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Routaboul JM, Bellenot C, Olympio A, Clément G, Citerne S, Remblière C, Charvin M, Franke L, Chiarenza S, Vasselon D, Jardinaud MF, Carrère S, Nussaume L, Laufs P, Leonhardt N, Navarro L, Schattat M, Noël LD. Arabidopsis hydathodes are sites of auxin accumulation and nutrient scavenging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39254742 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.17014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Hydathodes are small organs found on the leaf margins of vascular plants which release excess xylem sap through a process called guttation. While previous studies have hinted at additional functions of hydathode in metabolite transport or auxin metabolism, experimental support is limited. We conducted comprehensive transcriptomic, metabolomic and physiological analyses of mature Arabidopsis hydathodes. This study identified 1460 genes differentially expressed in hydathodes compared to leaf blades, indicating higher expression of most genes associated with auxin metabolism, metabolite transport, stress response, DNA, RNA or microRNA processes, plant cell wall dynamics and wax metabolism. Notably, we observed differential expression of genes encoding auxin-related transcriptional regulators, biosynthetic processes, transport and vacuolar storage supported by the measured accumulation of free and conjugated auxin in hydathodes. We also showed that 78% of the total content of 52 xylem metabolites was removed from guttation fluid at hydathodes. We demonstrate that NRT2.1 and PHT1;4 transporters capture nitrate and inorganic phosphate in guttation fluid, respectively, thus limiting the loss of nutrients during this process. Our transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses unveil an organ with its specific physiological and biological identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Routaboul
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Caroline Bellenot
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Aurore Olympio
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS UMR 7265, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Gilles Clément
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Sylvie Citerne
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Céline Remblière
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Magali Charvin
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Lars Franke
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS UMR 7265, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Damien Vasselon
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS UMR 7265, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Institute Jean-Pierre Bourgin for Plant Sciences (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Versailles, 78000, France
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS UMR 7265, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, F-13108, France
| | - Lionel Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Martin Schattat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Laurent D Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microbes-Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE UMR 0441, CNRS UMR 2598, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
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Jian Y, Liu Z, He P, Shan L. An emerging connected view: Phytocytokines in regulating stomatal, apoplastic, and vascular immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 82:102623. [PMID: 39236593 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Foliar pathogens exploit natural openings, such as stomata and hydathodes, to invade plants, multiply in the apoplast, and potentially spread through the vasculature. To counteract these threats, plants dynamically regulate stomatal movement and apoplastic water potential, influencing hydathode guttation and water transport. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how phytocytokines, plant small peptides with immunomodulatory functions, regulate these processes to limit pathogen entry and proliferation. Additionally, we discuss the coordinated actions of stomatal movement, hydathode guttation, and the vascular system in restricting pathogen entry, multiplication, and dissemination. We also explore future perspectives and key questions arising from these findings, aiming to advance our knowledge of plant immunity and improve disease resistance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqing Jian
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Fradera-Soler M, Mravec J, Schulz A, Taboryski R, Jørgensen B, Grace OM. Revisiting an ecophysiological oddity: Hydathode-mediated foliar water uptake in Crassula species from southern Africa. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:460-481. [PMID: 37876364 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydathodes are usually associated with water exudation in plants. However, foliar water uptake (FWU) through the hydathodes has long been suspected in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula (Crassulaceae), a highly diverse group in southern Africa, and, to our knowledge, no empirical observations exist in the literature that unequivocally link FWU to hydathodes in this genus. FWU is expected to be particularly beneficial on the arid western side of southern Africa, where up to 50% of Crassula species occur and where periodically high air humidity leads to fog and/or dew formation. To investigate if hydathode-mediated FWU is operational in different Crassula species, we used the apoplastic fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow in combination with different imaging techniques. Our images of dye-treated leaves confirm that hydathode-mediated FWU does indeed occur in Crassula and that it might be widespread across the genus. Hydathodes in Crassula serve as moisture-harvesting structures, besides their more common purpose of guttation, an adaptation that has likely played an important role in the evolutionary history of the genus. Our observations suggest that ability for FWU is independent of geographical distribution and not restricted to arid environments under fog influence, as FWU is also operational in Crassula species from the rather humid eastern side of southern Africa. Our observations point towards no apparent link between FWU ability and overall leaf surface wettability in Crassula. Instead, the hierarchically sculptured leaf surfaces of several Crassula species may facilitate FWU due to hydrophilic leaf surface microdomains, even in seemingly hydrophobic species. Overall, these results confirm the ecophysiological relevance of hydathode-mediated FWU in Crassula and reassert the importance of atmospheric humidity for some arid-adapted plant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fradera-Soler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rafael Taboryski
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab), Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Olwen M Grace
