1
|
Gomez DE, Kopper JJ, Byrne DP, Renaud DL, Schoster A, Dunkel B, Arroyo LG, Mykkanen A, Gilsenan WF, Pihl TH, Lopez-Navarro G, Tennent-Brown BS, Hostnik LD, Mora-Pereira M, Marques F, Gold JR, DeNotta SL, Desjardins I, Stewart AJ, Kuroda T, Schaefer E, Oliver-Espinosa OJ, Agne GF, Uberti B, Veiras P, Delph Miller KM, Gialleti R, John E, Toribio RE. Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0313783. [PMID: 39565809 PMCID: PMC11578493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0313783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe and compare therapeutic approaches for horses with acute diarrhea in different geographic regions worldwide. METHODS Clinical information was retrospectively collected from diarrheic horses presented to participating institutions between 2016 and 2020, including fluid therapy on admission, antimicrobial drugs, probiotics, anti-endotoxic medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, gastroprotectants, digital cryotherapy, and toxin-binding agents. Seasonal and geographic differences were investigated. RESULTS 1438 horses from 26 participating hospitals from 5 continents were included. On admission, 65% (926/1419) of horses were administered a fluid bolus. Antimicrobial drugs were administered to 55% (792/1419) within the first 24 hours of admission, with penicillin and gentamicin being the most used combination (25%, 198/792). Horses with leukopenia (OR: 2.264, 95%CI: 1.754 to 2.921; P<0.001) or meeting systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (OR: 2.542, 95%CI: 1.919 to 3.368; P<0.001) had higher odds of being administered antimicrobial drugs. Other treatments administered included probiotics (15%, 215/1438), polymyxin B (13%; 187/1438), pentoxifylline (8%; 118/1438), gastroprotectants (44%; 626/1419), digital cryotherapy (34%; 489/1435), plasma transfusion (13%; 182/1410) and toxin-binding agents (36%; 515/1438). LIMITATIONS Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the rationale for treatment decisions was unavailable, and associations with survival could not be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Treatments varied between hospitals from different geographic regions. Prospective clinical trials are required to evaluate the effects of various treatments on survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie J. Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David P. Byrne
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Equine Clinic, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Luis G. Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Mykkanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tina H. Pihl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Gabriela Lopez-Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina, Cirugía y Zootecnia Equina, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Brett S. Tennent-Brown
- U-Vet Werribee Animal Hospital and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura D. Hostnik
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mariano Mora-Pereira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Fernando Marques
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Jenifer R. Gold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Wisconsin Equine Clinic and Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI, United States of America
| | - Sally L. DeNotta
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Desjardins
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, GREMERES-ICE Lyon Equine Research Center, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Allison J. Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emily Schaefer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Leesburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Olimpo J. Oliver-Espinosa
- Clinica de Grandes Animales, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Bogota de Santa Fe, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gustavo Ferlini Agne
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clinicas Veterinarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pablo Veiras
- Fethard Equine Hospital, Fethard, Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Katie M. Delph Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo Gialleti
- Centro di Ricerca del Cavallo Sportivo, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emily John
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, United States of America
| | - Ramiro E. Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haywood LMB, Sheahan BJ. A Review of Epithelial Ion Transporters and Their Roles in Equine Infectious Colitis. Vet Sci 2024; 11:480. [PMID: 39453072 PMCID: PMC11512231 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine colitis is a devastating disease with a high mortality rate. Infectious pathogens associated with colitis in the adult horse include Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp., Neorickettsia risticii/findlaynesis, and equine coronavirus. Antimicrobial-associated colitis can be associated with the presence of infectious pathogens. Colitis can also be due to non-infectious causes, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration, sand ingestion, and infiltrative bowel disease. Current treatments focus on symptomatic treatment (restoring fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing laminitis and sepsis). Intestinal epithelial ion channels are key regulators of electrolyte (especially sodium and chloride) and water movement into the lumen. Dysfunctional ion channels play a key