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Smith MR, Long EJ, Dhungana A, Dobson KJ, Yang J, Zhang X. Organ systems of a Cambrian euarthropod larva. Nature 2024; 633:120-126. [PMID: 39085610 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The Cambrian radiation of euarthropods can be attributed to an adaptable body plan. Sophisticated brains and specialized feeding appendages, which are elaborations of serially repeated organ systems and jointed appendages, underpin the dominance of Euarthropoda in a broad suite of ecological settings. The origin of the euarthropod body plan from a grade of vermiform taxa with hydrostatic lobopodous appendages ('lobopodian worms')1,2 is founded on data from Burgess Shale-type fossils. However, the compaction associated with such preservation obscures internal anatomy3-6. Phosphatized microfossils provide a complementary three-dimensional perspective on early crown group euarthropods7, but few lobopodians8,9. Here we describe the internal and external anatomy of a three-dimensionally preserved euarthropod larva with lobopods, midgut glands and a sophisticated head. The architecture of the nervous system informs the early configuration of the euarthropod brain and its associated appendages and sensory organs, clarifying homologies across Panarthropoda. The deep evolutionary position of Youti yuanshi gen. et sp. nov. informs the sequence of character acquisition during arthropod evolution, demonstrating a deep origin of sophisticated haemolymph circulatory systems, and illuminating the internal anatomical changes that propelled the rise and diversification of this enduringly successful group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Smith
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
| | - Emma J Long
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Science Group, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | | | - Katherine J Dobson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong, Kunming, China
| | - Xiguang Zhang
- Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Chenggong, Kunming, China
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2
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Schmidt M, Hou X, Mai H, Zhou G, Melzer RR, Zhang X, Liu Y. Unveiling the ventral morphology of a rare early Cambrian great appendage arthropod from the Chengjiang biota of China. BMC Biol 2024; 22:96. [PMID: 38679748 PMCID: PMC11057168 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early Cambrian arthropod clade Megacheira, also referred to as great appendage arthropods, comprised a group of diminutive and elongated predators during the early Palaeozoic era, around 518 million years ago. In addition to those identified in the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale biota, numerous species are documented in the renowned 518-million-year-old Chengjiang biota of South China. Notably, one species, Tanglangia longicaudata, has remained inadequately understood due to limited available material and technological constraints. In this study, we, for the first time, examined eight fossil specimens (six individuals) utilizing state-of-the-art μCT and computer-based 3D rendering techniques to unveil the hitherto hidden ventral and appendicular morphology of this species. RESULTS We have identified a set of slender endopodites gradually narrowing distally, along with a leaf-shaped exopodite adorned with fringed setae along its margins, and a small putative exite attached to the basipodite. Our techniques have further revealed the presence of four pairs of biramous appendages in the head, aligning with the recently reported six-segmented head in other early euarthropods. Additionally, we have discerned two peduncle elements for the great appendage. These findings underscore that, despite the morphological diversity observed in early euarthropods, there exists similarity in appendicular morphology across various groups. In addition, we critically examine the existing literature on this taxon, disentangling previous mislabelings, mentions, descriptions, and, most importantly, illustrations. CONCLUSIONS The μCT-based investigation of fossil material of Tanglangia longicaudata, a distinctive early Cambrian euarthropod from the renowned Chengjiang biota, enhances our comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary morphology of the Megacheira. Its overall morphological features, including large cup-shaped eyes, raptorial great appendages, and a remarkably elongated telson, suggest its potential ecological role as a crepuscular predator and adept swimmer in turbid waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Schmidt
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Mai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixian Zhou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Roland R Melzer
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, Münchhausenstrasse 21, 81247, Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Luisenstrasse 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Chengjiang Fossil Museum of the Management Committee of the Chengjiang World Heritage Fossil Site, Yuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 2 North Cuihu Road, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- Chengjiang Fossil Museum of the Management Committee of the Chengjiang World Heritage Fossil Site, Yuxi, People's Republic of China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Posnien N, Hunnekuhl VS, Bucher G. Gene expression mapping of the neuroectoderm across phyla - conservation and divergence of early brain anlagen between insects and vertebrates. eLife 2023; 12:e92242. [PMID: 37750868 PMCID: PMC10522337 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression has been employed for homologizing body regions across bilateria. The molecular comparison of vertebrate and fly brains has led to a number of disputed homology hypotheses. Data from the fly Drosophila melanogaster have recently been complemented by extensive data from the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum with its more insect-typical development. In this review, we revisit the molecular mapping of the neuroectoderm of insects and vertebrates to reconsider homology hypotheses. We claim that the protocerebrum is non-segmental and homologous to the vertebrate fore- and midbrain. The boundary between antennal and ocular regions correspond to the vertebrate mid-hindbrain boundary while the deutocerebrum represents the anterior-most ganglion with serial homology to the trunk. The insect head placode is shares common embryonic origin with the vertebrate adenohypophyseal placode. Intriguingly, vertebrate eyes develop from a different region compared to the insect compound eyes calling organ homology into question. Finally, we suggest a molecular re-definition of the classic concepts of archi- and prosocerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Department of Developmental Biology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Vera S Hunnekuhl