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Hou S, Rodrigues O, Liu Z, Shan L, He P. Small holes, big impact: Stomata in plant-pathogen-climate epic trifecta. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:26-49. [PMID: 38041402 PMCID: PMC10872522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both plant resistance and pathogen virulence. The ongoing climate change introduces further complexity, affecting pathogen invasion and host immunity. This review delves into recent advances on our understanding of the mechanisms governing immunity-related stomatal movement and patterning with an emphasis on the regulation of stomatal opening and closure dynamics by pathogen patterns and host phytocytokines. In addition, the review explores how climate changes impact plant-pathogen interactions by modulating stomatal behavior. In light of the pressing challenges associated with food security and the unpredictable nature of climate changes, future research in this field, which includes the investigation of spatiotemporal regulation and engineering of stomatal immunity, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop resilience and contributing to climate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INP-PURPAN, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Roth-Nebelsick A, Krause M. The Plant Leaf: A Biomimetic Resource for Multifunctional and Economic Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020145. [PMID: 37092397 PMCID: PMC10123730 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As organs of photosynthesis, leaves are of vital importance for plants and a source of inspiration for biomimetic developments. Leaves are composed of interconnected functional elements that evolved in concert under high selective pressure, directed toward strategies for improving productivity with limited resources. In this paper, selected basic components of the leaf are described together with biomimetic examples derived from them. The epidermis (the "skin" of leaves) protects the leaf from uncontrolled desiccation and carries functional surface structures such as wax crystals and hairs. The epidermis is pierced by micropore apparatuses, stomata, which allow for regulated gas exchange. Photosynthesis takes place in the internal leaf tissue, while the venation system supplies the leaf with water and nutrients and exports the products of photosynthesis. Identifying the selective forces as well as functional limitations of the single components requires understanding the leaf as an integrated system that was shaped by evolution to maximize carbon gain from limited resource availability. These economic aspects of leaf function manifest themselves as trade-off solutions. Biomimetics is expected to benefit from a more holistic perspective on adaptive strategies and functional contexts of leaf structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Krause
- State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
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Paauw M, van Hulten M, Chatterjee S, Berg JA, Taks NW, Giesbers M, Richard MMS, van den Burg HA. Hydathode immunity protects the Arabidopsis leaf vasculature against colonization by bacterial pathogens. Curr Biol 2023; 33:697-710.e6. [PMID: 36731466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants prevent disease by passively and actively protecting potential entry routes against invading microbes. For example, the plant immune system actively guards roots, wounds, and stomata. How plants prevent vascular disease upon bacterial entry via guttation fluids excreted from specialized glands at the leaf margin remains largely unknown. These so-called hydathodes release xylem sap when root pressure is too high. By studying hydathode colonization by both hydathode-adapted (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris) and non-adapted pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in immunocompromised Arabidopsis mutants, we show that the immune hubs BAK1 and EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 restrict bacterial multiplication in hydathodes. Both immune hubs effectively confine bacterial pathogens to hydathodes and lower the number of successful escape events of an hydathode-adapted pathogen toward the xylem. A second layer of defense, which is dependent on the plant hormones' pipecolic acid and to a lesser extent on salicylic acid, reduces the vascular spread of the pathogen. Thus, besides glands, hydathodes represent a potent first line of defense against leaf-invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Paauw
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Hulten
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A Berg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nanne W Taks
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Giesbers
- Wageningen Electron Microscopy Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manon M S Richard
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harrold A van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dervisi I, Petropoulos O, Agalou A, Podia V, Papandreou N, Iconomidou VA, Haralampidis K, Roussis A. The SAH7 Homologue of the Allergen Ole e 1 Interacts with the Putative Stress Sensor SBP1 (Selenium-Binding Protein 1) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3580. [PMID: 36834990 PMCID: PMC9962204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we focused on a member of the Ole e 1 domain-containing family, AtSAH7, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our lab reports for the first time on this protein, AtSAH7, that was found to interact with Selenium-binding protein 1 (AtSBP1). We studied by GUS assisted promoter deletion analysis the expression pattern of AtSAH7 and determined that the sequence 1420 bp upstream of the transcription start can act as a minimal promoter inducing expression in vasculature tissues. Moreover, mRNA levels of AtSAH7 were acutely increased under selenite treatment in response to oxidative stress. We confirmed the aforementioned interaction in vivo, in silico and in planta. Following a bimolecular fluorescent complementation approach, we determined that the subcellular localization of the AtSAH7 and the AtSAH7/AtSBP1 interaction occur in the ER. Our results indicate the participation of AtSAH7 in a biochemical network regulated by selenite, possibly associated with responses to ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dervisi
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Orfeas Petropoulos
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides’ Control & Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute (BPI), 8 Stefanou Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Podia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papandreou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A. Iconomidou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Kosmas Haralampidis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
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