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Staphylococcus aureus causing respiratory disease and mastitis in sheep. Vet Rec 2024; 195:63-66. [PMID: 39031147 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.4507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
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Bilbao L, Acquistapace S, Umpiérrez A, Smircich P, Alonzo P, Sotelo-Silveira JR, Zunino P. Genomic characterization of Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi Uruguayan strains isolated from calves with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Rev Argent Microbiol 2024; 56:165-174. [PMID: 38403533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an ocular disease that affects bovines and has significant economic and health effects worldwide. Gram negative bacteria Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi are its main etiological agents. Antimicrobial therapy against IBK is often difficult in beef and dairy herds and, although vaccines are commercially available, their efficacy is variable and dependent on local strains. The aim of this study was to analyze for the first time the genomes of Uruguayan clinical isolates of M. bovis and M. bovoculi. The genomes were de novo assembled and annotated; the genetic basis of fimbrial synthesis was analyzed and virulence factors were identified. A 94% coverage in the reference genomes of both species, and more than 80% similarity to the reference genomes were observed. The mechanism of fimbrial phase variation in M. bovis was detected, and the tfpQ orientation of these genes confirmed, in an inversion region of approximately 2.18kb. No phase variation was determined in the fimbrial gene of M. bovoculi. When virulence factors were compared between strains, it was observed that fimbrial genes have 36.2% sequence similarity. In contrast, the TonB-dependent lactoferrin/transferrin receptor exhibited the highest percentage of amino acid similarity (97.7%) between strains, followed by cytotoxins MbxA/MbvA and the ferric uptake regulator. The role of these virulence factors in the pathogenesis of IBK and their potential as vaccine components should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Bilbao
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sofía Acquistapace
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Virbac Uruguay SA, Millán 4175, PC 12900, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Smircich
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Alonzo
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Virbac Uruguay SA, Millán 4175, PC 12900, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José R Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600,, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, PC 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Wilkes RP, Anis E, Kattoor JJ. Moraxella oculi sp. nov., isolated from a cow with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74. [PMID: 38415687 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel species of the genus Moraxella was isolated from an ocular swab from a cow with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. 16S rRNA gene sequencing suggested this species was Moraxella bovis (99.59 % nucleotide identity). Average nucleotide identity was calculated using a draft whole genome sequence of this strain compared with type strains of closely related Moraxella species and results established that it represents a new species. The genome size was 2 006 474 nucleotides and the G+C content was 42.51 mol%. The species could not be identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry using a commercial database, confirming the novelty of the strain. We propose the name Moraxella oculi sp. nov. for this new species. The type strain is Tifton1T and has been deposited into the American Type Culture Collection (TSD-373T) and the National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC), UK Health Security Agency (NCTC 14942T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Wilkes
- Work was performed at the Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Georgia, USA
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
| | - Eman Anis
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jobin J Kattoor
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, Indiana, USA
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Ravikumaran KS, King RM, Notaro A, Molinaro A, de Castro C, Wilson JC, Grice ID, Peak IR. Moraxella ovis and Moraxella bovoculi lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes, and structural characterisation of oligosaccharide from M. ovis 354T. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109043. [PMID: 38281396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Moraxella ovis is a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from sheep conjunctivitis cases and is a rare isolate of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). This species is closely related to M. bovoculi, another species which can also be isolated from IBK, or cattle upper respiratory tract (URT). Prior to molecular identification techniques, M. bovoculi was frequently misclassified as M. ovis. We previously described the structure of two oligosaccharides (lipooligosaccharide-derived, minor and major glycoforms) from M. bovoculi 237T (type strain, also ATCC BAA-1259T). Here, we have identified the genetic loci for lipooligosaccharide synthesis in M. ovis 354T (NCTC11227) and compared it with M. bovoculi 237T. We identified genes encoding the known glycosyltransferases Lgt6 and Lgt3 in M.ovis. These genes are conserved in Moraxella spp., including M bovoculi. We identified three further putative OS