role in the development of diarrhea. Infectious pathogens, including Salmonella spp. and C. difficile, have been shown to regulate ion channels in a variety of ways. In other species, there has been an increased interest in ion channel manipulation as an anti-diarrheal treatment. While targeting ion channels also represents a promising way to manage diarrhea associated with equine colitis, ion channels have not been well studied in the equine colon. This review provides an overview of what is known about colonic ion channels and their known or putative role in specific types of equine colitis due to various pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Breanna J. Sheahan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gomez DE, Arroyo LG, Schoster A, Renaud DL, Kopper JJ, Dunkel B, Byrne D, Toribio RE. Diagnostic approaches, aetiological agents and their associations with short-term survival and laminitis in horses with acute diarrhoea admitted to referral institutions. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:959-969. [PMID: 37984355 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An international description of the diagnostic approaches used in different institutions to diagnose acute equine diarrhoea and the pathogens detected is lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe the diagnostic approach, aetiological agents, outcome, and development of laminitis for diarrhoeic horses worldwide. STUDY DESIGN Multicentre retrospective case series. METHODS Information from horses with acute diarrhoea presenting to participating institutions between 2016 and 2020, including diagnostic approaches, pathogens detected and their associations with outcomes, were compared between institutions or geographic regions. RESULTS One thousand four hundred and thirty-eight horses from 26 participating institutions from 4 continents were included. Overall, aetiological testing was limited (44% for Salmonella spp., 42% for Neorickettsia risticii [only North America], 40% for Clostridiodes difficile, and 29% for ECoV); however, 13% (81/633) of horses tested positive for Salmonella, 13% (35/262) for N. risticii, 9% (37/422) for ECoV, and 5% (27/578) for C. difficile. C. difficile positive cases had greater odds of non-survival than horses negative for C. difficile (OR: 2.69, 95%CI: 1.23-5.91). In addition, horses that were positive for N. risticii had greater odds of developing laminitis than negative horses (OR: 2.76, 95%CI: 1.12-6.81; p = 0.029). MAIN LIMITATIONS Due to the study's retrospective nature, there are missing data. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted limited diagnostic investigations in cases of acute equine diarrhoea. Detection rates of pathogens are similar to previous reports. Non-survival and development of laminitis are related to certain detected pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelika Schoster
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Equine Department University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Equine Clinic, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bettina Dunkel
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David Byrne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amory H, Cesarini C, De Maré L, Loublier C, Moula N, Detilleux J, Saulmont M, Garigliany MM, Lecoq L. Relationship between the Cycle Threshold Value (Ct) of a Salmonella spp. qPCR Performed on Feces and Clinical Signs and Outcome in Horses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1950. [PMID: 37630510 PMCID: PMC10459194 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical significance of fecal quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) Salmonella results when taking the cycle threshold values (Ct) into account. The study included 120 Salmonella qPCR-positive fecal samples obtained from 88 hospitalized horses over a 2-year period. The mean Ct of the qPCR test was evaluated in regard to (1) clinical outcome and (2) systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) status (no SIRS, moderate SIRS, or severe SIRS) of the sampled horses. An ROC analysis was performed to establish the optimal cut-off Ct values associated with severe SIRS. The mean ± SD Ct value was significantly lower in samples (1) from horses with a fatal issue (27.87 ± 5.15 cycles) than in surviving horses (31.75 ± 3.60 cycles), and (2) from horses with severe SIRS (27.87 ± 2.78 cycles) than from horses with no (32.51 ± 3.59 cycles) or moderate (31.54 ± 3.02 cycles) SIRS. In the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value of Ct associated with a severe SIRS was 30.40 cycles, with an AUC value of 0.84 [95% confidence interval 0.76-0.91] and an OR of 0.64 [0.51-0.79]. Results suggest that including the Ct value in the interpretation of fecal qPCR results could improve the diagnostic value of this test for clinical salmonellosis in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Amory
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| | - Carla Cesarini
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| | - Lorie De Maré
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| | - Clémence Loublier
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| | - Nassim Moula
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Johann Detilleux
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| | - Marc Saulmont
- Regional Animal Health and Identification Association (ARSIA), 2 Allée des Artisans, ZA du Biron, 5590 Ciney, Belgium
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Laureline Lecoq
