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Shnaiderman-Torban A, Pe'er O, Gustafsson K, Tatz A, Brizi M, Soback S, Abu Ahmad W, Magen R, Ofri R, Kelmer G. The effect of systemic acetazolamide administration on intraocular pressure in healthy horses-A preliminary study. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38839562 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In equine glaucoma, topical treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) is recommended. Oral acetazolamide, a systemic CAI, is used in horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Information regarding its effect on equine intraocular pressure (IOP) is scarce. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of oral acetazolamide treatment on IOP in horses, in a case-control study. ANIMALS Ten healthy horses. PROCEDURES Horses were treated with oral acetazolamide (4.4 mg/kg) BID for 1 week. Serum acetazolamide concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, and IOP were measured before treatment, daily during treatment, and at 48 and 72 h after treatment. RESULTS Acetazolamide serum levels reached steady state at 72 h after the first oral dose. In a mixed effect model logistic regression, there was a significant decrease in IOP on the third treatment day, of 2.4 mmHg (p = .012) and 2.7 mmHg (p = .006) in the left (OS) and right eye (OD), respectively. On the seventh day, there was a decrease in 2.5 mmHg (p = .008) and 2.7 mmHg (p = .007) OS and OD, respectively. A significant increase occurred 48 h following treatment discontinuation (3.6 mmHg, p < .001 and 3.5 mmHg, p < .001 OS and OD, respectively). The area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC(0-10h)) was 1.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL*h, mean residence time 6.7 ± 4.3 h, peak plasma concentration (Cmax) 0.4 ± 0.4 μg/mL and time to reach Cmax 1.8 h. There was a significant increase in serum concentrations 1, 2, 48, 72, and 156 h following the first drug administration (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to determine whether acetazolamide is a potential treatment for equine glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shnaiderman-Torban
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Pe'er
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kajsa Gustafsson
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Veterinay Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - Amos Tatz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Malka Brizi
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Wiessam Abu Ahmad
- Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ramon Magen
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gal Kelmer
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine (KSVM), The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Okur S, Yanmaz LE, Çınar H, Gölgeli A, Orhun ÖT, Turgut F, Şenocak MG, Arslan T. Comparison of first, second, and third versus the average of six probe-corneal touches for intraocular measurement of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 136:105074. [PMID: 38648909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained from first, second, and third probe-cornea touch (PCT) and compare them with the average of six PCTs using two rebound tonometers in horses. This study enrolled a total of thirty-eight stallions, comprising of 24 Arabian horses and 14 cross-breeds (with an average age of 8 ± 3 years). The IOP measurements of first, second, and third, as well as the average of six PCTs were obtained using either Tonovet (TV) or Tonovet Plus (TV+) rebound tonometers. The mean differences (95% limits of agreement) between the average of six PCTs and the first, second, and third PCTs were 0.1 (-4.8 to 5), 0.2 (-4.8 to 4.5), and 0.2 (-3.6 to 4.0) mmHg with TV, respectively. With TV+, the differences were 0.3 (-6.6 to 7.2), 1.1 (-8.6 to 10.8), and -0.2 (-3.6 to 4.0) mmHg, respectively. Compared to the average of six PCTs, only 89.5%, 92.1%, and 97.4% of IOP measurements obtained from TV and 78.9%, 73.3%, and 65.8% of IOP measurements obtained from TV+ were within 4 mmHg of the average of six PCTs for first, second, and third PCTs, respectively. In conclusion, the measurement of IOP in the first PCT achieved best agreement with the IOP measurement of six average PCTs. Therefore, the first PCT could be considered as an alternative option for measuring IOP in horses when obtaining an average of six PCTs is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okur
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000.
