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Chacón RD, Sánchez-Llatas CJ, Diaz Forero AJ, Guimarães MB, Pajuelo SL, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Ferreira AJP. Evolutionary Analysis of a Parrot Bornavirus 2 Detected in a Sulphur-Crested Cockatoo ( Cacatua galerita) Suggests a South American Ancestor. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:47. [PMID: 38200778 PMCID: PMC10778322 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parrot bornavirus (PaBV) is an RNA virus that causes Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD), neurological disorders, and death in Psittaciformes. Its diversity in South America is poorly known. We examined a Cacatua galerita presenting neuropathies, PDD, and oculopathies as the main signs. We detected PaBV through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N) and matrix (M) genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic inferences classified it as PaBV-2. The nucleotide identity of the sequenced strain ranged from 88.3% to 90.3% against genotype PaBV-2 and from 80.2% to 84.4% against other genotypes. Selective pressure analysis detected signs of episodic diversifying selection in both the N and M genes. No recombination events were detected. Phylodynamic analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) as the year 1758 for genotype PaBV-2 and the year 1049 for the Orthobornavirus alphapsittaciforme species. Substitution rates were estimated at 2.73 × 10-4 and 4.08 × 10-4 substitutions per year per site for N and M, respectively. The analysis of population dynamics showed a progressive decline in the effective population size during the last century. Timescale phylogeographic analysis revealed a potential South American ancestor as the origin of genotypes 1, 2, and 8. These results contribute to our knowledge of the evolutionary origin, diversity, and dynamics of PaBVs in South America and the world. Additionally, it highlights the importance of further studies in captive Psittaciformes and the potential impact on endangered wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy D. Chacón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Christian J. Sánchez-Llatas
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Andrea J. Diaz Forero
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Marta B. Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Sarah L. Pajuelo
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, National University of Trujillo, Trujillo 13001, La Libertad, Peru;
| | - Claudete S. Astolfi-Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
| | - Antonio J. Piantino Ferreira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (R.D.C.); (A.J.D.F.); (M.B.G.); (C.S.A.-F.)
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Zhang LN, Huang YH, Liu H, Li LX, Bai X, Yang GD. Molecular detection of bornavirus in parrots imported to China in 2022. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:259. [PMID: 38057808 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a neurotropic virus, it has been established as the primary causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). However, substantial international trade and transnational trafficking of wild birds occur, potentially enabling these birds to harbor and transmit pathogens to domestic poultry, adversely affecting their well-being. Real-time RT-PCR was employed to detect the presence of PaBV-4 in parrots imported to China in 2022. RESULTS In 2022, a total of 47 cloacal swabs from 9 distinct species of parrots were collected at the Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center in Guangdong, China. The purpose of this collection was to detect the presence of PaBV-4. Using real-time PCR techniques, it was determined that the positive rate of PaBV-4 was 2.12% (1 out of 47) in parrots. The PaBV-4 virus was detected in a Amazona aestiva that had been adopted for one month. Conversely, all other species tested negative for the virus. Subsequently, the whole genome of the PaBV-4 GD2207 strains was sequenced, and the homology and genetic evolution between these strains and previously published PaBV-4 strains on GenBank were analyzed using DNAStar and MEGA7.0 software. The findings revealed that the full-length genome of PaBV-4 consisted of 8915 nucleotides and encoded six proteins. Additionally, it exhibited the highest nucleotide similarity (99.9%) to the GZ2019 strain, which causes death and severe clinical symptoms in Aratinga solstitialis. Furthermore, when compared to other strains of PaBV-4, the GD2207 strain demonstrated the highest amino acid homology with GZ2019. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the GD2207 strain clustered with various strains found in Japanese, American, and German parrots, indicating a close genetic relationship with PaBV-4, but it revealed a distant relationship with PaBV-5 Cockg5 from America. Notably, the GD2207 was closely associated with the GZ2019 strain from Aratinga solstitialis in China. CONCLUSION This study presents the preliminary identification of PaBV-4 in Amazona aestiva parrots, emphasizing its importance as the predominant viral genotype linked to parrot infections resulting from trade into China. Through genetic evolution analysis, it was determined that the GD2207 strain of PaBV-4 exhibits the closest genetic relationship with GZ 2019 (Aratinga solstitialis, China), M14 (Ara macao, USA), AG5 (Psittacus erithacus, USA) and 6758 (Ara ararauna, Germany) suggesting a shared ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Eco-Engineering Department, Guangdong, Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Han Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Li
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Da Yang
