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Sylvester HJ, Griffith EH, Jacob ME, Foster DM. Factors associated with strongyle infection in goats at the individual and farm level. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:907-917. [PMID: 30211646 DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.7.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with strongyle infection and parasite reduction strategies associated with low strongyle fecal egg counts (FECs) in goats on farms in North Carolina. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 631 adult goats on 52 farms in North Carolina. PROCEDURES Participating farms were visited to collect fecal samples from goats and administer a survey regarding goat, environmental, and management factors. The McMaster technique was used to determine strongyle FEC for each sample. Univariate followed by multivariate modeling was performed to identify factors associated with FEC at the farm and individual goat level. RESULTS Multivariate analysis controlling for several other factors and multiple comparisons revealed that farms on which no anthelmintic drugs had ever been used had the lowest mean FECs, compared with farms on which specific strategies for parasite control were used; no other variables were significant. For individual goat FEC, significant variables included goat breed, breed type, owner-defined purpose, daily dietary protein intake, and fecal coccidia score. In particular, companion goats (vs meat or dairy goats) had the lowest FECs. Higher dietary protein intake and coccidia scores were associated with higher FECs. Among females, goats that had kidded in the last 6 weeks had the highest FECs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Various factors were identified that appeared to influence the likelihood of strongyle infection in goats. The finding that farms with no history of anthelmintic use had the lowest mean FECs suggested that a focus on preventative measures could reduce the need for anthelmintic drugs and, by extension, lessen the opportunity for the development of anthelmintic resistance.
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Cai KZ, Wang BB, Xu Q, Liu JL, Wang KY, Xue YJ, Zhang HY, Wang HY, Cao X, Ma ZR. In vitro and in vivo studies of nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis and Arthrobotrys robusta against the larvae of the trichostrongylides. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:666-674. [PMID: 28682779 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of Arthrobotrys musiformis and five isolates of Arthrobotrys robusta were assessed in in vitro test regarding the capacity of prey larvae of the natural mixed trichostrongylides. In 5 isolates of A. robusta, the decrease percentage of infective larvae (L3) of trichostrongylides ranged from 97.71%-99.98% and for the isolates of A. musiformis, 5 isolates ranged from 97.99%-99.95% and only NF015 isolate 60.72%. In the following, the isolate (NPS045) of A. musiformis was selected to assess its excretion time in feces after oral administration of goats. Regarding L3 reduction rate, results demonstrated by NPS045 at each time point after fungal administration were 31.65% (12 h), 51.25% (24 h), 41.07% (48 h), 6.44% (72 h), 0% (96 h) and (120 h) (p<0.05) respectively, when compared to the control group. In the plates of the treated groups, the presence of the isolate (NPS045) was detected in samples at 12, 24 and 48 h after the fungus dose and 72 h later was not done. All native isolates of nematophagous fungi, including 6 isolates of A. musiformis and 5 isolates of A. robusta were assessed in vivo regarding the capacity of supporting the passage through goat gastrointestinal tract. The 3 isolates of A. musiformis could be able to pass through the digestive tract of goats without complete loss of ability of preying larvae of trichostrongylides in feces and their efficacies ranged from 47.60% to 55.93%. The two isolates of A. robusta survived the passage and the percentage reduction of L3 in feces were 41.96% and 66.97%, respectively. The remaining isolates were negative for both the efficacy of L3 reduction and the fungal examination in feces. In this study, the native isolates whose efficacies are good in vivo test have preliminarily demonstrated to be potential for the biological control of small ruminant parasite.