| | - L E Yanmaz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey 15030
| | - H Çınar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey 15030
| | - A Gölgeli
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000
| | - Ö T Orhun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000
| | - F Turgut
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000
| | - M G Şenocak
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000
| | - T Arslan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 25000
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Cheng W, Liu J, Jiang T, Li M. The application of functional imaging in visual field defects: a brief review. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1333021. [PMID: 38410197 PMCID: PMC10895022 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1333021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual field defects (VFDs) represent a prevalent complication stemming from neurological and ophthalmic conditions. A range of factors, including tumors, brain surgery, glaucoma, and other disorders, can induce varying degrees of VFDs, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Over recent decades, functional imaging has emerged as a pivotal field, employing imaging technology to illustrate functional changes within tissues and organs. As functional imaging continues to advance, its integration into various clinical aspects of VFDs has substantially enhanced the diagnostic, therapeutic, and management capabilities of healthcare professionals. Notably, prominent imaging techniques such as DTI, OCT, and MRI have garnered widespread adoption, yet they possess unique applications and considerations. This comprehensive review aims to meticulously examine the application and evolution of functional imaging in the context of VFDs. Our objective is to furnish neurologists and ophthalmologists with a systematic and comprehensive comprehension of this critical subject matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxinjun Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingshuang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianqi Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Moyi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Sturbaum AM, Kaiser KJ, Riesberg JS. MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in the equine patient: A case series of four horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38225805 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical application and outcome of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) treatment in horses with glaucoma. ANIMALS STUDIED Four client-owned horses with primary (n = 2) or secondary (n = 2) glaucoma. METHODS Horses were treated with MP-TSCPC under standing sedation with a minimum of 30 days of follow-up (range 30-1241 days). Affected eyes were treated with a 31.3% duty cycle and 3000 mW laser power for a total of 180 s. Data collected included signalment, pre- and post-procedure intraocular pressures (IOPs), laser settings, medications, complications, and repeat therapy. RESULTS Four horses (5 eyes) received at least one treatment with MP-TSCPC. Mean preoperative IOP was 44 mmHg (range 33-49 mmHg). The immediate mean postoperative IOP was 34 mmHg (4 eyes; range 19-55 mmHg). At 1 week, IOP was 38 mmHg (5 eyes; range 21-80 mmHg), at 2 weeks was 40 mmHg (3 eyes, range 17-80 mmHg), at 1 month was 35 mmHg (5 eyes; range 20-50 mmHg), at 3 months was 18 mmHg (2 eyes; range 14-21 mmHg), at 6 months was 35 mmHg (2 eyes; range 30-39 mmHg), and at >300 days was 24 mmHg (3 eyes; range 18-29 mmHg). Complications included corneal ulceration (n = 1 eye), uncontrolled IOP (n = 3 eyes), and need for repeat treatment (n = 2 eyes). CONCLUSIONS MP-TSCPC used with the above-described settings was unsuccessful in treating the majority of cases. Future studies should be targeted at primary glaucoma cases and with use of alternative laser settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sturbaum
- Animal Eye Clinic of Spokane, Washington State University, Veterinary Specialty Teaching Clinic, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - K J Kaiser
- Animal Eye Clinic of Spokane, Washington State University, Veterinary Specialty Teaching Clinic, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - J S Riesberg
- MedVet Salt Lake City, Emergency Vet & Specialty Care, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Angeluci GC, Ricci CL, Passareli JVGC, Estanho GJG, Oliveira AS, Santos SGA, Giuffrida R, Rodrigues M, Andrade SF. Comparison of four tonometers in the measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1104-1111. [PMID: 36537844 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is a useful diagnostic tool in equine ophthalmology. Handheld tonometers, such as Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen AVIA Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (applanation using the Goldmann methodology) are used to obtain IOP measurements in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES To compare and evaluate the accuracy of four handheld tonometers in measuring IOP using different methodologies in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment and cross-sectional survey of healthy horses. METHODS Intraocular pressure was measured in 72 eyes of 36 horses. An in vivo study was conducted on sedated horses to compare the real IOP values obtained using manometry versus those obtained using tonometry, and a field study was conducted on unsedated healthy horses with normal eyes to measure the IOP values using different tonometers. RESULTS In the in vivo study, the mean IOP values using ocular manometry was 24.