biosynthesis genes that are restricted to M. ovis and M. bovoculi. These encode enzymes predicted to function as GDP-mannose synthases, namely a mannosyltransferase and a glycosyltransferase. Adding insight into the genetic relatedness of M.ovis and M. bovoculi, the M. ovis genes have higher similarity to those in M. bovoculi genotype 2 (nasopharyngeal isolates from asymptomatic cattle), than to M. bovoculi genotype 1 (isolates from eyes of IBK-affected cattle). Sequence analysis confirmed that the predicted mannosyltransferase in M. bovoculi 237T is interrupted by a C>T polymorphism. This mutation is not present in other M. bovoculi strains sequenced to date. We isolated and characterised LOS-derived oligosaccharide from M. ovis 354T. GLC-MS and NMR spectroscopy data revealed a heptasaccharide structure with three β-D-Glcp residues attached as branches to the central 3,4,6-α-D-Glcp, with subsequent attachment to Kdo. This inner core arrangement is consistent with the action of Lgt6 and Lgt3 glycosyltransferases. Two α-D-Manp residues are linearly attached to the 4-linked β-D-Glcp, consistent with the presence of the two identified glycosyltransferases. This oligosaccharide structure is consistent with the previously reported minor glycoform isolated from M. bovoculi 237T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala S Ravikumaran
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Rebecca M King
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Anna Notaro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Cristina de Castro
- Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jennifer C Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - I Darren Grice
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Ian R Peak
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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Gupta S, Kuehn LA, Clawson ML. Early detection of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis with artificial intelligence. Vet Res 2023; 54:122. [PMID: 38102629 PMCID: PMC10724966 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) was developed to distinguish cattle by their muzzle patterns and identify early cases of disease, including infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). It was tested on 870 cattle in four locations, with 170 developing IBK. The AI identified 169 of the 170 cases prior to their identification by veterinarians, and another 17 cases that remained free of IBK signs (sensitivity = 99.4%, specificity = 97.6%). These results indicate the AI can detect emerging IBK cases by muzzle images very early in the disease process and be used as an intervention tool in the prevention of IBK outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry A Kuehn
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA
| | - Michael L Clawson
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U. S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, 68933, USA.
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Strochkov V, Sattarova R, Boranbayeva K, Bakiyeva F, Shynybayev K, Aitzhanov B, Kassenov M. Development and evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction in real-time for differential diagnosis of Moraxella-induced keratoconjunctivitis in livestock. Vet World 2023; 16:2526-2532. [PMID: 38328358 PMCID: PMC10844794 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2526-2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a prevalent ocular disease that affects livestock, leading to substantial economic losses due to reduced production and culling of infected animals. Moraxella spp. is common bacterial pathogens that can cause keratoconjunctivitis in livestock. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and disease control. This study aimed to develop a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) assay for the detection and differentiation of Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella ovis, and Moraxella bovis. Materials and Methods Three reference strains of Moraxella as positive controls and 36 lacrimal swab samples collected from cattle were used to evaluate the developed mRT-PCR assay DNA extraction that was performed using the RIBO-sorb DNA/RNA extraction kit. Primers and probes were designed using the SpeciesPrimer pipeline. The annealing temperature, primer and probe concentrations, and sensitivity and specificity of the assay were optimized. Results An mRT-PCR assay was developed to detect pathogens associated with IBK in cattle on the basis of optimized parameters. The specificity and sensitivity of this assay were confirmed using samples containing individual pathogens (O - M. ovis, B - M. bovis, and BO - M. bovoculi), combinations of two pathogens (O-B, B-BO, and O-BO), and when the DNA of all three pathogens was present in a single reaction (O-B-BO). The analytical sensitivity of mRT-PCR for detecting M. ovis and M. bovoculi DNA was 21 copies or 50 fg per reaction, whereas that for M. bovis was 210 copies or 500 fg per reaction. In addition, this assay has been tested on samples isolated from the affected eyes of cattle in the Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Conclusion For the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the proposed mRT-PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of three Moraxella spp. pathogens has been developed. This assay exhibits the required specificity and high sensitivity for m RT-PCR, facilitating the timely implementation of effective measures for disease control and the prevention of economic losses. These losses are linked to a reduction in livestock breeding value, a reduction in meat and milk production, a reduction in the reproductive performance of heifers, resulting in fewer offspring, as well as costs related to the treatment of affected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy Strochkov
