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Cho H, Choi M, Yoo S, Jeong M, Park SA. Case report: Unilateral papilledema in a dog with a large suprasellar mass and suspected intracranial hypertension: insights from funduscopy, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372802. [PMID: 38933701 PMCID: PMC11202079 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A spayed, 8-year-old female Poodle, weighing 5.7 kg, was presented with the chief complaint of vision impairment. Vision assessment, including pupillary light reflexes, menace response, dazzle reflex, and maze navigation in photopic and scotopic circumstances, revealed a negative response in both eyes except for positive direct pupillary light reflex in the right eye and positive consensual pupillary light reflex from the right eye to the left eye. Systemic evaluation, including neurologic status, blood profile, and thoracic radiographs, did not reveal any abnormalities. Complete ophthalmic examinations, ocular ultrasonography, and electroretinography did not identify a cause of blindness. Upon funduscopy, the left eye exhibited an increased optic disk diameter, blurred optic disk borders, and loss of the physiologic pit, as well as an increase in vascular tortuosity. In the right eye, there were multifocal depigmented areas in the non-tapetal fundus and several pigmented spots surrounded by a region of dull tapetal reflection in the tapetal fundus. The optical coherence tomography revealed severe anterior deformation of the optic nerve head and Bruch's membrane in the peripapillary region of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an irregular, broad-based suprasellar mass, with features suggestive of intracranial hypertension, including dorsal displacement of third ventricles, a rightward shift of the falx cerebri, trans-tentorial herniation, perilesional edema, flattening/protrusion of the posterior sclera, and lager optic nerve sheath diameter in left side than right side. This is the first comprehensive report that describes unilateral papilledema in a dog with a brain tumor, using advanced ophthalmic and neuro-imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejong Cho
- Yoolim Animal Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bon Animal Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyun Choi
- Bon Animal Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukjong Yoo
- Yoolim Animal Eye Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manbok Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shin Ae Park
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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2
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Beckwith-Cohen B, Petersen-Jones SM. Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1337062. [PMID: 38444779 PMCID: PMC10912207 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1337062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The fundus is unique in that it is the only part of the body that allows for a noninvasive and uninterrupted view of vasculature and nervous tissue. Utilization of this can be a powerful tool in uncovering salient incidental findings which point to underlying systemic diseases, and for monitoring response to therapy. Retinal venules and arterioles allow the clinician to assess changes in vascular color, diameter, outline, and tortuosity. The retina and optic nerve may exhibit changes associated with increased or decreased thickness, inflammatory infiltrates, hemorrhages, and detachments. While some retinal manifestations of systemic disease may be nonspecific, others are pathognomonic, and may be the presenting sign for a systemic illness. The examination of the fundus is an essential part of the comprehensive physical examination. Systemic diseases which may present with retinal abnormalities include a variety of disease classifications, as represented by the DAMNIT-V acronym, for Degenerative/Developmental, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Nutritional, Inflammatory (Infectious/Immune-mediated/ischemic), Toxic, Traumatic and Vascular. This review details systemic illnesses or syndromes that have been reported to manifest in the fundus of companion animals and discusses key aspects in differentiating their underlying cause. Normal variations in retinal anatomy and morphology are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie Beckwith-Cohen
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Simon M. Petersen-Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Andrews EF, Jacqmot O, Espinheira Gomes FNCM, Sha MF, Niogi SN, Johnson PJ. Characterizing the canine and feline optic pathways in vivo with diffusion MRI. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25 Suppl 1:60-71. [PMID: 34784441 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The visual system is known to be vital for cognition and perception in the feline and canine and much behavioral research for these species has used visual stimuli and focused on visual perception. There has been extensive investigations into the visual pathway in cats and dogs via histological and neurobiological methods, however to date, only one study has mapped the canine optic pathway in vivo. Advanced imaging methods such as diffusion MRI (DTI) have been routinely used in human research to study the visual system in vivo. This study applied DTI imaging methods to assess and characterize the optic pathway of feline and canine subjects in vivo. The optic nerve (ON), optic tract (OT), and optic radiation (OR) were successfully delineated for each species and the average volume and FA for each tract is reported. The application of DTI to map the optic pathway for canine and feline subjects provides a healthy baseline for comparison in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica F Andrews
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Olivier Jacqmot