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.C.); (L.D.M.); (C.L.); (J.D.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (N.M.); (M.-M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jacobsen ABJE, Damborg P, Hopster-Iversen C. Usage of Antimicrobials in Equine Veterinary Practice in Denmark - A Case-Based Survey. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104267. [PMID: 36898617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Horses may be carriers of important resistant bacteria like methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Such bacteria can potentially threaten both equine and public health, but little is known about predisposing factors like antimicrobial usage patterns in equines. Objectives of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial usage practices by Danish equine practitioners as well as factors impacting usage. A total of 103 equine practitioners filled in an online questionnaire. When asked to explain their typical treatment of six clinical case scenarios, only 1% and 7% of respondents prescribed systemic antimicrobials for a cough and pastern dermatitis, respectively. More frequent usage was reported for diarrhoea (43%), extraction of a cracked tooth (44%), strangles (56%), and superficial wound near a joint (72%). Among the antibiotics indicated for treatment, enrofloxacin was the only critically important antimicrobial agent reported by two respondents. Thirty-eight (36%) respondents worked in practices with antimicrobial protocols. When asked to prioritize the most important factor influencing prescribing habits, bacterial culture (47%) and antimicrobial protocols (45%) were selected far more often than the owner´s economy (5%) and expectations (4%). Veterinarians reported limitations such as the availability of only one oral antibiotic (sulphadiazine/trimethoprim), and a need for clearer treatment guidelines. In conclusion, the study highlighted important aspects regarding antimicrobial usage among equine practitioners. Antimicrobial protocols and pre- and post-graduate education on prudent antimicrobial usage are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice B J E Jacobsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor SD. Potomac Horse Fever. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:37-45. [PMID: 36737286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Potomac horse fever (PHF) is a common cause of equine colitis in endemic areas. Until recently, the only causative agent known to cause PHF was Neorickettsia risticii. However, N. findlayensis has been isolated from affected horses. Horses typically become infected upon ingestion of Neorickettsia spp.-infected trematodes within aquatic insects. The most common clinical signs include diarrhea, fever, anorexia, lethargy and colic. The diagnostic test of choice for PHF is PCR of blood and feces. Tetracyclines remain an effective treatment. Supportive care, including fluid therapy, colloid administration, NSAID and anti-endotoxin medication, and digital cryotherapy, is also necessary in some cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Poulsen L, Henriksson FV, Dahl M, Honoré ML, Olsen SN, Leifsson PS, Staerk-Østergaard J, Jacobsen S, Pihl TH. Differentiating Strongylus vulgaris-associated, non-strangulating intestinal infarctions from idiopathic peritonitis and acute colitis in horses. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2538. [PMID: 36567639 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses with non-strangulating intestinal infarction (NSII) are often misdiagnosed with idiopathic peritonitis or acute colitis. Early diagnosis is essential to ensure early surgical intervention and improve survival. METHODS Clinical and laboratory data from horses admitted to the University of Copenhagen Large Animal Teaching Hospital with NSII, idiopathic peritonitis or acute colitis between 2009 and 2018 were used for univariate comparisons and a multivariable logistic regression model for prediction of NSII. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-one horses were included. A multivariable model for the prediction of NSII included gastric reflux (more than 5 L) (odds ratio [OR] 8.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-36.2), abnormal findings palpated per rectum (intestinal dilatations/impactions [OR 4.43; 95% CI 1.43-13.38], colon displacements [OR 23.16; 95% CI 5.26-101.97] or intestinal mass [OR 179.7; 95% CI 23.5-1375.5]), white blood cell count (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.4), packed cell volume (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-0.9), age (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.8-1.0) and heart rate (OR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0-1.1). The model had a low false positive rate (5%), but a high false negative rate (50%). LIMITATIONS Due to the retrospective nature of the study, sample collection was inconsistent, resulting in missing values. CONCLUSION The model had some capability in predicting NSII. However, the high risk of false negatives means that exploratory laparotomy should be considered in horses with peritonitis of unknown aetiology in areas where Strongylus vulgaris is prevalent and occurrence of idiopathic peritonitis is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Poulsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frida V Henriksson
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melissa Dahl
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Louise Honoré