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Rano Sattarova
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Karlygash Boranbayeva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Flyura Bakiyeva
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuandyk Shynybayev
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Batyrbek Aitzhanov
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, LLP “Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute”, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
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Gafen HB, Liu CC, Ineck NE, Scully CM, Mironovich MA, Taylor CM, Luo M, Leis ML, Scott EM, Carter RT, Hernke DM, Paul NC, Lewin AC. Alterations to the bovine bacterial ocular surface microbiome in the context of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:60. [PMID: 37996960 PMCID: PMC10668498 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a common cause of morbidity in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses. This study aimed to characterize the bovine bacterial ocular surface microbiome (OSM) through conjunctival swab samples from Normal eyes and eyes with naturally acquired, active IBK across populations of cattle using a three-part approach, including bacterial culture, relative abundance (RA, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing), and semi-quantitative random forest modeling (real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)). RESULTS Conjunctival swab samples were obtained from eyes individually classified as Normal (n = 376) or IBK (n = 228) based on clinical signs. Cattle unaffected by IBK and the unaffected eye in cattle with contralateral IBK were used to obtain Normal eye samples. Moraxella bovis was cultured from similar proportions of IBK (7/228, 3.07%) and Normal eyes (1/159, 0.63%) (p = 0.1481). Moraxella bovoculi was cultured more frequently (p < 0.0001) in IBK (59/228, 25.88%) than Normal (7/159, 4.40%) eyes. RA (via 16 S rRNA gene sequencing) of Actinobacteriota was significantly higher in Normal eyes (p = 0.0045). Corynebacterium variabile and Corynebacterium stationis (Actinobacteriota) were detected at significantly higher RA (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0025 respectively) in Normal eyes. Rothia nasimurium (Actinobacteriota) was detected at significantly higher RA in IBK eyes (p < 0.0001). Alpha-diversity index was not significantly different between IBK and Normal eyes (p > 0.05). Alpha-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.0001), sex (p < 0.05) and breed (p < 0.01) and beta-diversity indices for geographic location (p < 0.001), disease status (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001) and breed (p < 0.001) were significantly different between groups. Modeling of RT-PCR values reliably categorized the microbiome of IBK and Normal eyes; primers for Moraxella bovoculi, Moraxella bovis, and Staphylococcus spp. were consistently the most significant canonical variables in these models. CONCLUSIONS The results provide further evidence that multiple elements of the bovine bacterial OSM are altered in the context of IBK, indicating the involvement of a variety of bacteria in addition to Moraxella bovis, including Moraxella bovoculi and R. nasimurium, among others. Actinobacteriota RA is altered in IBK, providing possible opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions. While RT-PCR modeling provided limited further support for the involvement of Moraxella bovis in IBK, this was not overtly reflected in culture or RA results. Results also highlight the influence of geographic location and breed type (dairy or beef) on the bovine bacterial OSM. RT-PCR modeling reliably categorized samples as IBK or Normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nikole E Ineck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Clare M Scully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Melanie A Mironovich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Christopher M Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, 2020 Gravier St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University, 2020 Gravier St, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Marina L Leis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - David M Hernke
- Department of Ambulatory Medicine and Theriogenology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, 483 Agronomy Rd, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Kuibagarov M, Abdullina E, Ryskeldina A, Abdigulov B, Amirgazin A, Shevtsov A, Angelos JA. Association of different microbes and pathogenic factors in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle from Eastern Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:1833-1839. [PMID: 37859972 PMCID: PMC10583875 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1833-1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) causes a significant economic loss to cattle industries in many countries, including Kazakhstan. Although Moraxella bovis is recognized as an etiologic agent of IBK, other bacterial and viral agents have been suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. This study aimed to evaluate samples collected from the eyes of IBK-affected cattle in Eastern Kazakhstan at different stages of IBK for the presence of Mor. bovis, Moraxella bovoculi, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovoculi, and Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV-1) and to characterize Mor. bovoculi pilA gene sequence diversity from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Materials and Methods Individual ocular swabs (n = 168) were collected from cattle that had clinical signs of IBK during the summer of 2022 on farms in the Abay region of Kazakhstan. Eye lesion scores (1, 2, and 3) were assigned depending on the degree of ocular damage. Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis-associated organisms were detected using a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. The Mor. bovoculi pilA gene was sequenced from Mor. bovoculi positive samples. Results Mycoplasma bovis and BHV-1 were not detected in any of the collected samples. Mycoplasma bovoculi was identified in the majority of samples overall, usually in mixed infection with Moraxella spp. Moraxella bovoculi was detected in 76.2% of animals and predominated in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Mycoplasma bovoculi was detected only in association with Mor. bovis and/or Mor. bovoculi in animals with eye lesion scores 2 and 3. Moraxella bovis was found in 57.7% of animals and was always identified in association with another organism. Sequencing of the pilA gene in 96 samples from Mor. bovoculi positive samples identified five PilA groups. The majority belonged to PilA group A. However, three new PilA groups were identified and designated PilA groups N, O, and P. Conclusion The results indicate a high prevalence of Myc. bovoculi and Mor. bovoculi in eyes of cattle with IBK on livestock farms in Eastern Kazakhstan. Additional novel Mor. bovoculi PilA groups were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elmira Abdullina
- Department of Veterinary and Agricultural Management, Shakarim University, Semey, 071412, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Bolat Abdigulov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - John A. Angelos
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Loy JD, Clawson ML, Adkins PRF, Middleton JR. Current and Emerging Diagnostic Approaches to Bacterial Diseases of Ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:93-114. [PMID: 36732002 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic approaches and methods to detect bacterial pathogens in ruminants are discussed, with a focus on cattle. Conventional diagnostic methods using culture, isolation, and characterization are being replaced or supplemented with new methods. These include molecular diagnostics such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and whole-genome sequencing. In addition, methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry enable rapid identification and enhanced pathogen characterization. These emerging diagnostic tools can greatly enhance the ability to detect and characterize pathogens, but performance and interpretation vary greatly across sample and pathogen types, disease syndromes, assay performance, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
| | - Michael L Clawson
- USDA, Agriculture Research Service US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Pamela R F Adkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Middleton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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10
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Kneipp M, Green AC, Govendir M, Laurence M, Dhand NK. A randomised control trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercial vaccine for pinkeye in Australian beef cattle. Prev Vet Med 2023; 210:105815. [PMID: 36512867 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pinkeye (a generic term to describe infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis) is a significant disease of cattle worldwide, impacting productivity and animal welfare. One commercial pinkeye vaccine, a systematically administered Moraxella bovis bacterin, has been available in Australia since 2007. This is the first field trial of the effectiveness of this vaccine for the prevention of naturally occurring disease in Australia. Extensively run beef herds in southwest Queensland that regularly experienced pinkeye were enrolled in the trial and animals were randomly allocated to vaccinated and control groups in different proportions in each herd. The subsequent incidence of clinical pinkeye between the two groups was compared for animals less than one-year-old. Data were analysed from 649 cattle from five herds over two pinkeye seasons: three herds of 390 calves from 1st November 2019 to 20th January 2020 and two herds of 259 calves from 23rd September 2020 to 21st April 2021. Pinkeye was common with 24% of all calves (156/649) contracting the disease during the trial. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic mixed-effect models were fitted to account for clustered data and potential residual confounding due to sex, weight, breed, coat colour, and periocular pigmentation. The incidence of pinkeye was not significantly different between vaccinated and control groups, both alone (p = 0.67) and after adjusting for sex and weight differences (p = 0.69). The vaccine was not protective against naturally occurring pinkeye under the field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mac Kneipp
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra C Green
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Laurence