- Guangdong Wildlife Rescue Monitoring Center, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Molecular Detection, Risk Factors and Public Awareness of Avian Bornavirus among Captive and Non-captive Birds in Peninsular Malaysia. J Vet Res 2022; 66:523-535. [PMID: 36846031 PMCID: PMC9944992 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified in psittacine, non-psittacine birds and waterfowl. Birds may show signs of gastrointestinal tract deficit or neurological dysfunction or even both. The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular prevalence, risk factors and public awareness of ABV and PDD among captive and non-captive birds in Peninsular Malaysia. Material and Methods A total of 344 cloacal swabs or faeces were collected and subjected to detection using the RT-PCR assay. Meanwhile, KAP questionnaires were distributed by using the Google forms platform. Results Molecular prevalence studies revealed that 4.5% (9/201) of the pet birds were ABV-positive, whereas 0% (0/143) in waterfowl. Nine positive pet birds were identified to be PaBV-2, which is closest to ABV isolates EU781967 (USA). Among the risk factors analysed, category, age and, location, were found to show an association with the ABV positivity. The KAP survey result showed: the respondents have low knowledge (32.9%), however, they showed positive attitude (60.8%) and good practice (94.9%). The association between knowledge, attitude and practice showed that there was a significant association between knowledge-attitude and also attitude-practice (P<0.05). Conclusion This study proved that avian bornavirus (ABV) causes proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) among a group of pet birds of Psittaciformes, but it is present in Peninsular Malaysia with a low prevalence rate. Furthermore, in addition to the useful databases obtained from this study, the level of public awareness on the importance of avian bornavirus that causes fatal disorders among a wide range of bird species is satisfactorily raised.
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Rubbenstroth D. Avian Bornavirus Research—A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071513. [PMID: 35891493 PMCID: PMC9321243 DOI: 10.3390/v14071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses constitute a genetically diverse group of at least 15 viruses belonging to the genus Orthobornavirus within the family Bornaviridae. After the discovery of the first avian bornaviruses in diseased psittacines in 2008, further viruses have been detected in passerines and aquatic birds. Parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) possess the highest veterinary relevance amongst the avian bornaviruses as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is a chronic and often fatal disease that may engulf a broad range of clinical presentations, typically including neurologic signs as well as impaired gastrointestinal motility, leading to proventricular dilatation. It occurs worldwide in captive psittacine populations and threatens private bird collections, zoological gardens and rehabilitation projects of endangered species. In contrast, only little is known about the pathogenic roles of passerine and waterbird bornaviruses. This comprehensive review summarizes the current knowledge on avian bornavirus infections, including their taxonomy, pathogenesis of associated diseases, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies and recent developments on prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
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Avian Bornaviruses in Wild Aquatic Birds of the Anseriformes Order in Poland. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010098. [PMID: 35056046 PMCID: PMC8778845 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bornaviruses are a diverse family of viruses infecting various hosts, including birds. Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 (ABBV-1) and aquatic bird bornavirus 2 (ABBV-2) have been found in wild waterfowl but data on their prevalence are scarce. To gain knowledge on the occurrence of ABBVs in Poland, samples originating from dead birds of the Anseriformes order collected in 2016–2021 were tested with a real time RT-PCR method targeting the ABBVs genome. A total of 514 birds were examined, including 401 swans, 96 ducks and 17 geese. The presence of ABBV-1 RNA was detected in 52 swans (10.1% of all tested birds) from 40 different locations. No positive results were obtained for ducks and geese. Sequences of about 2300 bases were generated for 18 viruses and phylogenetic analysis was performed. A relatively low genetic diversity of the examined ABBV-1 strains was observed as all were gathered in a single cluster in the phylogenetic tree and the minimum nucleotide identity was 99.14%. The Polish strains were closely related to ABBV-1 identified previously in Denmark and Germany, but a limited number of sequences from Europe hinders the drawing of conclusions about interconnections between Polish and other European ABBVs. The results of the present study provide new insights into the distribution and genetic characteristics of ABBVs in wild birds in Europe.
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Berg KJ, Guzman DSM, Paul-Murphy J, Hawkins MG, Byrne BA. Diagnosis and treatment of Candida glabrata proventriculitis in an eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:442-449. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.12.0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION
An 8-year-old sexually intact female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) with a 4-day history of hyporexia and lethargy and a 1-day history of tenesmus was examined.
