerging findings indicate that the retina utilizes complicated and sophisticated mechanisms in which excitatory and inhibitory pathways are involved in the efficient encoding of motion information. As will become evident, the discovery of computational motifs in the retina facilitates an understanding of how sensory systems establish feature selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsumoto
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Yonehara
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
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3
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Ren Y, Bu X, Wang M, Gong Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Li G, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Han ST. Synaptic plasticity in self-powered artificial striate cortex for binocular orientation selectivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5585. [PMID: 36151070 PMCID: PMC9508249 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Get in-depth understanding of each part of visual pathway yields insights to conquer the challenges that classic computer vision is facing. Here, we first report the bioinspired striate cortex with binocular and orientation selective receptive field based on the crossbar array of self-powered memristors which is solution-processed monolithic all-perovskite system with each cross-point containing one CsFAPbI3 solar cell directly stacking on the CsPbBr2I memristor. The plasticity of self-powered memristor can be modulated by optical stimuli following triplet-STDP rules. Furthermore, plasticity of 3 × 3 flexible crossbar array of self-powered memristors has been successfully modulated based on generalized BCM learning rule for optical-encoded pattern recognition. Finally, we implemented artificial striate cortex with binocularity and orientation selectivity based on two simulated 9 × 9 self-powered memristors networks. The emulation of striate cortex with binocular and orientation selectivity will facilitate the brisk edge and corner detection for machine vision in the future applications. Designing efficient bio-inspired vision systems remains a challenge. Here, the authors report a bio-inspired striate visual cortex with binocular and orientation selective receptive field based on self-powered memristor to enable machine vision with brisk edge and corner detection in the future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Ren
- Institute for Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Bu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Yue Gong
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Yuyang Yang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Guijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China.
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4
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Berry MH, Holt A, Broichhagen J, Donthamsetti P, Flannery JG, Isacoff EY. Photopharmacology for vision restoration. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 65:102259. [PMID: 35749908 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Blinding diseases that are caused by degeneration of rod and cone photoreceptor cells often spare the rest of the retinal circuit, from bipolar cells, which are directly innervated by photoreceptor cells, to the output ganglion cells that project axons to the brain. A strategy for restoring vision is to introduce light sensitivity to the surviving cells of the retina. One approach is optogenetics, in which surviving cells are virally transfected with a gene encoding a signaling protein that becomes sensitive to light by binding to the biologically available chromophore retinal, the same chromophore that is used by the opsin photo-detectors of rods and cones. A second approach uses photopharmacology, in which a synthetic photoswitch associates with a native or engineered ion channel or receptor. We review these approaches and look ahead to the next generation of advances that could reconstitute core aspects of natural vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Berry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Amy Holt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Prashant Donthamsetti
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Vision Science, Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; MBIB Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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5
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Noailles A, Kutsyr O, Mayordomo-Febrer A, Lax P, López-Murcia M, Sanz-González SM, Pinazo-Durán MD, Cuenca N. Sodium Hyaluronate-Induced Ocular Hypertension in Rats Damages the Direction-Selective Circuit and Inner/Outer Retinal Plexiform Layers. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:2. [PMID: 35503230 PMCID: PMC9078050 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the changes in retinal morphology in a rat model of chronic glaucoma induced by ocular hypertension. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was surgically increased through weekly injections of sodium hyaluronate (HYA) in the anterior eye chamber of the left eye of male Wistar rats, whereas the right eyes were sham operated (salt solution). During the 10-week experimental period, IOP was measured weekly with a rebound tonometer. Retinal cryosections were prepared for histological/immunohistochemical analysis and morphometry. Results IOP was higher in HYA-treated eyes than in sham-operated eyes along the 10-week period, which was significant from the fourth to the nineth week. Ocular hypertension in HYA-treated eyes was associated with morphologic and morphometric changes in bipolar cells, ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells, ON/OFF starburst amacrine cells, and inner plexiform layer sublamina. Conclusions Serial HYA treatment in the rat anterior eye chamber results in mild-to-moderate elevated and sustained IOP and ganglion cell death, which mimics most human open-angle glaucoma hallmarks. The reduced number of direction-selective ganglion cells and starburst amacrine cells accompanied by a deteriorated ON/OFF plexus in this glaucoma model could lend insight to the abnormalities in motion perception observed in patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Noailles
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aloma Mayordomo-Febrer
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Lax
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María López-Murcia
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Valencia, Spain.,Mixed Research Unit for Visual Health and Veterinary Ophthalmology CEU/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia M Sanz-González
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pinazo-Durán
- OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-biology Research Group, Department of Surgery, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Ophthalmic Research Unit "Santiago Grisolía"/FISABIO, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Spain.,OFTARED. Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research. Institute of health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features of varying complexity; some simply signal local differences in brightness (i.e., luminance contrast), whereas others detect specific motion trajectories. To understand the retina, we need to know how retinal circuits give rise to the diverse RGC feature representations. A catalog of the RGC feature set, in turn, is fundamental to understanding visual processing in the brain. Anterograde tracing indicates that RGCs innervate more than 50 areas in the mouse brain. Current maps connecting RGC types to brain areas are rudimentary, as is our understanding of how retinal signals are transformed downstream to guide behavior. In this article, I review the feature selectivities of mouse RGCs, how they arise, and how they are utilized downstream. Not only is knowledge of the behavioral purpose of RGC signals critical for understanding the retinal contributions to vision; it can also guide us to the most relevant areas of visual feature space. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 8 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerschensteiner