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (range, 20.0-30.0 mmHg). The mean IOP values using tonometry were: Tonovet, 25.7 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 19.5-33.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 24.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (range 13.2-33.2 mmHg); Tono Pen AVIA Vet, 19.2 ± 4.7 mmHg (range 13.1-26.5 mmHg); and Kowa Ha-2, 24.1 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 22.8-25.8 mmHg). In the field study, the IOP values were: Tonovet, 30.7 ± 5.6 mmHg (range 21.7-38.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 29.6 ± 6.7 mmHg (range 16.2-38.6 mmHg); Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, 27.3 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 14.6-37.1 mmHg); and Kowa HA-2, 23.4 ± 2.2 mmHg (range 20.2-28.7 mmHg). MAIN LIMITATIONS This study included only healthy horses and a limited number of animals in the in vivo study. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong correlation between the IOP values and manometry for all tonometers. IOP should be estimated using the same tonometer over time, and the bias of the tonometer used, such as overestimation (rebound tonometer) and underestimation (applanation tonometer), should be acknowledged. A normal reference value for each tonometer should be established in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gismelli C Angeluci
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia L Ricci
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giovana J G Estanho
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephany G A Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia F Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Veterinary Hospital, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Launois T, Hontoir F, Dugdale A, Dedieu M, Vandeweerd JM. Effect of Volumes of Solutions on Intraocular Pressure During Intravitreal Injection of Low Dose Gentamicin in Horses With Recurrent Uveitis: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 122:104228. [PMID: 36657629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Horses with recurrent uveitis can be treated by intravitreal injection of low dose gentamicin under sedation and after local anesthetic techniques including the retrobulbar nerve block. Since it is reported that retinal degeneration can be secondary to an acute increase of intraocular pressure (IOP), the current randomized controlled study was carried out in order to investigate the changes in IOP following retrobulbar anesthesia, with two different volumes of local anesthetic (lidocaine) solution (10 and 5 mL), and intravitreal injection of 6 mg gentamicin in two different volumes of solution (0.3 and 0.15 mL). Multivariate regression showed that IOP was significantly lower in the pathologic eye at baseline (estimated effect size -6.1 mmHg; P = .0001) and after sedation (estimated effect size -9.4 mmHg; P < .0001). The IOP was significantly higher after a 10 mL block (P .0002) but this effect was very small (+0.5 mmHg). There was no significant difference in IOP after the injection of 0.15 or 0.3 mL solution of gentamicin. There was no significant combined effect of the volume of local anesthetic used for the block and the volume of the gentamicin solution. Since the expected anesthetic effects (desensitization and akinesia) were met in all cases, the smaller volume of 5 mL of lidocaine solution would be preferable for retrobulbar block for intravitreal injections, while intravitreal injections volumes of 0.15 and 0.30 mL can be used indifferently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fanny Hontoir
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (IVRU) - Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Dugdale
- Paragon Veterinary Referrals, Paragon Business Village, Wakefield, UK
| | | | - Jean-Michel Vandeweerd
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences, Integrated Veterinary Research Unit (IVRU) - Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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Ziadi A, Ozmaie S, Asghari A, Mehdi Rajaei S. Effect of topically applied 0.5% apraclonidine versus 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure of healthy horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 111:103886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Azimpour S, Emami Alagha H, Faghihi H, Rajaei SM, Shokoohimand A. Effects of 0.0015% preservative-free tafluprost on the equine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:173-179. [PMID: 34806805 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and potential side effects of topical preservative-free (PF) tafluprost 0.0015% in ophthalmologically normal horses. ANIMALS Five adult grade horses. PROCEDURES One of the eyes of each horse was randomly chosen as the "treatment" eye, and consequently, the contralateral eye served as the "control." A single dose of PF tafluprost 0.0015% (0.2 mL) was instilled in the treated eye of each horse. Intraocular