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Severe leukocytosis characterized by severe heterophilia and moderate monocytosis was present. Marked dilation of the proventriculus and ventriculus and ascites were identified by means of radiography, coelomic ultrasonography, and contrast-enhanced CT, with no clinically relevant motility noted on ultrasonography. Results of coelomic fluid analysis were consistent with pyogranulomatous effusion. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract following proventricular and ventricular lavage showed a thick caseous plaque occupying 30% of the caudal proventricular mucosa. Abundant yeast organisms were evident during cytologic examination of a proventricular and ventricular wash sample, and fecal culture yielded Candida glabrata.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
The bird was treated with SC fluids, assisted feedings, nystatin, fluconazole, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gastroprotectants, maropitant, and analgesics and slowly improved during hospitalization. A marked decrease in proventricular dilation was evident on serial radiographs obtained over a 12-month period. One year after diagnosis, the bird was presented with a 1-week history of hyporexia and lethargy, and fecal culture grew C glabrata. Antifungal treatment was resumed for 3 months. The bird had no clinical signs of infection 16 months after this recurrence, and subsequent fecal cultures were negative for fungal growth.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Findings illustrate the importance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in diagnosing proventricular and ventricular dilation in birds and emphasize the need for long-term antifungal treatment and monitoring in birds with fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra J. Berg
- 1William T. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Joanne Paul-Murphy
- 2Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Michelle G. Hawkins
- 2Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Barbara A. Byrne
- 3Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
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Leal de Araújo J, Rech RR. Seeing beyond a Dilated Proventriculus: Diagnostic Tools for Proventricular Dilatation Disease in Psittacine Birds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123558. [PMID: 34944332 PMCID: PMC8697990 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a life-threatening neurological disease caused by parrot bornaviruses (PaBVs) that affects several species worldwide. PDD can be clinically manifested as either a central nervous system condition or a gastrointestinal condition if the nerves and ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract are compromised. We intend to provide a concise review for veterinary clinicians and diagnosticians with focus on the main tools available for PDD diagnosis, including gross and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques and serology. We suggest that a combination of different strategies can increase the success of diagnostic outcomes, as tools such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be implemented for identification of bornaviral infections in live patients, and gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR can provide reliable results for postmortem diagnosis of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397000, Paraiba, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Rubia Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA;
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Sigrist B, Geers J, Albini S, Rubbenstroth D, Wolfrum N. A New Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR for Simultaneous Detection and Differentiation of Avian Bornaviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071358. [PMID: 34372564 PMCID: PMC8310230 DOI: 10.3390/v13071358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses were first described in 2008 as the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in parrots and their relatives (Psittaciformes). To date, 15 genetically highly diverse avian bornaviruses covering at least five viral species have been discovered in different bird orders. Currently, the primary diagnostic tool is the detection of viral RNA by conventional or real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR). One of the drawbacks of this is the usage of either specific assays, allowing the detection of one particular virus, or of assays with a broad detection spectrum, which, however, do not allow for the simultaneous specification of the detected virus. To facilitate the simultaneous detection and specification of avian bornaviruses, a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay was developed. Whole-genome sequences of various bornaviruses were aligned. Primers were designed to recognize conserved regions within the overlapping X/P gene and probes were selected to detect virus species-specific regions within the target region. The optimization of the assay resulted in the sensitive and specific detection of bornaviruses of Psittaciformes, Passeriformes, and aquatic birds. Finally, the new rRT-PCR was successfully employed to detect avian bornaviruses in field samples from various avian species. This assay will serve as powerful tool in epidemiological studies and will improve avian bornavirus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Sigrist
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Jessica Geers
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Sarah Albini
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (J.G.); (D.R.)