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne N Olsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Páll S Leifsson
- Pathobiological Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Staerk-Østergaard
- Animal Welfare and Disease Control, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Jacobsen
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina H Pihl
- Medicine and Surgery Section, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zakia LS, Gomez DE, Caddey BB, Boerlin P, Surette MG, Arroyo LG. Direct and culture-enriched 16S rRNA sequencing of cecal content of healthy horses and horses with typhlocolitis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284193. [PMID: 37053174 PMCID: PMC10101396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Next generation sequencing has demonstrated that alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota is significantly altered in horses with typhlocolitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial composition of the cecum content of horses with and without typhlocolitis through direct and culture-enriched 16S gene sequencing of six healthy horses and six horses with acute typhlocolitis; a case-control study design. Cecal content was collected after euthanasia. An aliquot was used for direct 16S gene sequencing. Another was serially diluted with brain heart infusion (BHI) and plated onto five different agar media. All culture medias, except for MacConkey, were incubated anaerobically. Bacterial colonies were harvested in bulk and used for DNA extraction, 16S PCR amplification, and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Predominant phyla in healthy and diseased horses were Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes in all cultured medias, except for MacConkey agar, in which Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum. Greater bacterial richness was identified in sequenced cecal contents as compared to cultured plates (P < 0.05). Culture-enriched molecular profiling combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing offer an alternative method for the study of the gut microbiota of horses. For direct cecum content 16S gene amplification, the alpha diversity indices were lower in diarrheic horses compared to healthy horses (P < 0.05). A higher relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was found in 2/6 samples from diarrheic horses. The role of Fusobacteriota in equine colitis deserves investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiza S Zakia
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin B Caddey
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Surette
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ayoub C, Arroyo LG, MacNicol JL, Renaud D, Weese JS, Gomez DE. Fecal microbiota of horses with colitis and its association with laminitis and survival during hospitalization. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:2213-2223. [PMID: 36271677 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of microbiota with clinical outcomes and the taxa associated with colitis in horses remains generally unknown. OBJECTIVES Describe the fecal microbiota of horses with colitis and investigate the association of the fecal microbiota with the development of laminitis and survival. ANIMALS Thirty-six healthy and 55 colitis horses subdivided into laminitis (n = 15) and non-laminitis (n = 39, 1 horse with chronic laminitis was removed from this comparison) and survivors (n = 27) and nonsurvivors (n = 28). METHODS Unmatched case-control study. The Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was used to assess the microbiota. RESULTS The community membership (Jaccard index) and structure (Yue and Clayton index) were different (analysis of molecular variance [AMOVA]; P < .001) between healthy and colitis horses. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe; linear discriminant analysis [LDA] >3; P < .05) and random forest analyses found Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus enriched in colitis horses, whereas Treponema, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae were enriched in healthy horses. The community membership and structure of colitis horses with or without laminitis was (AMOVA; P > .05). Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus were enriched in horses with laminitis (LDA > 3; P < .05). The community membership (AMOVA; P = .008) of surviving and nonsurviving horses was different. Nonsurviving horses had an enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus (LDA >3; P < .05). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Differences in the microbiota of horses with colitis that survive or do not survive are minor and, similarly, the microbiota differences in horses with colitis that do or do not develop laminitis are minor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosette Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L MacNicol
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Durie I, Galen GV. Can the use of antimicrobials in adult equine patients with acute colitis be justified in the era of antimicrobial stewardship? EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Durie
- Evidensia Specialisthästsjukhuset Strömsholm Strömsholm Sweden
| | - Gaby van Galen
- University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Navarro MA, Arroyo LG, Uzal FA. Special section on diseases of the equine gastrointestinal tract. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:353. [PMID: 35291888 PMCID: PMC9254069 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Navarro