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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Briggs DEG, Parry LA. Putting heads together. Science 2022; 378:831-832. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add7372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cambrian fossils reveal ancestry of the segmented brain in arthropods
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek E. G. Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luke A. Parry
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Strausfeld NJ, Hou X, Sayre ME, Hirth F. The lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon resolves the origin of euarthropod brains. Science 2022; 378:905-909. [PMID: 36423269 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than a century, the origin and evolution of the arthropod head and brain have eluded a unifying rationale reconciling divergent morphologies and phylogenetic relationships. Here, clarification is provided by the fossilized nervous system of the lower Cambrian lobopodian Cardiodictyon catenulum, which reveals an unsegmented head and brain comprising three cephalic domains, distinct from the metameric ventral nervous system serving its appendicular trunk. Each domain aligns with one of three components of the foregut and with a pair of head appendages. Morphological correspondences with stem group arthropods and alignments of homologous gene expression patterns with those of extant panarthropods demonstrate that cephalic domains of C. catenulum predate the evolution of the euarthropod head yet correspond to neuromeres defining brains of living chelicerates and mandibulates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianguang Hou
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank Hirth
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Pates S, Botting JP, Muir LA, Wolfe JM. Ordovician opabiniid-like animals and the role of the proboscis in euarthropod head evolution. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6969. [PMID: 36379946 PMCID: PMC9666559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial step in the evolution of Euarthropoda (chelicerates, myriapods, pancrustaceans) was the transition between fossil groups that possessed frontal appendages innervated by the first segment of the brain (protocerebrum), and living groups with a protocerebral labrum and paired appendages innervated by the second brain segment (deutocerebrum). Appendage homologies between the groups are controversial. Here we describe two specimens of opabiniid-like euarthropods, each bearing an anterior proboscis (a fused protocerebral appendage), from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank Biota, Wales, UK. Phylogenetic analyses support a paraphyletic grade of stem-group euarthropods with fused protocerebral appendages and a posterior-facing mouth, as in the iconic Cambrian panarthropod Opabinia. These results suggest that the labrum may have reduced from an already-fused proboscis, rather than a pair of arthropodized appendages. If some shared features between the Castle Bank specimens and radiodonts are considered convergent rather than homologous, phylogenetic analyses retrieve them as opabiniids, substantially extending the geographic and temporal range of Opabiniidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Pates
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph P. Botting
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China ,grid.422296.90000 0001 2293 9551Department of Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru—National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lucy A. Muir
- grid.422296.90000 0001 2293 9551Department of Natural Sciences, Amgueddfa Cymru—National Museum Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wolfe
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XMuseum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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Lev O, Edgecombe GD, Chipman AD. Serial Homology and Segment Identity in the Arthropod Head. Integr Org Biol 2022; 4:obac015. [PMID: 35620450 PMCID: PMC9128542 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior-most unit of the crown-group arthropod body plan includes three segments, the pre-gnathal segments, that contain three neuromeres that together comprise the brain. Recent work on the development of this anterior region has shown that its three units exhibit many developmental differences to the more posterior segments, to the extent that they should not be considered serial homologs. Building on this revised understanding of the development of the pre-gnathal segments, we suggest a novel scenario for arthropod head evolution. We posit an expansion of an ancestral single-segmented head at the transition from Radiodonta to Deuteropoda in the arthropod stem group. The expanded head subdivided into three segmental units, each maintaining some of the structures of the ancestral head. This scenario is consistent with what we know of head evolution from the fossil record and helps reconcile some of the debates about early arthropod evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Lev
- The Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- The Dept. of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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8
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Frankowski K, Miyazaki K, Brenneis G. A microCT-based atlas of the central nervous system and midgut in sea spiders (Pycnogonida) sheds first light on evolutionary trends at the family level. Front Zool 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 35361245 PMCID: PMC8973786 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-022-00459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pycnogonida (sea spiders) is the sister group of all other extant chelicerates (spiders, scorpions and relatives) and thus represents an important taxon to inform early chelicerate evolution. Notably, phylogenetic analyses have challenged traditional hypotheses on the relationships of the major pycnogonid lineages (families), indicating external morphological traits previously used to deduce inter-familial affinities to be highly homoplastic. This erodes some of the support for phylogenetic information content in external morphology and calls for the study of additional data classes to test and underpin in-group relationships advocated in molecular analyses. In this regard, pycnogonid internal anatomy remains largely unexplored and taxon coverage in the studies available is limited. Results Based on micro-computed X-ray tomography and 3D reconstruction, we created a comprehensive atlas of in-situ representations of the central nervous system and midgut layout in all pycnogonid families. Beyond that, immunolabeling for tubulin and synapsin was used to reveal selected details of ganglionic architecture. The ventral nerve cord consistently features an array of separate ganglia, but some lineages exhibit extended composite ganglia, due to neuromere fusion. Further, inter-ganglionic distances