- Medical Center, Institute of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Wolfrum
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-86-36
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Oziminski KT, de Swarte M, Greenacre CB, Morandi F. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 257:801-803. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.8.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gasthuys E, Houben R, Haesendonck R, De Baere S, Sys SU, Morrens J, Antonissen G. Development of an in Vivo Lipopolysaccharide Inflammation Model to Study the Pharmacodynamics of COX-2 Inhibitors Celecoxib, Mavacoxib, and Meloxicam in Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg 2020; 33:349-360. [PMID: 31833303 DOI: 10.1647/2018-391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used frequently in avian medicine for their antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties during surgery and for diseases that cause tissue damage and inflammation. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the induction of pyresis, pain, and inflammation. In our study, a lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS) pyresis model was optimized using cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) as subject birds (four males/three females) and validated in two females and one male, characterized by an intravenous bolus injection of LPS (7.5 mg/kg) administered at T0 and T24 (24 hours following the first LPS injection). To demonstrate the feasibility of the model to assess pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of different NSAIDs, mavacoxib 4 mg/kg (four males/four females), celecoxib 10 mg/kg (four males/four females) and meloxicam 1 mg/kg (four males/four females) were evaluated in the model at dosages used frequently in practice. The PD parameters (body temperature, mentation, posture, preference of location in the cage, and prostaglandin E2 [PGE2] plasma concentrations) were determined for 10 hours following the second LPS injection. At the doses evaluated, mavacoxib and celecoxib significantly reduced LPS-induced hypothermia, but had no clear effects on other clinical signs of illness. In contrast, no effect on hypothermia or clinical appearance was observed in the LPS-challenged cockatiels treated with meloxicam. All three NSAIDs were able to inhibit the increase in LPS-induced PGE2 plasma concentrations, yet the effect was most pronounced in the birds treated with meloxicam. Consequently, the presented model opens perspectives for future dose-effect PD studies to optimize analgesic protocols in cockatiels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gasthuys
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Renée Houben
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Roel Haesendonck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stanislas U Sys
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joachim Morrens
- VIB, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Neuroelectronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis: Current Debates and Unanswered Questions. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6563723. [PMID: 32411340 PMCID: PMC7212328 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6563723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis, often referred to as parrot wasting disease, is associated with a newly discovered avian virus from the taxonomic family Bornaviridae. Research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment for this disease is ongoing, with implications for understanding other emerging human and nonhuman diseases, as well as the health and ecology of wildlife. At this time, numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the transmission of the disease, best practices for diagnostic sampling and testing, and whether currently used drug therapies are effective or harmful for afflicted birds. The pathogenesis of the disease also remains unclear with many birds showing resistance to the effects of the virus and being able to remain clinically unaffected for years, while other birds succumb to its effects. New research findings regarding avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis are discussed and important as yet unanswered questions are identified.
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Escandon P, Heatley JJ, Tizard I, Guo J, Shivaprasad HL, Musser JM. Treatment With Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Fails To Ameliorate Pathology In Cockatiels Experimentally Infected With Parrot Bornavirus-2. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2019; 10:185-195. [PMID: 31819861 PMCID: PMC6878917 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s229936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Parrot bornavirus is the etiological agent of Parrot bornavirus syndrome, also referred to and comprising proventricular dilatation disease or PDD, macaw wasting disease, enteric ganglioneuritis and encephalitis, and avian ganglioneuritis. It has been suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be able to ameliorate this disease. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of two commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, celecoxib and meloxicam, on cockatiels experimentally inoculated with Parrot bornavirus-2 (PaBV-2). Materials and methods Twenty-seven cockatiels were randomized into 3 groups of 9 birds, matched with respect to historical PaBV shedding, weight, and sex. The cockatiels were inoculated with cell culture-derived PaBV-2 by the intranasal and intramuscular routes. Beginning at 23 days post-inoculation, birds in each group received oral treatment once daily with placebo, meloxicam (1.0 mg/kg), or celecoxib (10.0 mg/kg). Results Within 33–79 days post-inoculation, 2 birds died and 6 birds were euthanized based on neurological or gastrointestinal signs consistent with Parrot bornavirus syndrome: 2 birds were euthanized in the placebo group, 1 bird died and 1 bird was euthanized in the meloxicam-treated group, and 1 bird died and 3 birds were euthanized in the celecoxib-treated group. Of these 8 birds, black intestinal contents were found upon necropsy in 2 birds of the meloxicam-treated group and 2 birds of the celecoxib-treated group. At day 173 (±2) post-inoculation, the remaining 19 birds were euthanized. Necropsy and histopathology showed lesions characteristic of Parrot bornavirus syndrome in 23 cockatiels. Histopathologic lesions were present in birds of all 3 groups. There was no statistical difference between the groups nor was there a statistical difference among the 3 treatment groups in the detection of PaBV RNA and PaBV nucleoprotein using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Conclusion Meloxicam and celecoxib treatments do not appear to alter the clinical presentation, viral shedding, gross lesions, histopathology, or viral distribution. Treatment with NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal toxicity in cockatiels experimentally inoculated with PaBV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Escandon
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - J Jill Heatley