- Anatomical Research and Clinical Studies (ARCS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,MOVE-HIM (Morpho Veterinary and Human Imaging) Brussels, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Megan F Sha
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sumit N Niogi
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Muñiz Moris L, Cherubini GB, Caine A. Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in 18 Dogs With Presumed Optic Neuritis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:585828. [PMID: 33490127 PMCID: PMC7817917 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.585828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine optic neuritis has been attributed to a focal or disseminated form of granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME) amongst other etiologies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proven to help differentiate the structures within the optic nerve sheath and therefore could aid the diagnosis of optic neuritis in dogs. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the MRI abnormalities affecting the optic nerve sheath complex and optic chiasm in dogs with clinically suspected optic neuritis as a component of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE) or as an isolated form (I-ON). Retrospective evaluation of patient details, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and MRI findings of dogs with clinically suspected optic neuritis between January 2011 and May 2018 was performed. Eighteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. MRI findings included contrast enhancement of both optic nerves (11/18) and optic chiasm (6/18), changes within the CSF volume surrounding the optic nerve (10/18), changes to the optic disc (10/18), changes of size or signal affecting the optic chiasm (10/18), changes in the Short TI inversion recovery (STIR) signal of the optic nerve (7/15), retrobulbar changes (3/18), and concurrent brain lesions (13/18). A variety of subtle MRI features may indicate optic nerve involvement and low-field MRI is a sensitive method to detect changes within the optic nerve sheath complex in dogs with optic neuritis as an isolated form (I-ON) or as an extension of MUE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
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Evangelisti MA, Carta G, Burrai GP, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Cubeddu F, Ballocco I, Puggioni A, Manunta ML. Repeatability of ultrasound examination of the optic nerve sheath diameter in the adult cat: comparison between healthy cats and cats suffering from presumed intracranial hypertension. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:959-965. [PMID: 31967490 PMCID: PMC10814405 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19898006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to test: (1) the repeatability of ultrasonographic examination of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in the cat; (2) the association between the ONSD and age, sex and body weight in healthy cats; and (3) the difference in the ONSD between healthy cats and those suffering from presumed intracranial hypertension (ICH). METHODS This study had a prospective, blinded, observational cross-sectional study design. Two groups of animals were considered: healthy cats (group A) and cats with a diagnosis of presumed ICH (group B). The ONSD was evaluated, measured and compared between the two groups via an ultrasonographic transpalpebral approach. Repeatability of the procedure was evaluated through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data were statistically compared using the Student's t-test and linear regression analysis. RESULTS A strong inter- and intraobserver ICC indicating good repeatability was observed. The interobserver ICC was 0.965 (P <0.05) for the right eye and 0.956 (P <0.05) for the left eye. The intraobserver ICC was 0.988 (P <0.05) and 0.984 (P <0.05) for the right and left eyes, respectively. In healthy cats the mean ± SD ONSD was 1.23 ± 0.11 mm (range 1-1.47 mm) and 1.23 ± 0.10 (range 1-1.4 mm) for right and left eyes, respectively. The ONSD was not related to sex or weight; a weak relationship was observed with age. In group B, the mean ONSD was 1.68 ± 0.13 mm (range 1.5-1.9 mm) and 1.61 ± 0.15 mm (range 1.4-1.9 mm) for the right and left eyes, respectively. In group B, the ONSD was statistically significantly larger than in group A, the healthy cats (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The transpalpebral ultrasonographic technique is a non-invasive, feasible and reproducible method to measure ONSD both in healthy cats and in cats suffering from suspected ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Carta
- University of Sassari School of Veterinary Medicine, Sassari, Italy
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Crawford AH, Spiro S, Smith KC, Beltran E. Ependymoma arising from the third ventricle mimicking optic neuritis in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbe Harper Crawford
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary College Clinical Services DivisionHatfieldUK
| | - Simon Spiro
- Anatomic PathologyRoyal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Kenneth C Smith
- Department of Pathology and Infectious DiseasesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeNorth MymmsHatfieldUK