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hain‐Saunders N, Knight DR, Bruce M, Riley TV. Clostridioides difficile
infection and One Health: An Equine Perspective. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:985-997. [PMID: 35001483 PMCID: PMC9304292 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile presents a significant health risk to humans and animals. The complexity of the bacterial–host interaction affecting pathogenesis and disease development creates an ongoing challenge for epidemiological studies, control strategies and prevention planning. The recent emergence of human disease caused by strains of C. difficile found in animals adds to mounting evidence that C. difficile infection (CDI) may be a zoonosis. In equine populations, C. difficile is a known cause of diarrhoea and gastrointestinal inflammation, with considerable mortality and morbidity. This has a significant impact on both the well‐being of the animal and, in the case of performance and production animals, it may have an adverse economic impact on relevant industries. While C. difficile is regularly isolated from horses, many questions remain regarding the impact of asymptomatic carriage as well as optimization of diagnosis, testing and treatment. This review provides an overview of our understanding of equine CDI while also identifying knowledge gaps and the need for a holistic One Health approach to a complicated issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasza Hain‐Saunders
- Biosecurity and One Health Research Centre, Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Daniel R. Knight
- Biosecurity and One Health Research Centre, Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre Nedlands 6009 WA Australia
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Biosecurity and One Health Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Thomas V. Riley
- Biosecurity and One Health Research Centre, Harry Butler Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre Nedlands 6009 WA Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Willette JA, Kopper JJ, Kogan CJ, Seguin MA, Schott HC. Effect of season and geographic location in the United States on detection of potential enteric pathogens or toxin genes in horses ≥6-mo-old. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:407-411. [PMID: 34763559 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211056054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of season and geographic location on detection of nucleic acids of potential enteric pathogens (PEPs) or their toxins (PEP-Ts) in feces of horses ≥6-mo-old in the United States. Results of 3,343 equine diarrhea PCR panels submitted to Idexx Laboratories for horses >6-mo-old were reviewed. Submission months were grouped into 4 seasons, and states were grouped into 4 geographic regions. Logistic regression was performed to assess effects of season and region on detection rates of PEPs and PEP-Ts. Agresti-Coull CIs were determined. Detection rate of Salmonella enterica was higher in the South in summer compared to all other regions, and was also higher in the South in fall compared to the Midwest and Northeast. The Neorickettsia risticii detection rate was lower during summer in the West and higher in fall in the Midwest. Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. was lower during spring, summer, and winter in the West. Differences were not identified for detection rates of Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Lawsonia intracellularis, Rhodococcus equi, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Overall, our data support seasonal and regional differences in detection rates of S. enterica, N. risticii, and Cryptosporidium spp. in horses ≥6-mo-old in the United States.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Willette
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jamie J Kopper
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Clark J Kogan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Harold C Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Uzal FA, Arroyo LG, Navarro MA, Gomez DE, Asín J, Henderson E. Bacterial and viral enterocolitis in horses: a review. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 34:354-375. [PMID: 34763560 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteritis, colitis, and enterocolitis are considered some of the most common causes of disease and death in horses. Determining the etiology of these conditions is challenging, among other reasons because different causes produce similar clinical signs and lesions, and also because some agents of colitis can be present in the intestine of normal animals. We review here the main bacterial and viral causes of enterocolitis of horses, including Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens type A NetF-positive, C. perfringens type C, Clostridioides difficile, Clostridium piliforme, Paeniclostridium sordellii, other clostridia, Rhodococcus equi, Neorickettsia risticii, Lawsonia intracellularis, equine rotavirus, and equine coronavirus. Diarrhea and colic are the hallmark clinical signs of colitis and enterocolitis, and the majority of these conditions are characterized by necrotizing changes in the mucosa of the small intestine, colon, cecum, or in a combination of these organs. The presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical, gross, and microscopic findings, and confirmed by detection of some of the agents and/or their toxins in the intestinal content or feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Luis G Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA.,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Diego E Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Asín