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ian Tizard
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System-Tulare, University of California, Tulare, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mb Musser
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Sa-Ardta P, Rinder M, Sanyathitiseree P, Weerakhun S, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Lorsunyaluck B, Schmitz A, Korbel R. First detection and characterization of Psittaciform bornaviruses in naturally infected and diseased birds in Thailand. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:62-71. [PMID: 30827406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In Thailand a proventricular dilation disease (PDD)-like syndrome commonly occurs in captive psittacine birds. The etiology, however, has been unknown to date and studies to detect parrot bornaviruses have never been performed in Southeastern Asia. Therefore, 111 psittacines (22 different species) including birds with suspected PDD based on clinical examination results (n = 65), cage mates of PDD suspected parrots without any clinical signs (n = 39) and dead birds with previous clinic suspicious for PDD (n = 7) were tested for bornaviruses using various reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and realtime RT-PCR protocols, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, and genome sequencing. Bornaviral infections, indicated by the presence of RNA or antibody positive reactions were detected in 60 birds (54.1%) belonging to 15 psittaciform species and originating from 41 owners. Occurrence of Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus was confirmed by sequencing of PCR products in 24 of these birds. Parrot bornavirus (PaBV)-5, belonging to the species Psittaciform 2 orthobornavirus and found only in single birds in the United States of America, Japan and Hungary until now, was identified in a macaw. Full genome sequencing revealed features shared with other strains of this virus. PaBV-4 was the prevalent virus type and the viruses grouped in two of the five genetic PaBV-4 subclusters known so far while PaBV-2 was found in a single patient. Forty-five psittacines of the group of PDD-suspected birds (69.2%), 4 dead birds and 11 clinically healthy cage mates were positive in at least one test the latter suggesting inefficient horizontal transmission in natural infections. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrations (non-purulent inflammation, ganglioneuritis) and bornavirus antigen were detected in diverse tissues confirming PDD as the disease involved. These results may have a major impact on conservation projects including the five near-threatened parrot species living in the wild in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phirawich Sa-Ardta
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Pornchai Sanyathitiseree
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sompoth Weerakhun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Benchapol Lorsunyaluck
- Exotic Pet Clinic, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Anna Schmitz
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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14
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Geerinckx L, Van der Vekens E, Saunders JH, Lautenschläger I, Van Caelenberg AI. LITERATURE REVIEW OF RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF INTERNAL ORGANS IN PSITTACIFORMES. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Comparative population pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of COX-2 selective inhibitors celecoxib, mavacoxib and meloxicam in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Sci Rep 2017; 7:12043. [PMID: 28947805 PMCID: PMC5612971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective COX-2 inhibitors are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which directly target cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme mainly responsible for induction of inflammation, pyresis and pain. Although commonly used in avian medicine, limited pharmacokinetic (PK) data in domestic and companion birds are available. In this study, PK parameters and absolute oral bioavailability expressed as percentage (F%) of celecoxib (10 mg/kg BW), mavacoxib (4 mg/kg BW) and meloxicam (1 mg/kg BW) were determined following single oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administration to cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). The drugs were quantified in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Data were processed using the nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) approach. In contrast to celecoxib (T1/2el = 0.88 h) and meloxicam (T1/2el = 0.90 h), mavacoxib has a prolonged elimination half-life (T1/2el = 135 h) following oral administration of a commercial formulation (CF). High to complete oral absorption was observed following oral administration of celecoxib (F% = 56-110%) and mavacoxib (F% = 111-113%), CF and standard solutions, respectively. In contrast, the F% of meloxicam was low (F% = 11%). Based on the presented results, a less frequent dosing of mavacoxib is proposed compared to celecoxib and meloxicam. However, pharmacodynamic and safety studies are necessary to further investigate the use of these NSAIDs in cockatiels.
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16
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Nielsen AMW, Ojkic D, Dutton CJ, Smith DA. Aquatic bird bornavirus 1 infection in a captive Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae): presumed natural transmission from free-ranging wild waterfowl. Avian Pathol 2017; 47:58-62. [PMID: 28862888 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1366646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An adult female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) presented with anorexia, maldigestion, weight loss, and various subtle nervous deficits. After four months of unrewarding diagnostics, treatments, and supportive care, the emu was euthanized due to lack of clinical improvement and progressive weight loss. Gross pathology revealed a very narrow pylorus and multiple flaccid diverticula of the small intestines. Histopathological findings included severe lymphoplasmacytic encephalomyelitis and multifocal lymphocytic neuritis associated with the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction on the brain were positive for an avian bornavirus (ABV), and partial sequencing of the matrix gene identified aquatic bird bornavirus-1 (ABBV-1), 100% identical to viruses circulating in wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis). As wild geese frequently grazed and defaecated in the emu's outdoor exhibit, natural transmission of ABBV-1 from free-ranging waterfowl to the emu was presumed to have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M W Nielsen
- a Toronto Zoo , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Department of Pathobiology , Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- c Animal Health Laboratory , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Dale A Smith
- b Department of Pathobiology , Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