pressure (IOP), Schirmer's tear test (STT) levels of each eye, and an ophthalmic examination were performed at T0 (baseline), T30, T120, T24 h, and T48 h. RESULTS The mean IOP values of the treated eyes at baseline (T0), T30, T120, T24 h, and T48 h were 25.4 ± 4.8 mmHg, 21.2 ± 1.92 mmHg, 15.20 ± 2.48 mmHg, 18.40 ± 1.51 mmHg, and 24.60 ± 1.94 mmHg, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the mean baseline IOP level and the T120 and T24 h time points (p = .001 and p = .009). The mean STT levels at each time point showed insignificant fluctuations during the study (p = .140). Adverse effects such as chemosis and episcleral injection were observed 30 min after the instillation of tafluprost 0.0015% (T30). Blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia were observed 120 min (T120) after the administration of the medication. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tafluprost 0.0015% showed potential in reducing IOP, but due to its local side effects, it is not a good candidate for management of glaucoma in horses. Tafluprost did not notably affect STT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Azimpour
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Hannah Emami Alagha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran
| | - Houman Faghihi
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Rajaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz, Iran.,Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shokoohimand
- Ophthalmology Section, Negah Veterinary Centre, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Specialized Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Foote BC, Smith JD, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L. Histologic effects of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in normal equine eyes. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24:59-70. [PMID: 33249770 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine the immediate post-operative effects of MicroPulse™ transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) in healthy equine eyes. ANIMALS STUDIED Ten adult horses. METHODS MP-TSCPC was performed on sedated horses in 12 eyes (4 groups) using the following parameters (power, duration, duty cycle): (1) 2000 mW, 180 seconds, 31.3%; (2) 3000 mW, 180 seconds, 31.3%; (3) 3000 mW, 270 seconds, 31.3%; and (4) 3000 mW, 270 seconds, 50%. Three additional eyes were left untreated (control). Eyes were monitored clinically until euthanasia (mean = 3 hours post-procedure). Histologic sections were assessed with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS MP-TSCPC was well tolerated by sedated horses. Adverse effects were only noted in Group 4: ocular hypertension (n = 3/3), conjunctival burns (3/3), aqueous flare (2/3), and a corneal erosion (1/3). Histologic scoring of Group 4 was statistically greater than other treated groups (1-3) and control eyes (P ≤ .021). TEM showed subtle changes to the mitochondria and plasma membrane infoldings of the basilar surface of the nonpigmented epithelium in all treated eyes. CONCLUSIONS MP-TSCPC does not cause immediate post-procedure adverse clinical effects or pronounced morphological changes to the ciliary body, except with the highest laser settings evaluated (power 3000 mW, duration 270 seconds, duty cycle 50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Braidee C Foote
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel A Allbaugh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Joyner RL, Liu CC, Cremer J, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Intraocular pressure following four different intravenous sedation protocols in normal horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:612-617. [PMID: 32844457 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous sedation is frequently necessary for ophthalmic examination in horses. Common sedation protocols have not been directly compared in terms of relative intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, duration of IOP reduction and time to maximum IOP reduction. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of standing sedation protocols on IOP. STUDY DESIGN Randomised cross-over experiment. METHODS Twelve healthy horses received four intravenous sedation protocols with a 48 hours washout: 0.5 mg/kg xylazine and 0.01 mg/kg butorphanol (SED1); 10 µg/kg detomidine and 0.01 mg/kg of butorphanol (SED2); 10 µg/kg detomidine (SED3); 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (SED4). IOP was measured with rebound tonometry before sedation (Tpre) and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes post-sedation (Tpost). Post-sedation readings were taken with the head elevated to the Tpre position. Separately, IOP readings were also obtained following sedation with the head not elevated (TpostHeadDown). IOP values were compared using mixed ANOVA and ANCOVA models respectively with significance at P < .05. RESULTS All protocols decreased IOP compared with baseline with greatest reduction at Tpost5. IOP at Tpre (mean ± SD) was 21.8 ± 4.4 mm Hg. At Tpost5, IOP was 16.3 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED1), 14.5 ± 2.9 mm Hg (SED2), 17.1 ± 3.8 mm Hg (SED3) and 16.9 ± 4.2 mm Hg (SED4). SED2 Tpost5 IOP was lower than other treatments. Considering all time points following sedation, SED3 IOP readings were higher than other treatments. TpostHeadDown IOPs were higher than readings taken with the head elevated (P < .001). MAIN LIMITATIONS Animals with ocular disease were not studied. No animals received mock sedation or equivalent. CONCLUSIONS A combination of detomidine and butorphanol causes greater IOP reduction 5 minutes following sedation than other commonly used sedation protocols. IOP reduction is less pronounced when detomidine is used alone. Consideration of head height is important when performing IOP measurements in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Joyner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeannette Cremer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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11
