1
|
Lambertini C, Spaccini F, Mazzanti A, Spadari A, Lanci A, Romagnoli N. Lidocaine constant rate infusion in isoflurane anesthetized neonatal foals. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1304868. [PMID: 38298459 PMCID: PMC10828045 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1304868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In horses, lidocaine infusion is administered intraoperatively for analgesia and for a reduction of inhalant anaesthetic requirement. The objective of the study was to describe the anaesthetic effects of lidocaine infusion in isoflurane anaesthetised foals. Methods Twelve foals (<3 weeks old) undergoing surgery were included in the study (LIDO group). Foals were premedicated with midazolam and butorphanol IV, anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and propofol IV and maintained with isoflurane. Lidocaine was administered intraoperatively at 0.05 mg/kg/min. Also, the anaesthetic records of 11 foals in which lidocaine was not administered intraoperatively were retrospectively evaluated and they were considered as a historical control group (HC). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and fraction of expired isoflurane were monitored continuously. Time of extubation, time to reach sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. The quality of recovery was assessed. Results HR decreased in both groups compared with baseline values and intraoperatively the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively in the LIDO and HC groups). Intraoperatively the HR was significantly lower in the LIDO group (71.2 ± 13.4 bpm) compared with the HC group (87.1 ± 17.7 bpm) (p = 0.0236). The number of foals requiring inotropic support (LIDO n = 7 and HC n = 9) was not statistically associated with the treatment group (p = 0.371). The extubation time, the time to reach the sternal recumbency and the quality of recovery did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.7 and p = 0.6 respectively). Discussion In conclusion, in anaesthetised foals the addition of lidocaine does not provide a sparing effect on isoflurane requirement, and it does not interfere with the quality of recovery, however it decreases significantly the HR, which is pivotal in foals for the maintenance of cardiac output and peripheral perfusion. Therefore, a continuous patient monitoring is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Spaccini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Monitoring variables of cardiac performance in horses is challenging owing to patient size, temperament, and anatomic peculiarities. Blood pressure is a major determinant of afterload, but it is not a reliable surrogate of cardiac performance and tissue perfusion. Cardiac output, together with arterial and venous oxygen content, provides insight as to the adequacy of delivery of blood and oxygen to the body as a whole and can be used to gauge the fluid responsiveness and cardiovascular status of the patient. Measurement of intracardiac pressures serves to assess cardiac filling pressures, myocardial performance, and vascular resistance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliver-Espinosa O. Foal Diarrhea: Established and Postulated Causes, Prevention, Diagnostics, and Treatments. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:55-68. [PMID: 29395727 PMCID: PMC7134762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the most important diseases in young foals and may occur in more than half of foals until weaning age. Several infectious and noninfectious underlying causes have been implicated but scientific evidence of pathogenesis is evolving. It is important to investigate all known potential causes and identify infectious agents to avoid outbreaks, evaluate the level of systemic compromise, and establish adequate therapy. It is crucial to differentiate foals that can be managed in field conditions from those that should be sent to a referral center. This article reviews these aspects and recent developments in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo Oliver-Espinosa
- Department of Animal Health, National University of Colombia, Carrera 45 # 26-85, Edif. Uriel Gutiérrez, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Fischer B, Clark-Price S. Anesthesia of the Equine Neonate in Health and Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:567-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
6
|
Raidal SL, Hughes KJ, Charman AL, Nielsen SG, Phillips JK, Noble GK. Effects of meloxicam and phenylbutazone on renal responses to furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise in horses. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:668-79. [PMID: 24959734 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.7.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 2 NSAIDs (phenylbutazone and meloxicam) on renal function in horses. ANIMALS 9 Thoroughbred or Standardbred mares (mean ± SD age, 5.22 ± 1.09 years [range, 2 to 12 years]; mean body weight, 470 ± 25 kg [range, 442 to 510 kg]). PROCEDURES A randomized blinded placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted to examine the effects of treatment with phenylbutazone, meloxicam, or a placebo (control solution) on renal responses to the administration of furosemide, dobutamine, and exercise (15 minutes at 60% of maximum heart rate). Renal function was assessed by use of bilateral ureteral catheterization for simultaneous determination of creatinine clearance, sodium excretion, and urine flow rate. RESULTS Both phenylbutazone and meloxicam attenuated diuresis and natriuresis and reduced glomerular filtration rate, compared with results for the control solution, when horses were treated with furosemide. Mean arterial blood pressure, urine flow rate, and glomerular filtration rate were increased during or after (or both) dobutamine infusion. Both NSAIDs reduced urine flow rate and sodium excretion associated with dobutamine infusion and exercise but had no effect on glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Responses to meloxicam, a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 preferential agent, appeared comparable to those detected after phenylbutazone treatment, which suggested that COX-2 was the mediator of prostanoid-induced changes to renal function in horses and indicated that COX-2-preferential agents would be likely to have adverse renal effects similar to those for nonselective COX inhibitors in volume-depleted horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharanne L Raidal