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17
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Högemann C, Richter R, Korbel R, Rinder M. Plasma protein, haematologic and blood chemistry changes in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) experimentally infected with bornavirus. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:556-570. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1325442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Högemann
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger Korbel
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Rinder
- Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Bourque L, Laniesse D, Beaufrère H, Pastor A, Ojkic D, Smith DA. Identification of avian bornavirus in a Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) with neurological disease. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:323-7. [PMID: 25980634 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A one-year-old male Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus) was presented for veterinary attention with a history of chronic wasting, weakness and ataxia. The bird died, and post-mortem findings included mild non-suppurative encephalitis and degenerative encephalopathy, lymphoplasmacytic myenteric ganglioneuritis (particularly of the proventriculus), and Wallerian degeneration of the sciatic nerves. Avian bornavirus (ABV) was identified in the brain by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction product indicated the presence of ABV genotype 4, which is generally associated with disease in psittacine birds. Subsequent to the death of the pheasant, ABV genotype 4 was identified at autopsy from a juvenile white-bellied caique (Pionites leucogaster) in the same collection. We hypothesize that the pheasant became infected through contact with psittacine birds with which it shared an aviary. We believe this to be the first reported case of natural ABV infection in a bird in the Order Galliformes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bourque
- a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada
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19
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Wellehan • JF, Lierz • M, Phalen • D, Raidal • S, Styles • DK, Crosta • L, Melillo • A, Schnitzer • P, Lennox • A, Lumeij JT. Infectious disease. CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158187 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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20
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Detection of anti-avian bornavirus antibodies in parrots in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. ACTA VET BRNO 2014. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201483030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the avian bornavirus (ABV) aetiology of the proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) was proven in 2008, ABV has been detected in many avian species. The aim of the present study was to detect ABV antibodies in parrots in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. A total of 142 birds were examined, including 37 birds with symptoms typical for PDD, 54 birds without PDD symptoms, and 51 parrots without any clinical symptoms of PDD but originating from one flock with a proven history of PDD. Sera from 142 birds were tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies against ABV nucleoprotein p40. Of 142 serum samples, 71 were positive (50%) and 71 negative (50%). In a group of birds with clinical symptoms of PDD, 77.1% showed to be ABV positive, whereas in the group of sick birds without suspicion of PDD the percentage of positive birds was 31.6%. In the birds that had a cage mate that was positive for ABV or died with PDD, 42.9% were ABV positive. Of the parrots without PDD symptoms but originating from the flock with a recent history of PDD, 62.8% of the birds were positive for antibodies against ABV nucleoprotein p40. The results suggest that PDD is common and there is a high percentage of asymptomatic carriers of ABV in the breeding facilities of parrots in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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21
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Guo J, Payne S, Zhang S, Turner D, Tizard I, Suchodolski P. Avian bornaviruses: diagnosis, isolation, and genotyping. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:15I.1.1-33. [PMID: 25082005 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc15i01s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
These protocols apply to all currently known genotypes of avian bornavirus (ABV). First, they include four basic protocols for molecular techniques that should enable an investigator to detect ABV infection in a live or dead bird. These include both reverse transcriptase and real-time PCR assays. Second, they include three protocols enabling ABV infections to be diagnosed by serologic techniques including indirect immunofluorescence assays, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunoassays. Third, they also include methods by which ABV can be isolated from infected bird tissues by culture in primary duck embryo fibroblasts, as well as in other avian cell lines. Finally, as part of a diagnostic workup, any virus detected should be genotyped by sequencing, and a protocol for this is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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22
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Donatti RV, Resende M, Ferreira FCJ, Marques MVR, Ecco R, Shivaprasad HL, de Resende JS, Martins NRDS. Fatal proventricular dilatation disease in captive native psittacines in Brazil. Avian Dis 2014; 58:187-93. [PMID: 24758135 DOI: 10.1637/10588-061013-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal inflammatory disease of psittacines (Aves: Psittaciformes), is described in native Brazilian psittacines. Twenty captive psittacines that died of suspected PDD were necropsied and 10 were submitted to histopathology, reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for avian bornavirus (ABV). Examined species were one pileated parrot (Pionopsitta pileata), three vinaceous-breasted parrots (Amazona vinacea), two blue-winged macaws (Primolius maracana), one scarlet macaw (Ara macao), one chestnut-fronted macaw (Ara severa), one scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani), and one red-browed Amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha). Gross examination and histopathology revealed typical PDD lesions in all birds. The presence of ABV was confirmed in four psittacines including one red-browed Amazon parrot, one blue-winged macaw, one scarlet macaw, and one chestnut-fronted macaw. In the red-browed Amazon parrot and in one blue-winged macaw, IHC demonstrated ABV antigens in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells in various organs. This is the first description of PDD by ABV in Brazilian psittacines and indicates the necessity for adopting a strategic control plan for reducing its impact in native birds.