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| | - Eileen Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino Laboratory, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Qin S, Huang Z, Wang Y, Pei L, Shen Y. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from horses and its therapeutic effect on DSS-induced colitis in mice. Microb Pathog 2021; 165:105216. [PMID: 34600098 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a refractory disease that endangers both humans and animals. In recent times, Lactobacillus have been used to treat animal diseases. It may be a good choice to try to isolate Lactobacillus with probiotic potential to treat IBD. Equine, as a kind of hindgut fermentation animal has rich intestinal microflora, but data regarding this is scarce. The isolation of Lactobacillus with probiotic potential from equine may become a new method for the treatment of IBD. Four isolates of Lactobacillus were isolated from fresh feces of healthy male adult horses and analyzed their biological characteristics. According to the phylogenetic analysis, A2.5 and A7.1 were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, A3 as Lactobacillus plantarum, and B8.2 as Weissella cibaria. All four isolates showed tolerance to the environment of acid, bile salt concentration and simulated artificial gastrointestinal fluid. The hydrophobic rate and self-aggregation rate of A3 were close to 100%, and the adhesion rate was 28.85 ± 0.74%. Four isolates were negative in hemolysis test and sensitive to common antibiotics and different isolates had different sensitivity to antibiotics. The four isolates had antibacterial and antioxidant activities which can reflect their probiotic potential. Furthermore, they could regulate the LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) stimulated Caco-2 cells. We chose A3 as the treatment strain to intervene Dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced mice. The results showed that compared with DSS group, DSS + A3 group exhibited reduced Disease activity index (DAI), increased colon length, reduced pathological score and regulated cytokine secretion at the level of gene expression. In this study, four isolates of Lactobacillus with probiotic potential were isolated, and Lactobacillus plantarum A3 with reduced ulcerative colitis in mice was screened. It might provide a potential treatment for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songkang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zonghao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lulu Pei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yaoqin Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luethy D, Feldman R, Stefanovski D, Aitken MR. Risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival in acute colitis: Retrospective study of 85 hospitalized horses (2011-2019). J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2019-2025. [PMID: 33938584 PMCID: PMC8295695 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute colitis is a serious cause of morbidity and death in horses. Recent studies have compared clinical features of coronavirus and salmonellosis, but no study has compared clinical features of enteric salmonellosis, coronavirus, and neorickettsiosis. Hypothesis/Objectives To identify risk factors for laminitis and nonsurvival to discharge in horses with enteric salmonellosis, coronavirus, or neorickettsiosis. Animals Eighty‐five horses hospitalized for acute colitis from 2011 to 2019. Methods Retrospective case series. Medical record review (2011‐2019) of adult (≥2 years) horses with colitis. Primary outcomes were laminitis and survival to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess association between variables and the development of laminitis. Stepwise Cox regression was performed to assess association between variables and survival. Results Seventeen of 85 (20%) horses developed laminitis during hospitalization. Neorickettsiosis cases (11/26, 42%) were more likely to develop laminitis than coronavirus (0/16, 0%) cases (odds ratio [OR] 24.48; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33‐451.74, P = .03). There was no significant difference in laminitis between salmonellosis and neorickettsiosis cases (OR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.07‐1.07, P = .06). Admission heart rate (OR 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02‐1.15, P = .01), total solids (OR 0.17; 95% CI: 0.06‐0.54, P = .003), band neutrophils (OR 1248.47; 95% CI: 6.62‐235 540, P = .008), and bicarbonate concentration (OR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.5‐0.92, P = .01) were predictive of development of laminitis during hospitalization. Sixty‐three of 85 (74%) horses survived to discharge: 16/16 (100%) coronavirus cases, 17/26 (65%) neorickettsiosis cases, 14/20 (70%) salmonellosis cases, and 16/23 (70%) unknown cases. Packed cell volume (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.26, P < .001), L‐lactate concentration (HR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14‐1.55, P < .001), and development of laminitis (HR 7.07; 95% CI: 1.67‐29.95, P = .008) were retained in the final multivariable model for prediction of nonsurvival to discharge. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Nonsurvival and laminitis rates were high, likely related to the presence of neorickettsiosis in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Luethy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rose Feldman