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Posporis C, Beltran E, Dunning M, Espadas I, Gillespie S, Barry AT, Wessmann A. Prognostic Factors for Recovery of Vision in Canine Optic Neuritis of Unknown Etiology: 26 Dogs (2003-2018). Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:415. [PMID: 31824972 PMCID: PMC6882734 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is a recognized condition, yet factors influencing recovery of vision are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic factors for recovery of vision in canine ON of unknown etiology. Clinical databases of three referral hospitals were searched for dogs with presumptive ON based on clinicopathologic, MRI/CT, and fundoscopic findings. Twenty-six dogs diagnosed with presumptive ON of unknown etiology, isolated (I-ON) and MUE-associated (MUE-ON), were included in the study. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively, and the association of complete recovery of vision with signalment, clinicopathologic findings, and treatment was investigated. Datasets were tested for normality using the D'Agostino and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Individual datasets were compared using the Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and the Mann-Whitney U-test. For multiple comparisons with parametric datasets, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and for non-parametric datasets, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to test for independence. For all data, averages are expressed as median with interquartile range and significance set at p < 0.05. Twenty-six dogs met the inclusion criteria. Median follow-up was 230 days (range 21–1901 days, mean 496 days). Six dogs (23%) achieved complete recovery and 20 dogs (77%) incomplete or no recovery of vision. The presence of a reactive pupillary light reflex (p = 0.013), the absence of fundoscopic lesions (p = 0.0006), a younger age (p = 0.038), and a lower cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total nucleated cell count (TNCC) (p = 0.022) were statistically associated with complete recovery of vision. Dogs with I-ON were significantly younger (p = 0.046) and had lower CSF TNCC (p = 0.030) compared to the MUE-ON group. This study identified prognostic factors that may influence complete recovery of vision in dogs with ON. A larger cohort of dogs is required to determine whether these findings are robust and whether additional parameters aid accurate prognosis for recovery of vision in canine ON.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Dunning
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Shirley, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Espadas
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, United Kingdom.,Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Gillespie
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Teresa Barry
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
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Smith SM, Westermeyer HD, Mariani CL, Gilger BC, Davidson MG. Optic neuritis in dogs: 96 cases (1983-2016). Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:442-451. [PMID: 29251394 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize ocular and neurologic findings, causes, and treatment outcomes of dogs with optic neuritis. PROCEDURE Medical records from dogs with a diagnosis of optic neuritis at North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Hospital between 1983 and 2016 were reviewed. RESULTS Ninety-six cases (20 unilateral, 76 bilateral), comprised of 38 males and 58 females with a mean age of 6.1 ± 3.0 years (range 0.5-13), were identified. Seventy-four cases were presented for vision loss, and 42 had other concurrent neurologic abnormalities. Funduscopic findings included optic nerve head elevation (n = 92), peripapillary retinal edema or separation (n = 37), retinal hemorrhage or dilation of retinal vasculature (n = 23), and multiple inflammatory foci in the peripapillary region (n = 13). Retrobulbar optic neuritis was diagnosed in four cases. The final diagnoses included the following: multifocal meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology (MUE, n = 35), isolated optic neuritis (I-ON, n = 42), neoplasia (n = 10), microbial infection (n = 6), orbital inflammation (n = 2), and suspected ivermectin toxicosis (n = 1). Dogs with I-ON were more commonly male, and medium-to-large breed, when compared to dogs with MUE. Follow-up was available in 72 cases, 50 of which remained blind, 10 had partial visual improvement, and 12 were assessed as having normal vision in the affected eye(s). CONCLUSION Optic neuritis was most commonly associated with multifocal MUE or was isolated as the sole neurologic finding, with a similar incidence between the two groups. Findings suggest that a clinical syndrome of isolated optic neuritis, distinct from multifocal MUE, occurs in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Christopher L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Michael G Davidson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Abstract
Sudden loss of vision is an ophthalmic emergency with numerous possible causes. Abnormalities may occur at any point within the complex vision pathway, from retina to optic nerve to the visual center in the occipital lobe. This article reviews specific prechiasm (retina and optic nerve) and cerebral cortical diseases that lead to acute blindness. Information regarding specific etiologies, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for vision is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Meekins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Health Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Grozdanic SD, Kecova H, Lazic T. Rapid diagnosis of retina and optic nerve abnormalities in canine patients with and without cataracts using chromatic pupil light reflex testing. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:329-40. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Philp HS, Rhodes M, Parry A, Baines SJ. Canine zygomatic salivary mucocoele following suspected oropharyngeal penetrating stick injury. Vet Rec 2012; 171:402. [PMID: 22903926 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H S Philp
- The Grove Veterinary Group, Grove House, Holt Road, Fakenham, Norfolk NR21 9AY, UK.
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Armour MD, Broome M, Dell’Anna G, Blades NJ, Esson DW. A review of orbital and intracranial magnetic resonance imaging in 79 canine and 13 feline patients (2004-2010). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:215-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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