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences; Department of Neuroscience; Department of Biomedical Engineering; and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA;
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Jain V, Hanson L, Sethuramanujam S, Michaels T, Gawley J, Gregg RG, Pyle I, Zhang C, Smith RG, Berson D, McCall MA, Awatramani GB. Gain control by sparse, ultra-slow glycinergic synapses. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110410. [PMID: 35196487 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the retina, ON starburst amacrine cells (SACs) play a crucial role in the direction-selective circuit, but the sources of inhibition that shape their response properties remain unclear. Previous studies demonstrate that ∼95% of their inhibitory synapses are GABAergic, yet we find that the light-evoked inhibitory currents measured in SACs are predominantly glycinergic. Glycinergic inhibition is extremely slow, relying on non-canonical glycine receptors containing α4 subunits, and is driven by both the ON and OFF retinal pathways. These attributes enable glycine inputs to summate and effectively control the output gain of SACs, expanding the range over which they compute direction. Serial electron microscopic reconstructions reveal three specific types of ON and OFF narrow-field amacrine cells as the presumptive sources of glycinergic inhibition. Together, these results establish an unexpected role for specific glycinergic amacrine cells in the retinal computation of stimulus direction by SACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Jain
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Laura Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | | | - Tracy Michaels
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Jerram Gawley
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - Ronald G Gregg
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ian Pyle
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Robert G Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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8
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Matsumoto A, Agbariah W, Nolte SS, Andrawos R, Levi H, Sabbah S, Yonehara K. Direction selectivity in retinal bipolar cell axon terminals. Neuron 2021; 109:2928-2942.e8. [PMID: 34390651 PMCID: PMC8478419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to encode the direction of image motion is fundamental to our sense of vision. Direction selectivity along the four cardinal directions is thought to originate in direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) because of directionally tuned GABAergic suppression by starburst cells. Here, by utilizing two-photon glutamate imaging to measure synaptic release, we reveal that direction selectivity along all four directions arises earlier than expected at bipolar cell outputs. Individual bipolar cells contained four distinct populations of axon terminal boutons with different preferred directions. We further show that this bouton-specific tuning relies on cholinergic excitation from starburst cells and GABAergic inhibition from wide-field amacrine cells. DSGCs received both tuned directionally aligned inputs and untuned inputs from among heterogeneously tuned glutamatergic bouton populations. Thus, directional tuning in the excitatory visual pathway is incrementally refined at the bipolar cell axon terminals and their recipient DSGC dendrites by two different neurotransmitters co-released from starburst cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsumoto
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Weaam Agbariah
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Stella Solveig Nolte
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rawan Andrawos
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Hadara Levi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Shai Sabbah
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
| | - Keisuke Yonehara
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Abstract
As we live in a dynamic world, motion is a fundamental aspect of our visual experience. The advent of computerized stimuli has allowed controlled study of a wide array of motion phenomena, including global integration and segmentation, speed and direction discrimination, motion aftereffects, the optic flow that accompanies self-motion, perception of object form derived from motion cues, and point-light biological motion. Animal studies first revealed the existence of a motion-selective region, the middle temporal (MT) area, also known as V5, located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex, followed by areas such as V5A (also known as MST, the middle superior temporal area), V6/V6A, the ventral intraparietal area, and others. In humans there are rare cases of bilateral lesions of the V5/V5A complex causing cerebral akinetopsia, a severe impairment of motion perception. Unilateral V5/V5A lesions are more common but cause milder asymptomatic deficits, often limited to the contralateral hemifield, while parietal lesions can impair perception of point-light biological motion or high-level motion tasks that are attentionally demanding. Impairments of motion perception have also been described in optic neuropathy, particularly glaucoma, as well as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia, and dementia with Lewy body disease. Prematurity with or without periventricular leukomalacia and developmental syndromes such as Williams' syndrome, autism, and dyslexia have also been associated with impaired motion perception, suggesting a developmental vulnerability of the dorsal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J S Barton
- Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Rasmussen RN, Matsumoto A, Arvin S, Yonehara K. Binocular integration of retinal motion information underlies optic flow processing by the cortex. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1165-1174.e6. [PMID: 33484637 PMCID: PMC7987724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Locomotion creates various patterns of optic flow on the retina, which provide the observer with information about their movement relative to the environment. However, it is unclear how these optic flow patterns are encoded by the cortex. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice to systematically map monocular and binocular responses to horizontal motion in four areas of the visual cortex. We find that neurons selective to translational or rotational optic flow are abundant in higher visual areas, whereas neurons suppressed by binocular motion are more common in the primary visual cortex. Disruption of retinal direction selectivity in Frmd7 mutant mice reduces the number of translation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex and translation- and rotation-selective neurons as well as binocular direction-selective neurons in the rostrolateral and anterior visual cortex, blurring the functional distinction between primary and higher visual areas. Thus, optic flow representations in specific areas of the visual cortex rely on binocular integration of motion information from the retina. Translation- and rotation-selective neurons are abundant in higher visual areas Optic-flow-selective neurons in V1 and RL/A rely on retinal direction selectivity Retinal direction selectivity controls functional segregation between V1 and RL/A Binocular integration of retinal motion information underlies optic flow selectivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Nguyen Rasmussen
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Arvin
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Yonehara
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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