- Schools of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Borde L, Amory H, Grulke S, Leroux AA, Houben RM, Detilleux J, Sandersen CC. Prognostic value of echocardiographic and Doppler parameters in horses admitted for colic complicated by systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:302-10. [PMID: 24690095 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prognostic value of echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular (LV) function in horses with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-one horses admitted for colic with clinical evidence of SIRS. INTERVENTIONS All horses underwent Doppler echocardiographic examination on admission. LV echocardiographic parameters, including pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging parameters, were compared between nonsurvivors (n = 29) and horses that survived to discharge (n = 12). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS With comparable heart rate and LV preload estimate, LV stroke volume index, the velocity time integral, deceleration time, ejection time of Doppler aortic flow, and peak early diastolic myocardial velocity were lower in the nonsurviving than in the surviving horses, while pre-ejection period to ejection time ratio (PEP/ET) of Doppler aortic flow and the peak early diastolic filling velocity to peak early diastolic myocardial velocity ratio (E/Em) were higher (P < 0.05). A cut-off value of 0.26 for PEP/ET predicted mortality with 100% sensitivity and 42% specificity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.71), whereas a cut-off value of 2.67 for E/Em predicted mortality with 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.89). CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography may provide prognostic information in colic horses with clinical evidence of SIRS. Especially, PEP/ET and E/Em could be useful markers of systolic and diastolic dysfunction, respectively, to detect horses with a high risk of death requiring more intensive cardiovascular monitoring as it has been reported in human patients with septic shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Borde
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20, B41, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This article discusses anesthesia for horses with colic from acute gastrointestinal disease. Emphasis is placed on new developments in pre-, intra-, and immediate postoperative management over the last decade, including early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) in the resuscitation of septic patients, the controversy over the optimal fluid type to administer, and the management of complications, such as cardiovascular depression, hypoventilation and hypoxemia, and decreased colloid oncotic pressure (COP). An update on analgesia is also provided; older drugs such as ketamine and lidocaine are increasingly being recognized both for their analgesic properties and other potentially beneficial effects in endotoxemic horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn M Boesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Cardiac output (CO) is the volume of blood pumped out by the heart in 1 minute. Monitoring of CO can guide therapy and improve clinical outcome in critically ill patients and during anesthesia. Although there is increasing research into clinically useful methods of monitoring CO in equine patients, there are limitations to the available methods. There are 4 basic methods of measuring CO: (1) indicator methods, (2) a derivation of the Fick principle, (3) arterial pulse wave analysis, and (4) imaging diagnostic techniques. This article discusses the importance of CO, available technology, and challenges of monitoring CO in equine medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Shih
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McConachie E, Barton M, Rapoport G, Giguère S. Doppler and Volumetric Echocardiographic Methods for Cardiac Output Measurement in Standing Adult Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:324-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. McConachie
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - M.H. Barton
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - G. Rapoport
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| | - S. Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nath LC, Anderson GA, Hinchcliff KW, Savage CJ. Clinicopathologic evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1202-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.9.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
Critical illness challenges many endocrine homeostatic systems to overcome diseases, stress, and hostile conditions that threaten survival. Coordinated and consecutive responses by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine metabolic adaptations to mobilize and conserve energy and electrolytes, cardiovascular adjustments to maintain organ perfusion, and immunomodulation to overcome infections and inflammation are required. Because most admissions to equine intensive care units are related to horses with gastrointestinal disease and septic foals, most endocrine information during critical disease are generated from these populations. This article presents an overview on endocrine responses to critical illness in horses and foals and also some comparative information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hurcombe SDA. Hypothalamic-pituitary gland axis function and dysfunction in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27:1-17. [PMID: 21392650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) dysfunction has been documented in a limited capacity in horses and foals associated with critical illness, stress, and pain. This article reviews species-specific details of anatomy, function, hormones, receptors, and testing of the HP axis in the horse. A discussion of critical care medicine relevant to HP dysfunction in the horse with some reference to current understanding in human medicine is made, focusing primarily on current and relevant literature. A brief mention of other conditions described in human and veterinary medicine is also provided for reference only, such as syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and other conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D A Hurcombe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Galbreath Equine Center, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Plasma aldosterone, vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide in hypovolaemia: A preliminary comparative study of neonatal and mature horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:64-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516407x235795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Vincent CJ, Hawley AT, Rozanski EA, Lascola KM, Bedenice D. Cardiopulmonary effects of dobutamine and norepinephrine infusion in healthy anesthetized alpacas. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1236-42. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Hollis A, Ousey J, Palmer L, Stephen J, Stoneham S, Boston R, Corley K. Effects of Norepinephrine and Combined Norepinephrine and Fenoldopam Infusion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Indices of Renal Function in Normotensive Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:1210-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