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Cai KZ, Liu JL, Liu W, Wang BB, Xu Q, Sun LJ, Chen MY, Zhao MW, Wu JY, Li XS, Yang J, Wei S, Chen CR, Ma ZR, Xu CL, Wang F, Hu QL, Fang WX, Zheng TH, Wang YY, Zhu WL, Li D, Li Q, Zhang C, Cai B, Wang F, Yang ZY, Liu YQ. Screening of different sample types associated with sheep and cattle for the presence of nematophagous fungi in China. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:214-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jun-Lin Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bo-Bo Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Long-Jie Sun
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-Yue Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Ming-Wang Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jia-Yan Wu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Xiao-Shan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Shuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-Rong Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Zhong-Ren Ma
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chun-Lan Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qian-Lin Hu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wen-Xiu Fang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Tian-Hui Zheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Wen-Long Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Bing Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Zai-Yun Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering; Northwest University for Nationalities; Lanzhou China
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Wang BB, Liu W, Chen MY, Li X, Han Y, Xu Q, Sun LJ, Xie DQ, Cai KZ, Liu YZ, Liu JL, Yi LX, Wang H, Zhao MW, Li XS, Wu JY, Yang J, Wang YY. Isolation and Characterization of China Isolates ofDuddingtonia flagrans, a Candidate of the Nematophagous Fungi for Biocontrol of Animal Parasitic Nematodes. J Parasitol 2015; 101:476-84. [DOI: 10.1645/14-715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Buxton SK, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine increases activation of voltage-activated potassium (SLO-1) currents in Ascaris suum and potentiates effects of emodepside. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3276. [PMID: 25411836 PMCID: PMC4238981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diethylcarbamazine is a drug that is used for the treatment of filariasis in humans and animals; it also has effects on intestinal nematodes, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. Emodepside is a resistance-busting anthelmintic approved for treating intestinal parasitic nematodes in animals. The novel mode of action and resistance-breaking properties of emodepside has led to its use against intestinal nematodes of animals, and as a candidate drug for treating filarial parasites. We have previously demonstrated effects of emodepside on SLO-1 K+-like currents in Ascaris suum. Here, we demonstrate that diethylcarbamazine, which has been proposed to work through host mediated effects, has direct effects on a nematode parasite, Ascaris suum. It increases activation of SLO-1 K+ currents and potentiates effects of emodepside. Our results suggest consideration of the combination of emodepside and diethylcarbamazine for therapy, which is predicted to be synergistic. The mode of action of diethylcarbamazine may involve effects on parasite signaling pathways (including nitric oxide) as well as effects mediated by host inflammatory mediators. Filarial parasites and soil-transmitted nematodes (STNs) are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) that affect millions of people in the developing world. There is an urgent need for novel drugs and improved use of existing drugs, because of concerns about the development of resistance. The mode of action of one of these drugs, diethylcarbamazine, remains unclear, despite the fact that it has been used for a long time for treatment and prevention of filariae and STNs. The resistance-busting anthelmintic emodepside also has effects against filariae and STNs, with a mode of action that involves activation of nematode SLO-1 K+ channels. The effects of both diethylcarbamazine and emodepside may be increased by inflammatory mediators, which suggests that the effects of diethylcarbamazine and emodepside will be additive. We used our Ascaris suum preparation to test the activation of SLO-1 K+ channels by diethylcarbamazine and its potentiating effect on emodepside. Our results suggest potential for diethylcarbamazine and emodepside in combination therapy for parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K. Buxton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wiśniewski M, Lapiński M, Zdziarska A, Długosz E, Bąska P. Molecular cloning and analysis of Ancylostoma ceylanicum glutamate-cysteine ligase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 196:12-20. [PMID: 25092620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is a heterodimer enzyme composed of a catalytic subunit (GCLC) and a modifier subunit (GCLM). This enzyme catalyses the synthesis of γ-glutamylcysteine, a precursor of glutathione. cDNAs of the putative glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (Ace-GCLC) and modifier subunits (Ace-GCLM) of Ancylostoma ceylanicum were cloned using the RACE-PCR amplification method. The Ace-gclc and Ace-gclm cDNAs encode proteins with 655 and 254 amino acids and calculated molecular masses of 74.76 and 28.51kDa, respectively. The Ace-GCLC amino acid sequence shares about 70% identity and 80% sequence similarity with orthologs in Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Brugia malayi, and Ascaris suum, whereas the Ace-GCLM amino acid sequence has only about 30% sequence identity and 50% similarity to homologous proteins in those species. Real-time PCR analysis of mRNA expression in L3, serum stimulated L3 and adult stages of A. ceylanicum showed the highest level of Ace-GCLC and Ace-GCLM expression occurred in adult worms. No differences were detected among adult hookworms harvested 21 and 35dpi indicating expression of