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, 90 South Street, 6150, WA, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, 2570, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Whole genome sequencing of Moraxella bovis strains from North America reveals two genotypes with different genetic determinants. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:258. [PMID: 36271336 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi both associate with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK), an economically significant and painful ocular disease that affects cattle worldwide. There are two genotypes of M. bovoculi (genotypes 1 and 2) that differ in their gene content and potential virulence factors, although neither have been experimentally shown to cause IBK. M. bovis is a causative IBK agent, however, not all strains carry a complete assortment of known virulence factors. The goals of this study were to determine the population structure and depth of M. bovis genomic diversity, and to compare core and accessory genes and predicted outer membrane protein profiles both within and between M. bovis and M. bovoculi. RESULTS Phylogenetic trees and bioinformatic analyses of 36 M. bovis chromosomes sequenced in this study and additional available chromosomes of M. bovis and both genotype 1 and 2 M. bovoculi, showed there are two genotypes (1 and 2) of M. bovis. The two M. bovis genotypes share a core of 2015 genes, with 121 and 186 genes specific to genotype 1 and 2, respectively. The two genotypes differ by their chromosome size and prophage content, encoded protein variants of the virulence factor hemolysin, and by their affiliation with different plasmids. Eight plasmid types were identified in this study, with types 1 and 6 observed in 88 and 56% of genotype 2 strains, respectively, and absent from genotype 1 strains. Only type 1 plasmids contained one or two gene copies encoding filamentous haemagglutinin-like proteins potentially involved with adhesion. A core of 1403 genes was shared between the genotype 1 and 2 strains of both M. bovis and M. bovoculi, which encoded a total of nine predicted outer membrane proteins. CONCLUSIONS There are two genotypes of M. bovis that differ in both chromosome content and plasmid profiles and thus may not equally associate with IBK. Immunological reagents specifically targeting select genotypes of M. bovis, or all genotypes of M. bovis and M. bovoculi together could be designed from the outer membrane proteins identified in this study.
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Vander Ley B, Loy JD, Woolums AR. Using Mental Models to Improve Understanding of Cattle Diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:219-227. [PMID: 35691625 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, theories of disease etiology have evolved. These theories of disease etiology, which can also be considered mental models of disease, have been based on associations drawn from careful observation of diseased and healthy individuals. Mental models of disease, even when incorrect, have frequently reflected real associations between proposed exposures and disease even when the exposures eventually were disproved as causal. The same patterns can be observed in mental models of disease in cattle. Throughout time, mental models for common bovine diseases have been improved to better reflect how disease actually occurs. It is important to recognize that inconsistencies still exist between observation of actual disease and our understanding of disease etiology. These inconsistencies can be viewed as opportunities for further discovery to improve our understanding of disease. Future progress in controlling bovine diseases depends on converting these opportunities into better mental models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Vander Ley
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, PO Box 148, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA.
| | - John Dustin Loy
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, 115Q NVDC, 4040 East Campus Loop N, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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A Five Year Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Antibody Responses to a Commercial and Autogenous Vaccine for the Prevention of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060916. [PMID: 35746524 PMCID: PMC9228096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A randomized control trial was performed over a five-year period to assess the efficacy and antibody response induced by autogenous and commercial vaccine formulations against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK). Calves were randomly assigned each year to one of three arms: an autogenous vaccine treatment that included Moraxella bovis (M. bovis), Moraxella bovoculi, and Mycoplasma bovoculi antigens, a commercial M. bovis vaccine treatment, or a sham vaccine treatment that consisted only of adjuvant. A total of 1198 calves were enrolled in the study. Calves were administered the respective vaccines approximately 21 days apart, just prior to turnout on summer pastures. Treatment effects were analyzed for IBK incidence, retreatment incidence, 205-day adjusted weaning weights, and antibody response to the type IV pilus protein (pili) of M. bovis as measured by a novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent screening assay (ELISA). Calves vaccinated with the autogenous formulation experienced a decreased cumulative incidence of IBK over the entire study compared to those vaccinated with the commercial and sham formulations (24.5% vs. 30.06% vs. 30.3%, respectively, p = 0.25), and had less IBK cases that required retreatment compared to the commercial and sham formulations (21.4% vs. 27.9% vs. 34.3%, respectively, p = 0.15), but these differences were not significant. The autogenous formulation induced a significantly stronger antibody response than the commercial (p = 0.022) and sham formulations (p = 0.001), but antibody levels were not significantly correlated with IBK protection (p = 0.37).
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