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Lee NN, Bidot WA, Ericsson AC, Franklin CL. Effects of Giardia lamblia Colonization and Fenbendazole Treatment on Canine Fecal Microbiota. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32370821 PMCID: PMC7338874 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) is the sum of hundreds of distinct microbial species that can equal or outnumber their host'ssomatic cells. The GM influences a multitude of physiologic and immunologic processes in the host, and changes in the GM have been shown to alter the phenotypes of animal models. Previous studies using rodents have also shown that the composition of the GM is affected by many factors, including diet, husbandry, housing, and the genetic background of the animals. However, limited information exists about factors that may modulate GM in other laboratory species, such as dogs. We sought to eliminate sporadic Giardia colonization of dogs using fenbendazole (FBZ), an antiprotozoal widely used in biomedical research dog colonies. Concerns that FBZ could have inadvertent effects on the canine GM led us to assess GM over the course of treatment. FBZ (50 mg/kg) was given orally to all dogs in 3 different facilities (n = 19 to 25) for 10 consecutive days. Fecal samples were obtained 2 d before the initiation of treatment, on the last day of treatment, and 2 wk after the completion of treatment. Targeted 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze fecal microbiota. All dogs were clinically normal throughout the sample collection period. Statistical analyses of data showed significant differences between dogs housed in the 3 different facilities, further emphasizing the effect of housing and husbandry factors on the GM. However,negligible differences were seen between time points, indicating that FBZ did not significantly alter the canine GM. Comparison of the GM of Giardia lamblia positive and negative dogs revealed no significant difference between the 2 groups. These findings suggest that FBZ can be used therapeutically in dogs with minimal impact on the GM. Furthermore, the presence ofG. lamblia in clinically normal animals may not be sufficient to influence the normal canine microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi N Lee
- Comparative Medicine Program, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Willie A Bidot
- Comparative Medicine Program, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Comparative Medicine Program, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig L Franklin
- Comparative Medicine Program, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis infection, co-morbidities and associated risk factors in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital in Israel. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101401. [PMID: 31837597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis causes gastro-intestinal (GI) disease and carries a zoonotic risk. The risk for infection depends on local prevalence and individual immunity, but clinical signs are inconsistent and the role of G. duodenalis in other GI diseases is unknown. The current study aims were to evaluate the prevalence of G. duodenalis in dogs presented to a university veterinary teaching hospital in Israel, investigate risk factors for infection and its associations with other diseases. Fecal samples from 163 dogs were tested for G. duodenalis by an antigen assay (FASTest® Giardia strip). Prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 11.9 %. It was significantly associated with young age (≤1year) and canine parvoviral enteritis. Housing conditions, signs of GI disease or other systemic diseases were unassociated with infection. In conclusion, G. duodenalis infection prevalence is relatively low in the study population. Young age and diagnosis of co-infections are common, warranting screening for G. duodenalis.
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Costa M, Clarke C, Mitchell S, Papasouliotis K. Diagnostic accuracy of two point-of-care kits for the diagnosis of Giardia species infection in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 57:318-22. [PMID: 27251310 PMCID: PMC7166413 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare results obtained by ZnSO4 Flotation and SNAP ®Giardia to those generated by the new point‐of‐care tests Single and Triple Rapid. METHODS Prospective study evaluating 51 canine faecal samples submitted at a reference laboratory for the presence of Giardia spp. Kappa statistics, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated by comparing the new tests to the combined results of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests. RESULTS There was fair (Single Rapid, j=0·434) to good (Triple Rapid, j =0·797) agreement with the reference tests. At this study's prevalence (59 to 61%), specificities and PPV were high (1·00) with both Rapid tests, but sensitivities and NPV were lower for the Single than for the Triple (0·48 vs 0·83 and 0·55 vs 0·80) tests. At lower prevalence rates, both tests exhibited a high PPV (1·00), but the NPV were higher with the Triple (0·96 to 0·99) than the Single (0·88 to 0·96) Rapid test. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both tests exhibited excellent PPV values at all prevalence rates but an excellent NPV only at low prevalence. As the prevalence is likely to be low (<15%) in clinical settings, we propose that these tests may be helpful in the in‐house diagnosis of Giardia spp infection. However, they exhibit lower sensitivity than the combined sensitivity of ZnSO4 and SNAP tests, particularly in high prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Costa
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - C Clarke
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - S Mitchell
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
| | - K Papasouliotis
- Diagnostic Laboratories, Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, Langford BS405DU