18
|
Comparison of Fick and thermodilution cardiac output determinations in standing horses. Res Vet Sci 2007; 85:307-14. [PMID: 18093624 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Fick and thermodilution (TD) methods are two currently popular techniques for determination of cardiac output (CO) in adult horses. To our knowledge, a comparison of these two techniques has not been reported. Six healthy, resting, fit, adult horses of either sex and weighing 516.5+/-33.2 kg (mean+/-SD) were instrumented to enable measurement of cardiac output. Resting CO was determined by the Fick method and by thermodilution while the horses stood quietly in the stocks. Fick and thermodilution CO measurements were repeated under conditions of increased cardiac output achieved with the use of a dobutamine infusion (5 microg kg(-1) min(-1), IV), and again under conditions of decreased CO induced by administration of xylazine (0.5 mg/kg, IV). Fick and thermodilution cardiac outputs were compared using Bland-Altman analysis for repeated measures. The mean of the differences+/-1.96SD (bias and precision) between the two techniques was 1.88+/-24.17 L/min. Variability between measurements with the two techniques was decreased to 3.41+/-46.78 mL kg(-1) min(-1) when CO was normalized for body size by calculation of cardiac index.
Collapse
|
19
|
Roy MF, Riendeau N, Bédard C, Hélie P, Min-Oo G, Turcotte K, Gros P, Canonne-Hergaux F, Malo D. Pyruvate kinase deficiency confers susceptibility to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2949-61. [PMID: 17998386 PMCID: PMC2118530 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mouse response to acute Salmonella typhimurium infection is complex, and it is under the influence of several genes, as well as environmental factors. In a previous study, we identified two novel Salmonella susceptibility loci, Ity4 and Ity5, in a (AcB61 × 129S6)F2 cross. The peak logarithm of odds score associated with Ity4 maps to the region of the liver and red blood cell (RBC)–specific pyruvate kinase (Pklr) gene, which was previously shown to be mutated in AcB61. During Plasmodium chabaudi infection, the Pklr mutation protects the mice against this parasite, as indicated by improved survival and lower peak parasitemia. Given that RBC defects have previously been associated with resistance to malaria and susceptibility to Salmonella, we hypothesized that Pklr is the gene underlying Ity4 and that it confers susceptibility to acute S. typhimurium infection in mice. Using a fine mapping approach combined with complementation studies, comparative studies, and functional analysis, we show that Pklr is the gene underlying Ity4 and that it confers susceptibility to acute S. typhimurium infection in mice through its effect on the RBC turnover and iron metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Roy
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Craig CA, Haskins SC, Hildebrand SV. The cardiopulmonary effects of dobutamine and norepinephrine in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. Vet Anaesth Analg 2007; 34:377-87. [PMID: 17696976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cardiovascular effects of norepinephrine (NE) and dobutamine (DB) in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. STUDY DESIGN Prospective laboratory study. METHODS Norepinephrine (0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.40 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)) and dobutamine (2.5, 5.0, and 10 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)) were alternately administered to seven healthy, 1- to 2-week-old isoflurane-anesthetized foals. Arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, heart rate, body temperature, cardiac output, arterial and mixed venous blood pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen [arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO(2)) and mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen (PvO(2))], and packed cell volume were measured. Standard base excess, bicarbonate concentration, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume, left and right stroke work indices, oxygen delivery (DO(2)), consumption, and extraction were calculated. Results Norepinephrine infusion resulted in significant increases in arterial and pulmonary arterial pressure, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, and PaO(2); heart rate was decreased. Dobutamine infusion resulted in significant increases in heart rate, stroke volume index, CI, and arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressure. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices were decreased while the ventricular stroke work indices increased. The PaO(2) decreased while DO(2) and oxygen consumption increased. Oxygen extraction decreased and PvO(2) increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Norepinephrine primarily augments arterial blood pressure while decreasing CI. Dobutamine primarily augments CI with only modest increases in arterial blood pressure. Both NE and DB could be useful in the hemodynamic management of anesthetized foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Craig
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
One of the fundamental skills required for practicing evidence-based medicine is the development of a well-built clinical question, which specifies the patient group or problem, intervention, and outcome of interest. For this purpose, various "levels of evidence" have been developed in the human literature, which rank the validity of evidence. Our established conclusions and advice are thus supported by specific "grades of recommendations," which are intended to give an indication of the "strength" of a clinical recommendation. This article was compiled with these principles in mind.