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23
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Avian bornavirus in free-ranging waterfowl: prevalence of antibodies and cloacal shedding of viral RNA. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:512-23. [PMID: 24779463 DOI: 10.7589/2013-08-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed free-ranging Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator), Mute Swans (Cygnus olor), and Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) to estimate the prevalence of antibodies to avian bornavirus (ABV) and of cloacal shedding of ABV RNA in southern Ontario, Canada. Blood samples and cloacal swabs were collected from 206 free-ranging Canada Geese, 135 Trumpeter Swans, 75 Mute Swans, and 208 Mallards at 10 main capture sites between October 2010 and May 2012. Sera were assessed for antibodies against ABV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and swabs were evaluated for ABV RNA using real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Serum antibodies were detected in birds from all four species and at each sampling site. Thirteen percent of the geese caught on the Toronto Zoo site shed ABV RNA in feces compared with 0% in geese sampled at three other locations. The proportions of shedders among Mute Swans, Trumpeter Swans, and Mallards were 9%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Birds that were shedding viral RNA were more likely to have antibodies against ABV and to have higher antibody levels than those that were not, although many birds with antibodies were not shedding. We confirmed that exposure to, or infection with, ABV is widespread in asymptomatic free-ranging waterfowl in Canada; however, the correlation between cloacal shedding, presence of antibodies, and presence of disease is not fully understood.
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24
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Delnatte P, Mak M, Ojkic D, Raghav R, DeLay J, Smith DA. Detection of Avian bornavirus in multiple tissues of infected psittacine birds using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:266-71. [PMID: 24518276 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713519641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV), the cause of proventricular dilation disease in psittacine birds, has been detected in multiple tissues of infected birds using immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In the current study, real-time RT-PCR, using primers targeting the ABV matrix gene, was used to detect ABV in 146 tissues from 7 ABV-infected psittacine birds. Eighty-six percent of the samples tested positive, with crossing point values ranging from 13.82 to 37.82 and a mean of 22.3. These results were compared to the findings of a previous study using gel-based RT-PCR and IHC on the same samples. The agreement between the 2 RT-PCR techniques was 91%; when tests disagreed it was because samples were negative using gel-based RT-PCR but positive on real-time RT-PCR. Agreement with IHC was 77%; 16 out of 74 samples were negative using IHC but positive on real-time RT-PCR. The results suggest that real-time RT-PCR is a more sensitive technique than gel-based RT-PCR and IHC to detect ABV in tissues. The tissues that were ranked most frequently as having a high amount of viral RNA were proventriculus, kidney, colon, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Skeletal muscle, on the other hand, was found to have a consistently low amount of viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Delnatte
- 1Dale A. Smith, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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25
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Kubiak M, Forbes NA. Fluoroscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal transit time in African Grey parrots. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.101145rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kubiak
- Manor Vets373 Hagley Road, EdgbastonBirminghamW MidsB17 8DLUK
| | - N. A. Forbes
- Avian and Exotic Animal DepartmentGreat Western Referrals, Unit 10, Berkshire House, County Park EstateSwindonUK
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26
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Delnatte P, Ojkic D, Delay J, Campbell D, Crawshaw G, Smith DA. Pathology and diagnosis of avian bornavirus infection in wild Canada geese (Branta canadensis), trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) and mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Canada: a retrospective study. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:114-28. [PMID: 23581438 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.769669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine hundred and fifty-five pathology cases collected in Ontario between 1992 and 2011 from wild free-ranging Canada geese, trumpeter swans and mute swans were retrospectively evaluated for the pathology associated with avian bornavirus (ABV) infection. Cases were selected based on the presence of upper gastrointestinal impaction, central nervous system histopathology or clinical history suggestive of ABV infection. The proportion of birds meeting at least one of these criteria was significantly higher at the Toronto Zoo (30/132) than elsewhere in Ontario (21/823). Central, peripheral and autonomic nervous tissues were examined for the presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells on histopathology. The presence of virus was assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on frozen brains and on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Among selected cases, 86.3% (44/51) were considered positive on histopathology, 56.8% (29/51) were positive by immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR was positive on 88.2% (15/17) of the frozen brains and 78.4% (40/51) of the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Histopathological lesions included gliosis and lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffing in brain (97.7%), spinal cord (50%), peripheral nerves (55.5%) and myenteric ganglia or nerves (62.8%), resembling lesions described in parrots affected with proventricular dilatation disease. Partial amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid gene from seven geese were 100% identical amongst themselves and 98.1 to 100% identical to the waterfowl sequences recently described in the USA. Although ABV has been identified in apparently healthy geese, our study confirmed that ABV can also be associated with significant disease in wild waterfowl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Delnatte