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Šlapeta J, Dowd SE, Alanazi AD, Westman ME, Brown GK. Differences in the faecal microbiome of non-diarrhoeic clinically healthy dogs and cats associated with Giardia duodenalis infection: impact of hookworms and coccidia. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:585-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yao C, Köster LS. Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet Res 2015; 46:35. [PMID: 25880025 PMCID: PMC4364588 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a very intriguing trichomonad protozoan with respect to its varied choice of residence in the different host species. It is an obligate parasite of the reproductive and the gastrointestinal tract of bovine and feline host respectively, leading to trichomonosis. Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease whereas feline trichomonosis is a disease with a purported fecal-oral route of spread. Further, the trichomonad is a commensal in the nasal passages, stomach, cecum and colon of swine host. Advances have been exponential in understanding the trichomonad biology and specifically feline trichomonosis since late 1990s and early 2000s when T. foetus was soundly determined to be a causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. It is a challenging task, even for a skilled investigator not to mention the busy clinical veterinarian, to keep up with the vast volume of information. Here we comprehensively reviewed the trichomonad biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, host immunity, world map of distribution, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Risk factors associated with T. foetus-positive status in the domestic cat include young age, purebred, history of diarrhea, co-infections with other enteral pathogens. In addition, molecular similarity of bovine and feline isolates of T. foetus in DNA sequence was concisely discussed. The data presented serve as an information source for veterinarians, and investigators who are interested in biology of T. foetus and feline trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. .,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Liza S Köster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. .,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
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Use of ponazuril paste to treat coccidiosis in shelter-housed cats and dogs. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Da Silva AS, Castro VS, Tonin AA, Brendler S, Costa MM, Jaques JA, Bertoletti B, Zanette RA, Raiser AG, Mazzanti CM, Lopes ST, Monteiro SG. Secnidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in naturally infected cats. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:429-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Payne PA, Artzer M. The Biology and Control of Giardia spp and Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 39:993-1007, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Diseases of the Small Intestines. HANDBOOK OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7152160 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3949-5.50037-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thompson RCA, Palmer CS, O'Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet J 2007; 177:18-25. [PMID: 18032076 PMCID: PMC7128580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium are common enteric parasites of domestic animals, particularly dogs, cats and livestock. Their occurrence is of potential significance from both clinical and public health perspectives yet, until recently, confusion over the taxonomy of these organisms prevented a clear understanding of the epidemiology of infections with both Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The recent application of molecular epidemiological tools has helped to resolve taxonomic issues, allowing cycles of transmission to be determined. In addition, advances have been made in elucidating mechanisms associated with pathogenesis, whereas only limited progress has been achieved in the areas of chemotherapy and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Andrew Thompson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Molecular Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Mekaru SR, Marks SL, Felley AJ, Chouicha N, Kass PH. Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection ofCryptosporidiumspp. andGiardiaspp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Richards JR, Elston TH, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, Lappin MR, Levy JK, Rodan I, Scherk M, Schultz RD, Sparkes AH. The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel Report. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:1405-41. [PMID: 17078805 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.9.1405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a medical procedure, and the decision to vaccinate should be based on a risk-based assessment for each cat and each vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Richards
- Cornell Feline Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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De Santis-Kerr AC, Raghavan M, Glickman NW, Caldanaro RJ, Moore GE, Lewis HB, Schantz PM, Glickman LT. Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia and coccidia species of pet cats in 2003-2004. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 8:292-301. [PMID: 16678461 PMCID: PMC10822243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence and risk factors for feline coccidia and Giardia species infections were estimated for cats visiting 434 Banfield hospitals in 40 states in 2003-2004. Evaluated were 631,021 cats making 1,456,712 office visits (encounters) and having 211,105 fecal examinations. The overall fecal prevalences of coccidia and Giardia species were 1.4% and 0.58%, respectively. Cats at increased risk of coccidia infection were under 4 years of age, intact, and seen during the summer, fall, and spring months compared to winter. Cats at increased risk of Giardia species infection were under 4 years of age. Those at decreased risk were mixed breed and seen during the summer, fall, and spring. The highest regional risk of coccidia and Giardia species infection was for cats in the East South Central region and Mountain region, respectively, compared to the South Pacific region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C De Santis-Kerr
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, USA.
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