and ganglion positions relative to segment borders vary, with an anterior shift in several families. Intersegmental nerves target longitudinal muscles and are lacking if the latter are reduced. Across families, the midgut displays linear leg diverticula. In Pycnogonidae, however, complex multi-branching diverticula occur, which may be evolutionarily correlated with a reduction of the heart. Conclusions Several gross neuroanatomical features are linked to external morphology, including intersegmental nerve reduction in concert with trunk segment fusion, or antero-posterior ganglion shifts in partial correlation to trunk elongation/compaction. Mapping on a recent phylogenomic phylogeny shows disjunct distributions of these traits. Other characters show no such dependency and help to underpin closer affinities in sub-branches of the pycnogonid tree, as exemplified by the tripartite subesophageal ganglion of Pycnogonidae and Rhynchothoracidae. Building on this gross anatomical atlas, future studies should now aim to leverage the full potential of neuroanatomy for phylogenetic interrogation by deciphering pycnogonid nervous system architecture in more detail, given that pioneering work on neuron subsets revealed complex character sets with unequivocal homologies across some families. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-022-00459-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Frankowski
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum, AG Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katsumi Miyazaki
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Georg Brenneis
- Zoologisches Institut und Museum, AG Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Brenneis G. The visual pathway in sea spiders (Pycnogonida) displays a simple serial layout with similarities to the median eye pathway in horseshoe crabs. BMC Biol 2022; 20:27. [PMID: 35086529 PMCID: PMC8796508 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phylogenomic studies over the past two decades have consolidated the major branches of the arthropod tree of life. However, especially within the Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions, and kin), interrelationships of the constituent taxa remain controversial. While sea spiders (Pycnogonida) are firmly established as sister group of all other extant representatives (Euchelicerata), euchelicerate phylogeny itself is still contested. One key issue concerns the marine horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura), which recent studies recover either as sister group of terrestrial Arachnida or nested within the latter, with significant impact on postulated terrestrialization scenarios and long-standing paradigms of ancestral chelicerate traits. In potential support of a nested placement, previous neuroanatomical studies highlighted similarities in the visual pathway of xiphosurans and some arachnopulmonates (scorpions, whip scorpions, whip spiders). However, contradictory descriptions of the pycnogonid visual system hamper outgroup comparison and thus character polarization. RESULTS To advance the understanding of the pycnogonid brain and its sense organs with the aim of elucidating chelicerate visual system evolution, a wide range of families were studied using a combination of micro-computed X-ray tomography, histology, dye tracing, and immunolabeling of tubulin, the neuropil marker synapsin, and several neuroactive substances (including histamine, serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and orcokinin). Contrary to previous descriptions, the visual system displays a serial layout with only one first-order visual neuropil connected to a bilayered arcuate body by catecholaminergic interneurons. Fluorescent dye tracing reveals a previously reported second visual neuropil as the target of axons from the lateral sense organ instead of the eyes. CONCLUSIONS Ground pattern reconstruction reveals remarkable neuroanatomical stasis in the pycnogonid visual system since the Ordovician or even earlier. Its conserved layout exhibits similarities to the median eye pathway in euchelicerates, especially in xiphosurans, with which pycnogonids share two median eye pairs that differentiate consecutively during development and target one visual neuropil upstream of the arcuate body. Given multiple losses of median and/or lateral eyes in chelicerates, and the tightly linked reduction of visual processing centers, interconnections between median and lateral visual neuropils in xiphosurans and arachnopulmonates are critically discussed, representing a plausible ancestral condition of taxa that have retained both eye types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Brenneis
- Universität Greifswald, Zoologisches Institut und Museum, AG Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Soldmannstraße 23, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
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Ortega-Hernández J, Lerosey-Aubril R, Losso SR, Weaver JC. Neuroanatomy in a middle Cambrian mollisoniid and the ancestral nervous system organization of chelicerates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:410. [PMID: 35058474 PMCID: PMC8776822 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a steady increase in reports of fossilized nervous tissues among Cambrian total-group euarthropods, which allow reconstructing the early evolutionary history of these animals. Here, we describe the central nervous system of the stem-group chelicerate Mollisonia symmetrica from the mid-Cambrian Burgess Shale. The fossilized neurological anatomy of M. symmetrica includes optic nerves connected to a pair of lateral eyes, a putative condensed cephalic synganglion, and a metameric ventral nerve cord. Each trunk tergite is associated with a condensed ganglion bearing lateral segmental nerves, and linked by longitudinal connectives. The nervous system is preserved as reflective carbonaceous films underneath the phosphatized digestive tract. Our results suggest that M. symmetrica illustrates the ancestral organization of stem-group Chelicerata before the evolution of the derived neuroanatomical characters observed in Cambrian megacheirans and extant representatives. Our findings reveal a conflict between the phylogenetic signals provided by neuroanatomical and appendicular data, which we interpret as evidence of mosaic evolution in the chelicerate stem-lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Rudy Lerosey-Aubril
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Sarah R Losso
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Abstract
Developmental gene expression suggests a cryptic subdivision of the anterior brain in euarthropods. A new study illustrates delicate details of the nervous system from exceptionally preserved 500-million-year-old Chinese fossils, supporting the bipartite origin of the anterior brain among Cambrian representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wolfe
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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