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maia R Aitken
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luminal and Mucosal Microbiota of the Cecum and Large Colon of Healthy and Diarrheic Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081403. [PMID: 32806591 PMCID: PMC7460328 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acute diarrhea (colitis) is a major problem in adult horses and the role of the intestinal bacteria (microbiota) is still poorly understood in this species. The aim of this study was to compare the mucosal and luminal content microbiota of the cecum and colon of healthy and diarrheic horses. We concluded that microbial dysbiosis (changes in the normal microbiota composition) occurs in horses with colitis at different levels of the intestinal tract and microbiota composition is different between the mucosa and luminal content of diarrheic horses. Changes in species associated with dysbiosis could be used in the future for disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of equine colitis. Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the mucosal and luminal content microbiota of the cecum and colon of healthy and diarrheic horses. Marked differences in the richness and in the community composition between the mucosal and luminal microbiota of the cecum and large colon of horses with colitis were observed. Microbial dysbiosis occurs in horses with colitis at different levels of the intestinal tract, and microbiota composition is different between the mucosa and luminal content of diarrheic horses. The changes in some key taxa associated with dysbiosis in the equine intestinal microbiota, such as Escherichia, Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus, deserve further inquiry in order to determine their utility for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- RVC EquineClinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Detection of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7208. [PMID: 32350359 PMCID: PMC7190851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to report the presence of Neorickettsia risticii DNA in blood samples from naturally infected horses in Rio de Janeiro, provide clinicopathological findings related to the infection, and report the phylogenetic diversity of the 16S rDNA of N. risticii in order to evaluate its heterogeneity. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to investigate the presence of N. risticii in samples collected from horses (n = 187). Five positive samples were found in the molecular screening. Hypoalbuminemia and high levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were the predominant findings in the biochemical analysis. The sequences were similar to those of N. risticii. Phylogenetic analysis revealed genotype segregation based on the geographical distribution in the N. risticii sequence clade. Dendrograms constructed with five hypervariable regions revealed that V4 distinguished Neorickettsia at the species level and produced a phylogeny that best represented the phylogeny obtained with the complete 16S rDNA sequence. This is the first report of N. risticii DNA in the blood of Brazilian horses based on sequences deposited in GenBank. Further studies are necessary to clarify the epidemiological chain of this vector-borne parasite in order to determine and establish appropriate preventive measures in the equine trading market.
Collapse
|
20
|
Probiotic potential of Weissella strains isolated from horse feces. Microb Pathog 2019; 132:117-123. [PMID: 31009656 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated four Weissella confusa strains from the healthy horse feces to test their potential as equine probiotics. The identification and characteristics of these isolates were determined as per standard methods. Resistance and susceptibility of the isolated strains were tested to low pHs, different heat treatments, commonly used antibiotics and against the pathogenic strains of Salmonella, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. After 3 h cultural in different pH medium, the 4 strains still had a certain amount of survival above pH 3.0. WH2 and WH4 were still viable at pH2.5. All the isolated strains showed proper growth at 60 °C while no strain survived at 80 °C. The inhibition of α-amylase, the scavenging ability of free radical DPPH· and hydroxyl free radical HO·were also investigated. The results showed that WH4 had highest inhibition rate of α-amylase activity and DPPH· free radical scavenging rate, and the inhibition rate of α-amylase activity was 24.09% and the DPPH· free radical scavenging rate was 35.78%. The inhibition rate ofα-amylase activity and DPPH· scavenging rate of free radicals in the other three strains were about 10%. The clearance rate of hydroxyl radical (HO·) in 4 strains was between 12% and 15%. The antibiotic susceptibilities varied for these four Weisella strains but all of them showed resistance against the frequently used equine antibiotics. All the four strains successfully suppressed the growth of standard strains in in vitro bacteriostasis experiment, which included Salmonella enteritidis (NTNC13349), Escherichia coli (C83902) and Staphylococcus aureus (BNCC186335). they also successfully suppressed the growth of state key laboratory isolating pathogens, which are Pasterurella multocida and Salmonella. Our findings suggest that the isolated strains of Weissella confusa can act as potential equine probiotics and should be explored further.
