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Ramos GV, Santos MM, Gava FN, de Lacerda-Neto JC. Effects of conditioning on the left ventricular function of young purebred Arabian horses. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304724. [PMID: 38829873 PMCID: PMC11146711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of conditioning on cardiac function in young horses is still unknown. For this reason, this study evaluated the left ventricular (LV) function of young horses by echocardiography after six weeks of conditioning. Fourteen untrained young purebred Arabian horses were evaluated at rest and after a stress test (ST) before and after a six-week conditioning program. There was an increase in V4 (p < 0.001) after conditioning, as well as a reduction in both heart rate (HR) at rest and peak HR during the ST (p < 0.001). There was also a reduction in internal diameter, along with an increase in interventricular septal, free wall and mean thicknesses and LV mass (p < 0.05). After the ST, the conditioned animals showed higher values of velocity time integral, stroke volume, systolic and cardiac indices, ejection (ET) and deceleration times (DT), end-diastolic volume, time to onset of radial myocardial velocity during early diastole and time to peak of transmitral flow velocity, in addition to reduced pre-ejection period (PEP), PEP/ET ratio and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (p < 0.05). The conditioning protocol promoted physiological adaptations that indicate an improvement in the animals' aerobic capacity associated with an enhanced left ventricular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Vieira Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maíra Moreira Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Nelson Gava
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - José Corrêa de Lacerda-Neto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sanigavatee K, Poochipakorn C, Huangsaksri O, Wonghanchao T, Rodkruta N, Chanprame S, Wiwatwongwana T, Chanda M. Comparison of daily heart rate and heart rate variability in trained and sedentary aged horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 137:105094. [PMID: 38750946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Athletic horses are usually retired from equestrian competition at an advanced age. Aged horses may then continue to have regular exercise or are sedentary. The comparison of autonomic regulation between sedentary aged horses (SAH) and trained aged horses (TAH) after retirement remains unpublished. This study compared daily heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability between 11 SAH and 11 TAH over 22 h (07.00 h to 05.00 h on an alternate day) and during the day and night. An increase in mean beat-to-beat (RR) intervals (p < 0.01-0.0001) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) index (p < 0.05-0.0001), corresponding to the decreased HR and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) index (p < 0.01-0.0001), was observed at night. Compared to SAH, lowered mean HR and SNS index, corresponding to elevated mean RR intervals and very-low-frequency bands, were marked in TAH during the day (p < 0.05 for all variables). Whereas the standard deviation of the RR intervals index was higher in TAH than in SAH during the day and night (p < 0.05 for both periods). It was suggested that aged horses with different physical activities revealed distinct autonomic responses. TAH demonstrated higher HRV than SAH during the day. A decreased HR in TAH is prone to result from a reduced SNS role, leading to a shift toward more PNS activity during the day. More research is warranted to determine to what extent the autonomic regulation is modulated by accompanying higher exercise volume or programmed exercise in aged horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokpan Sanigavatee
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Chanoknun Poochipakorn
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Onjira Huangsaksri
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Thita Wonghanchao
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Napasorn Rodkruta
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Sarisa Chanprame
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Wiwatwongwana
- Veterinary Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand; Thailand Equestrian Federation, Sports Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Chanda M, Petchdee S. Cardiac morphology changes in horses as a response to various types of sports. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2097245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metha Chanda
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
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Ayo JO, Ake AS. Modulatory roles of melatonin on respiratory and heart rates and their circadian rhythmicity in donkeys (Equus asinus) subjected to packing during the hot-dry season. Curr Res Physiol 2022; 5:381-388. [PMID: 36185817 PMCID: PMC9519433 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Frippiat T, van Beckhoven C, Moyse E, Art T. Accuracy of a heart rate monitor for calculating heart rate variability parameters in exercising horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 104:103716. [PMID: 34416992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate is evaluated in exercising horses to monitor the level of fitness to exercise, and it is usually acquired using heart rate monitors (HRM) or telemetric electrocardiograms (ECG). While HRM are commonly available and easy-to-use for horse's owners, ECG is a more expensive equipment requiring user's experience. Interest for heart rate variability (HRV) in horses is increasing for both research and clinical purposes. HRV is usually calculated from interbeat intervals (IBI) obtained by ECG. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of an HRM to detect IBI for the calculation of HRV in both resting and exercising horses. Simultaneous ECG and HRM recordings were performed on 13 horses and ponies under normal training conditions for at least 45 minutes. IBI from ECG were corrected using a dedicated software. IBI from HRM were exported without correction. Two HRV-parameters were calculated on both recordings for resting and exercising periods: the standard deviation of R-R intervals (SDRR) and the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD). Agreement and concordance between the two systems were determined using Bland-Altman plot and Lin's correlation coefficient, respectively. Effects of variables were consequently assessed. For both HRV-parameters during resting and exercising periods, the means of the differences between the two systems were lower than 0.47 ms with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. Height, weight and body condition score had no effect on the results. The studied HRM could be of interest as easy-to-use device for obtaining HRV-parameters SDRR and RMSSD in resting and exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Frippiat
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Equine Sports Medicine, Laren, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Evelyne Moyse
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Applied to Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Art
- Equine Sports Medicine Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Bazzano M, Laghi L, Zhu C, Lotito E, Sgariglia S, Tesei B, Laus F. Exercise Induced Changes in Salivary and Serum Metabolome in Trained Standardbred, Assessed by 1H-NMR. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10070298. [PMID: 32708237 PMCID: PMC7407172 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10070298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, data related to the metabolomics of saliva and serum in trained standardbred horses are provided for the first time. Metabolomic analysis allows to analyze all the metabolites within selected biofluids, providing a better understanding of biochemistry modifications related to exercise. On the basis of the current advances observed in metabolomic research on human athletes, we aimed to investigate the metabolites’ profile of serum and saliva samples collected from healthy standardbred horses and the relationship with physical exercise. Twelve trained standardbred horses were sampled for blood and saliva before (T0) and immediately after (T1) standardized exercise. Metabolomic analysis of both samples was performed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Forty-six metabolites in serum and 62 metabolites in saliva were detected, including alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates and purine derivatives. Twenty-six and 14 metabolites resulted to be significantly changed between T0 and T1 in serum and saliva, respectively. The findings of 2-hydroxyisobutyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in serum and GABA in equine saliva, as well as their modifications following exercise, provide new insights about the physiology of exercise in athletic horses. Glycerol might represent a novel biomarker for fitness evaluation in sport horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (M.B.); (E.L.); (B.T.); (F.L.)
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Chenglin Zhu
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Enrica Lotito
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (M.B.); (E.L.); (B.T.); (F.L.)
| | | | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (M.B.); (E.L.); (B.T.); (F.L.)
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione, 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy; (M.B.); (E.L.); (B.T.); (F.L.)
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Arias MP, Maya JS, Arango L. Efectos de dos protocolos de entrenamiento sobre el lactato sanguíneo en caballos de paso fino. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v66n3.84259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento de resistencia (ER) con un protocolo tradicional (ET) sobre la concentración sanguínea de lactato y CK. Materiales y Métodos: Se aplicaron dos protocolos de entrenamiento durante 6 meses divididos en tres etapas. Se realizaron pruebas de esfuerzo antes de comenzar los protocolos de entrenamiento y al finalizar cada una de las etapas. En cada prueba se tomaron muestras de sangre venosa en reposo, durante el ejercicio y en recuperación para medir el lactato (L), y al inicio y al final para medir la creatin kinasa (CK) e inferir las adaptaciones metabólicas y musculares. Se calculó la diferencia de medianas del lactato basal por medio de la U Mann Whitney y se comparó la diferencia de medias del porcentaje de aclaramiento entre los grupos a través de la T de Students. Resultados: Se encontró una diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de depuración de lactato entre ER y ET. También hubo un aumento significativo de los valores de CK intra-grupos, antes y después de las pruebas, pero manteniéndose dentro de los rangos de referencia. Discusión: El ER aumentó la capacidad de metabolizar el lactato pos-ejercicio en potros con entrenamiento de resistencia, aunque no hubo diferencias entre la máxima producción de L entre el grupo ER y ET. El comportamiento de la CK dentro de los rangos de referencia indica que no hubo daño muscular en los potros de ambos grupos.
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