Ace-gclc and Ace-gclm in adult worms is constant during the course of infection. Positive interaction between two subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase was detected using the yeast two-hybrid system, and by specific enzymatic reaction. Ace-GCL is an intracellular enzyme and is not exposed to the host immune system. Thus, as expected, we did not detect IgG antibodies against Ace-GCLC or Ace-GCLM on days 21, 60 and 120 of A. ceylanicum infection in hamsters. Furthermore, vaccination with one or both antigens did not reduce worm burdens, and resulted in no improvement of clinical parameters (hematocrit and hemoglobin) of infected hamsters. Therefore, due to the significant role of the enzyme in parasite metabolism, our analyses raises hope for the development of a successful new drug against ancylostomiasis based on the specific GCL inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maciej Lapiński
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zdziarska
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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Treger RS, Cook AG, Rai G, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A, Jadhav A, Thomas CJ, Williams DL, Cappello M, Vermeire JJ. Oxadiazole 2-oxides are toxic to the human hookworm, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, however glutathione reductase is not the primary target. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:171-177. [PMID: 22844653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm disease, characterized by severe anemia and cognitive and growth delays, currently affects an estimated 740 million people worldwide. Despite the prevalence of this parasitic disease, few effective drug therapies are in use today, and the heavy reliance upon benzimidazoles highlights the need for the development of novel chemotherapies. Recent work with the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni has identified oxadiazole 2-oxides as effective antischistosomal compounds that function by targeting and inhibiting the antioxidant enzyme, thioredoxin glutathione reductase. In this study, a related enzyme, glutathione reductase, from the human hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum was identified and characterized, and its in vitro activity in the presence of the oxadiazole 2-oxides was analyzed. Ex vivo worm killing assays were also conducted to establish the relationship between a given compound's effect upon worm survival and inhibition of recombinant glutathione reductase (rAceGR). Finally, the in vivo anthelminthic efficacy of furoxan (Fx) was assessed in the hamster model of hookworm infection. The predicted amino acid sequence of AceGR contained a prototypical glutathione reductase active site sequence, but no thioredoxin reductase consensus sequences, suggesting that the glutathione and thioredoxin pathways of A. ceylanicum are distinct. Although ten of the forty-two oxadiazole 2-oxides tested inhibited rAceGR activity by at least fifty percent, and fifteen compounds were toxic to parasites ex vivo, little overlap existed between these two results. We therefore suggest that AceGR is not the primary target of the oxadiazole 2-oxides in effecting parasite death. Lastly, oral treatment of A. ceylanicuminfected hamsters with furoxan resulted in significantly improved weight gains and reduced intestinal worm burdens compared to vehicle treated controls, supporting continued development of this molecule as a novel anthelminthic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Treger
- Program in International Child Health and Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Prichard R, Ménez C, Lespine A. Moxidectin and the avermectins: Consanguinity but not identity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:134-53. [PMID: 24533275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The avermectins and milbemycins contain a common macrocyclic lactone (ML) ring, but are fermentation products of different organisms. The principal structural difference is that avermectins have sugar groups at C13 of the macrocyclic ring, whereas the milbemycins are protonated at C13. Moxidectin (MOX), belonging to the milbemycin family, has other differences, including a methoxime at C23. The avermectins and MOX have broad-spectrum activity against nematodes and arthropods. They have similar but not identical, spectral ranges of activity and some avermectins and MOX have diverse formulations for great user flexibility. The longer half-life of MOX and its safety profile, allow MOX to be used in long-acting formulations. Some important differences between MOX and avermectins in interaction with various invertebrate ligand-gated ion channels are known and could be the basis of different efficacy and safety profiles. Modelling of IVM interaction with glutamate-gated ion channels suggest different interactions will occur with MOX. Similarly, profound differences between MOX and the avermectins are seen in interactions with ABC transporters in mammals and nematodes. These differences are important for pharmacokinetics, toxicity in animals with defective transporter expression, and probable mechanisms of resistance. Resistance to the avermectins has become widespread in parasites of some hosts and MOX resistance also exists and is increasing. There is some degree of cross-resistance between the avermectins and MOX, but avermectin resistance and MOX resistance are not identical. In many cases when resistance to avermectins is noticed, MOX produces a higher efficacy and quite often is fully effective at recommended dose rates. These similarities and differences should be appreciated for optimal decisions about parasite control, delaying, managing or reversing resistances, and also for appropriate anthelmintic combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Ménez
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Lespine
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France ; Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR 1331, Toxalim, F-31000 Toulouse, France
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