Small molecules as products of evolution

Germ cell migration: Unexpected role of juvenile hormone before juvenile stages

Juvenile hormone is best known for its role in maintaining juvenile-stage insects in their immature states during postembryonic development. A new study finds an unexpected role for this signaling lipid in guiding primordial germ cell migration during embryogenesis - possibly an ancestral function of isoprenoid signaling molecules.

Ciona spp. and ascidians as bioindicator organisms for evaluating effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: A discussion paper

In context of testing, screening and monitoring of endocrine-disrupting (ED) type of environmental pollutants, tunicates could possibly represent a particularly interesting group of bioindicator organisms. These primitive chordates are already important model organisms within developmental and genomics research due to their central position in evolution and close relationship to vertebrates. The solitary ascidians, such as the genus Ciona spp. (vase tunicates), could possibly be extra feasible as ED bioindicators. They have a free-swimming, tadpole-like larval stage that develops extremely quickly (<20 h under favorable conditions), has a short life cycle (typically 2-3 months), are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory culture, have fully sequenced genomes, and transgenic embryos with 3D course data of the embryo ontogeny are available. In this article, we discuss possible roles of Ciona spp. (and other solitary ascidians) as ecotoxicological bioindicator organisms in general but perhaps especially for effect studies of contaminants with presumed endocrine disrupting modes of action.

Biomimetic engineering of nonribosomal peptide synthesis

Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) have gained attention due to their diverse biological activities and potential applications in medicine and agriculture. The natural diversity of NRPs is a result of evolutionary processes that have occurred over millions of years. Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms by which nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) evolve, including gene duplication, recombination, and horizontal transfer. Mimicking natural evolution could be a useful strategy for engineering NRPSs to produce novel compounds with desired properties. Furthermore, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has highlighted the urgent need for new drugs, and NRPs represent a promising avenue for drug discovery. This review discusses the engineering potential of NRPSs in light of their evolutionary history.

Steroid hormone signaling: What we can learn from insect models

Ecdysteroids are a group of steroid hormones in arthropods with pleiotropic functions throughout their life history. Ecdysteroid research in insects has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of steroid hormone signaling in metazoans, but how far can we extrapolate our findings in insects to other systems, such as mammals? In this chapter, we compare steroid hormone signaling in insects and mammals from multiple perspectives and discuss similarities and differences between the two lineages. We also highlight a few understudied areas and remaining questions of steroid hormone biology in metazoans and propose potential future research directions.

Think Biologically, Act Chemically

A drug is a sophisticated molecule, purposely evolved, resulting from the accumulation of knowledge learned and exploited from simpler molecules over time. Advanced molecules with increased sophistication and capability are derived from simpler, less sophisticated structures with less capabilities. Medicinal chemists do not find, stumble upon, accidentally discover, screen for, or construct drugs. We purposefully evolve molecules through the use of feedback cycles; we emphasize efficiency and simplicity in pursuit of multiproperty homeostasis; and we design and learn from molecular outliers. This Miniperspective illustrates inspirational themes from nature including evolution, feedback cycles, homeostasis, efficiency, and mutation. These biological themes are then exemplified in modern medicinal chemistry practices, such as design-make-test-analyze cycles (feedback), balancing molecular properties (homeostasis), defining the minimum pharmacophore (simplicity, efficiency), understanding molecular outliers (mutants), and the unifying concept of molecular evolution.