Collapse
|
21
|
McKenzie HC, Funk RA, Trager L, Werre SR, Crisman M. Immunogenicity of Potomac horse fever vaccine when simultaneously co-administered with rabies vaccine in a multivalent vaccine or as two monovalent vaccines at separate sites. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:774-778. [PMID: 30859618 PMCID: PMC6850380 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Potomac horse fever (PHF) is a potentially fatal enterocolitis of horses caused by Neorickettsia risticii. The disease was originally recognised almost 40 years ago in the state of Maryland in the US. It is now known to occur in many areas of North America, as well as having been described in South America and Europe. Monocomponent PHF vaccines are available, but clinical protection with vaccination has been reported to be inconsistent. Objectives This study was designed to assess the immunogenicity of a commercially available Potomac Horse Fever (PHF) vaccine when administered as either a monovalent PHF vaccine simultaneously co‐administered with a separate monovalent Rabies vaccine or as a multivalent PHF/Rabies vaccine in horses. Study design Randomised parallel group trial. Methods Ninety‐one client or University owned horses participated in this open‐label randomised study, with 45 horses receiving the monovalent vaccines at separate sites and 46 receiving the multivalent vaccine at a single site. Serum PHF IFA titres were determined twice prior to vaccination and at 1, 2 and 3 months after vaccination. Results Both vaccination protocols exhibited poor immunogenicity, with only one‐third of all the animals demonstrating seroconversion, defined as an increase in titre of greater than 400 over baseline, at any time point after vaccination. The monovalent PHF vaccine exhibited significantly greater immunogenicity in terms of the number of horses exhibiting seroconversion, as compared to the multivalent vaccine, at one (20 vs. 11, P = 0.03) and two (18 vs. 9, p = 0.02) months post vaccination. The monovalent PHF vaccine also exhibited significantly greater immunogenicity in terms of the median (interquartile range) IFA titres, as compared to the multivalent vaccine, at one (800 [200–1600] vs. 400 [200–800], P = 0.009) and 2 months (400 [200–1600] vs. 400 [100–800], P = 0.02) post vaccination. There was no significant difference between groups at 3 months in either seroconversion rate or median IFA titers. Main limitations This study did not assess the actual protective effects of PHF vaccination but rather used the serologic response to vaccination as a surrogate biomarker of immunity. Conclusions The multivalent PHF/Rabies vaccine exhibited lower immunogenicity as compared to the monovalent PHF vaccine co‐administered with a separate Rabies vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - R A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - L Trager
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - S R Werre
- Laboratory for Study Design and Statistical Analysis, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - M Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pekkola V, Braun C, Larenza Menzies MP. Accidental overdose of intravenously injected unfractionated heparin followed by prolonged clotting times in an anaesthetised Shetland pony. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A six-year-old Shetland pony stallion was presented for elective castration. During surgical preparations, undiluted heparin (120 iu/kg) was unintentionally used for intravenous catheter flushing instead of heparinised saline solution. Surgery was cancelled for that day. Thromboelastography was used to monitor blood coagulation immediately after the accidental heparin overdose and on the following days. Three days after the heparin overdose, the coagulation parameters had returned to normal values and the pony was castrated. Anaesthesia and surgery were uneventful without any signs of coagulopathy. One day after surgery, the pony started to show signs of colic and was further diagnosed with colitis, most likely unrelated to heparin but due to repeated administration of penicillin and anaesthesia. Despite intensive treatment, the pony deteriorated progressively and was euthanased due to poor prognosis. Drug overdose is an example of medication error and is one of the most common errors in medicine.
Collapse
|