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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27
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Hoppes S, Heatley JJ, Guo J, Turner D, Shivaprasad H, Tizard I. Meloxicam Treatment in Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) Infected With Avian Bornavirus. J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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28
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Brandão J, Beaufrère H. Clinical Update and Treatment of Selected Infectious Gastrointestinal Diseases in Avian Species. J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Last RD, Weissenböck H, Nedorost N, Shivaprasad HL. Avian bornavirus genotype 4 recovered from naturally infected psittacine birds with proventricular dilatation disease in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2012; 83:938. [PMID: 23327145 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v83i1.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of proventricular dilatation disease caused by avian bornavirus (ABV) in captive psittacine birds has long been suspected in South Africa. This report documents the first detection by polymerase chain reaction and gene sequence analyses of ABV from three clinical cases of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in captive bred blue and gold macaws (Araara rauna) resident in this country. Lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis, gastrointestinal myenteric gangioneuritis and leiomyositis were the most prominent histopathological changes and ABV genotype 4 was detected in tissues from all three birds. Immunohistochemical stains for ABV antigen revealed positive labelling of neurons and glial cells of the brain, myenteric ganglia and nerve fibres as well as smooth muscle cells of the gastrointestinal tract of all three birds. In one bird, positive labelling of the peripheral nerves was observed. The identical sequence of the analaysed genome fragment of all three samples, history that all of these birds had originated from the same breeding facility, and young age at presentation raise the question of possible vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Last
- Vetdiagnostix - Veterinary Pathology Services, Cascades, South Africa.
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30
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Kubiak M, Forbes NA. Fluoroscopic evaluation of gastrointestinal transit time in African Grey parrots. Vet Rec 2012; 171:563. [PMID: 23118042 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Kubiak
- Manor Vets, 373 Hagley Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, W Mids B17 8DL, UK.
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31
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Rubbenstroth D, Rinder M, Kaspers B, Staeheli P. Efficient isolation of avian bornaviruses (ABV) from naturally infected psittacine birds and identification of a new ABV genotype from a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:36-42. [PMID: 22824256 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses (ABV) have been discovered in 2008 as the causative agent of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in psittacine birds. To date, six ABV genotypes have been described in psittacines. Furthermore, two additional but genetically different ABV genotypes were recognized in non-psittacine birds such as canary birds and wild waterfowl. This remarkable genetic diversity poses a considerable challenge to ABV diagnosis, since polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays may fail to detect distantly related or as yet unknown genotypes. In this study we investigated the use of virus isolation in cell culture as a strategy for improving ABV diagnosis. We found that the quail fibroblast cell line CEC-32 allows very efficient isolation of ABV from psittacine birds. Isolation of ABV was successful not only from organ samples but also from cloacal and pharyngeal swabs and blood samples collected intra vitam from naturally infected parrots. Importantly, using this experimental approach we managed to isolate a new ABV genotype, termed ABV-7, from a salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Phylogenetic analysis showed that ABV-7 is most closely related to the psittacine genotypes ABV-1, -2, -3, and -4 and clearly distinct from genotypes ABV-5 and -6. Our successful identification of ABV-7 emphasizes the necessity to consider the high genetic diversity when trying to diagnose ABV infections with high reliability and further shows that classical virus isolation may represent a useful diagnostic option, particularly for the detection of new ABV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rubbenstroth
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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32
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Heatley JJ, Villalobos AR. Avian bornavirus in the urine of infected birds. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2012; 3:19-23. [PMID: 30155430 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s31336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian bornavirus (ABV) causes proventricular dilatation disease in multiple avian species. In severe clinical disease, the virus, while primarily neurotropic, can be detected in many organs, including the kidneys. We postulated that ABV could be shed by the kidneys and found in the urine of infected birds. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated viral N and P proteins of ABV within the renal tubules. We adapted a nonsurgical method of urine collection for use in parrots known to be shedding ABV in their droppings. We obtained urine without feces, and results were compared with swabs of fresh voided feces. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay performed on these paired samples from five birds indicated that ABV was shed in quantity in the urine of infected birds, and a single sample was urine-positive and fecal-negative. We suggest that urine sampling may be a superior sample for detection of birds shedding ABV, and advocate that additional birds, known to be shedding or infected with ABV, should be investigated via this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice R Villalobos
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA
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