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Bassi G, Radermacher P, Calzia E. Catecholamines and vasopressin during critical illness. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 35:839-57, x. [PMID: 17127150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the effects of catecholamines and vasopressin on the cardiovascular system, focusing on their metabolic and immunologic properties. Particular attention is dedicated to the septic shock condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bassi
- Istituto di Anestesiologia e Rianimazione dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, Azienda Ospedaliera, Polo Universitario San Paolo, Via Di Rudini 8, Milano 20100, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hollis A, Ousey J, Palmer L, Stoneham S, Corley K. Effects of Norepinephrine and a Combined Norepinephrine and Dobutamine Infusion on Systemic Hemodynamics and Indices of Renal Function in Normotensive Neonatal Thoroughbred Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
|
25
|
Valverde A, Giguère S, Sanchez LC, Shih A, Ryan C. Effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on cardiovascular function in anesthetized neonatal foals with induced hypotension. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1730-7. [PMID: 17014324 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.10.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on cardiovascular function and gastric mucosal perfusion in anesthetized foals during isoflurane-induced hypotension. ANIMALS 6 foals that were 1 to 5 days of age. PROCEDURES 6 foals received 3 vasoactive drugs with at least 24 hours between treatments. Treatments consisted of dobutamine (4 and 8 Sang/kg/min), norepinephrine (0.3 and 1.0 Sang/kg/min), and vasopressin (0.3 and 1.0 mU/kg/min) administered IV. Foals were maintained at a steady hypotensive state induced by a deep level of isoflurane anesthesia for 30 minutes, and baseline cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. Vasoactive drugs were administered at the low infusion rate for 15 minutes, and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded. Drugs were then administered at the high infusion rate for 15 minutes, and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded a third time. Gastric mucosal perfusion was measured by tonometry at the same time points. RESULTS Dobutamine and norepinephrine administration improved cardiac index. Vascular resistance was increased by norepinephrine and vasopressin administration but decreased by dobutamine at the high infusion rate. Blood pressure was increased by all treatments but was significantly higher during the high infusion rate of norepinephrine. Oxygen delivery was significantly increased by norepinephrine and dobutamine administration; O2 consumption decreased with dobutamine. The O2 extraction ratio was decreased following norepinephrine and dobutamine treatments. The gastric to arterial CO2 gap was significantly increased during administration of vasopressin at the high infusion rate. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Norepinephrine and dobutamine are better alternatives than vasopressin for restoring cardiovascular function and maintaining splanchnic circulation during isoflurane-induced hypotension in neonatal foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Valverde
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Abstract
Neonatal infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the equine industry, despite advances in prevention and treatment. Many factors can influence a foal's risk for the development of sepsis in the peripartum period. This article discusses those factors, causative organisms, and therapeutic options. Factors that influence prognosis and potential preventative strategies also are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chris Sanchez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, 2015 S.W. 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610-0136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Giguère S, Bucki E, Adin DB, Valverde AI, Estrada AH, Young L. Cardiac Output Measurement by Partial Carbon Dioxide Rebreathing, 2-Dimensional Echocardiography, and Lithium-Dilution Method in Anesthetized Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
29
|
Corley KTT, Axon JE. Resuscitation and Emergency Management for Neonatal Foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2005; 21:431-55, vii. [PMID: 16051057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intervention can dramatically alter outcome in foals. Cardio-pulmonary cerebral resuscitation can be successful and clinically worthwhile when applied to foals that arrest as part of the birthing process. Readily available equipment and an ordered plan starting with addressing the respiratory system (airway and breathing) followed by the circulatory system (circulation and drugs) are the keys to success. Hypoglycemia is common in foals that are not nursing and in septic foals. Support of serum glucose can be an important emergency treatment. Respiratory support with oxygen therapy should be considered in all foals following resuscitation and dystocia. Other foals that are likely to benefit from oxygen are those that are dyspneic, cyanotic, meconium-stained after birth,or recumbent. Emergency therapies, applied correctly, are expected to result in decreased mortality and morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T T Corley
- Equine Referral Hospital, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giguère S, Knowles HA, Valverde A, Bucki E, Young L. Accuracy of Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure in Neonatal Foals. J Vet Intern Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|