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Mustikka MP, Pietilä EM, Mykkänen AK, Grönthal TSC. Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:892-898. [PMID: 32888242 PMCID: PMC7540552 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To obtain a reference range for evaluation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses using Tonovet Plus®, to compare the IOP readings obtained with Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, and to evaluate the repeatability of readings. Animals studied and Procedures Intraocular pressure of 30 client‐owned horses (60 eyes) with no signs of illness or ocular disease was evaluated using Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus® rebound tonometers. Horses’ mean age was 10.7 (range 6‐17) years. Triplicate measurements were performed without using sedatives or local anesthetics, with minimal restraint. Results Calculated reference intervals (the CLSI robust method) were 14.4‐27.2 mmHg for Tonovet® and 16.0‐26.1 mmHg for Tonovet Plus®. Mean values (± standard deviation, SD [± coefficient of variation, CV]) obtained with Tonovet Plus® (21.6 ± 2.45 mmHg [11.3%]) were on average 0.6 mmHg higher than with Tonovet® (21.0 ± 3.14 mmHg [15.0%]), and a negligible statistical difference between the devices was found using the paired sample t test (P = .049). The correlation coefficient for the averaged triplicate measurements was 0.73. The average CV was 4.6% and 4.4% for Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, respectively. Conclusions The repeatability of measurements was very good with both devices. The readings between the two devices differed statistically significantly, but the correlation was considered good and the variation was numerically small, and thus, the difference was considered clinically irrelevant. When monitoring disease process or treatment response in an individual patient, repeated readings are best performed using a similar device to avoid false interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna P Mustikka
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna K Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas S C Grönthal
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lewin AC, Liu CC, Camacho-Luna P, Alling C, Carter RT. Inter-user and intra-user variation of two tonometers in horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:572-576. [PMID: 31721273 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is currently unknown which of the two devices most commonly used in equine ophthalmology for intraocular pressure (IOP) estimation demonstrates the lowest inter-user and intra-user variation. OBJECTIVES To assess the inter-user and intra-user variation of two tonometers in sedated and unsedated horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised masked cross-over trial. METHODS Four examiners used the rebound (ICare® TonoVet) and applanation (TonoPen® ) tonometers to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) in triplicate in 10 normal horses before and after sedation with xylazine. For inter-user variation, coefficient of variation (CV) values were calculated from the mean of each examiner for each condition combination. For intra-user variation, CV values were calculated from the individual measurements of each examiner for each condition combination. CV values were also assessed in relation to other variables using ANOVA. RESULTS The rebound tonometer was found to have lower inter-user (15.4% vs 21.7%, P = .01) and intra-user (9.1% vs 16.1%, P < .0001) variation in unsedated horses and lower intra-user (8.4% vs 14.7%, P < .0001) variation in sedated horses than the applanation tonometer. Both instruments had similar inter-user variation in sedated horses. For the rebound tonometer, sedation did not affect inter-user or intra-user variation, but for the applanation tonometer inter-user variation was lowest while horses were sedated (16.0% vs 21.7%, P = .03). No other variable assessed was found to have an effect on IOP. MAIN LIMITATIONS No animals with ocular disease were included in this study. CONCLUSIONS The rebound tonometer may be the preferred instrument to minimise intra-user and inter-user variation for IOP measurement in unsedated horses. The rebound tonometer is also likely to be the preferred instrument to minimise intra-user variation in sedated horses. If the applanation tonometer is used to perform IOP measurement in horses, it is recommended that this is performed while horses are sedated to minimise inter-user variation for this instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Ortillés Á, Sanmartí J, Ríos J, Armengou L, Peña MT, Leiva M. Effects of topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride on quantitative pupillometry measurements, tear production and intraocular pressure in healthy horses. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:730-739. [PMID: 32519781 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of topical cyclopentolate hydrochloride (CH) on quantitative pupillometric readings (PR), tear production (TP), and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Fourteen client-owned horses. PROCEDURES In a two-phase design study, each animal received 1% CH ophthalmic solution in the left eye [treated] and 0.9% NaCl in the right eye [control] (0.2 mL each). In the first phase (n = 7), TP, IOP, and PR assessment was performed by Schirmer tear test I, rebound tonometry and static pupillometry, at 1, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 148, 172, and 196-hours post-instillation. In the second phase (n = 7), plateau mydriasis was evaluated by assessing PR hourly for 8 hours post-instillation. For PR assessment, pupil area (PA), vertical diameter (VPD), and horizontal diameter (HPD) were recorded. All pupillometries were obtained in a room with fixed light intensity (45-60 lux). Statistical analysis was performed by generalized estimating equations method for the effect on parameters over time. RESULTS After topical CH, significant differences in pupil dilation were seen from 1 to 172 hours for VPD and from 8 to 24 hours for PA, without significant differences on HPD over time. In the second phase, plateau PA and VPD were reached at 3 hours, while plateau HPD at 2 hours. No significant effects were detected on TP and IOP in both eyes at any time, nor on PR of the nontreated eyes. CONCLUSIONS Topical 1% cyclopentolate hydrochloride could be considered an effective and safe option when a mydriatic/cycloplegic drug is needed in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Ortillés
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Júlia Sanmartí
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jose Ríos
- Laboratory of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lara Armengou
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María T Peña
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Slenter IJM, Hermans H, Ensink JM, Willems DS, Veraa S, Grinwis GCM, Boevé MH. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and histopathologic findings in seven horses with Descemet's membrane detachment: A case series. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 23:181-189. [PMID: 31544302 PMCID: PMC7003845 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe ultrasonography as a diagnostic method of in vivo Descemet's membrane detachment (DMD) in horses. ANIMALS STUDIED Seven horses (three Icelandic horses, two Dutch Warmblood horses, one Appaloosa, and one Welsh Pony), presenting with moderate-to-severe focal or diffuse corneal edema, in whom DMD was suspected on ultrasonographic examination and confirmed with histopathology, were studied. PROCEDURE A retrospective analysis of case records of horses with suspected DMD was performed. RESULTS Median age at presentation was 14 years (range 11-24). Clinical signs in eyes with DMD were unilateral in all horses and included blepharospasm and epiphora (6/7), buphthalmos (5/7), moderate-to-severe focal or diffuse corneal edema (7/7), corneal epithelial bullae (4/7), corneal neovascularization (4/7), Haab's striae (2/7), corneal endothelial precipitates (1/7), fibrin in the anterior chamber (1/7), focal cataract (2/7), and pigment deposits on the anterior lens capsule (1/7). During transpalpebral ultrasonography, a distinct linear echogenic structure was noted in the anterior chamber, initially diverging from, and later running parallel to, the posterior lining of the cornea in all eyes studied. In all cases, the cornea was severely thickened and echogenic, consistent with edema, and DMD was suspected. In all horses, the clinical signs progressed and the affected eye was eventually enucleated. Histopathology revealed DMD (7/7), spindle cell proliferation (4/7), Descemet's membrane reformation (3/7), and inflammation of the anterior uvea (5/7). Overall incidence was 1.04%. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonography is an adequate tool in diagnosing DMD in horses. Descemet's membrane detachment should be included in the differential diagnosis in horses with dense focal or diffuse corneal edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge J M Slenter
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Ophthalmology Section, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Hermans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Surgery Section, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M Ensink
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine Sciences, Surgery Section, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien S Willems
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie Veraa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guy C M Grinwis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael H Boevé
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Ophthalmology Section, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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