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Díaz Martínez E, Arencibia Espinosa A, Soler Laguía M, Kilroy D, Martínez Gomariz F, Casas García DL, Sánchez Collado C, Gil Cano F, Jaber JR, Ramírez Zarzosa G. An Anatomical Study Using Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Rhinoscopy of the Nasal Cavity of Domestic Cat ( Felis silvestris catus L.) and Big Cats: Lion ( Panthera leo leo L.), Leopard ( Panthera pardus kotiya L.), and Cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus jubatus S.). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1172. [PMID: 38672320 PMCID: PMC11047709 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the normal anatomy of the nasal cavity of the three species of big cats (leopard, lion, and cheetah) compared to the domestic cat through the use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy. Computed tomography allowed us to clearly visualize the entire bony and cartilaginous framework that supports the nasal cavity. Magnetic resonance imaging permitted better visualization of the soft tissues of this cavity. On the other hand, rhinoscopy enabled the direct visualization of the mucosa of the vestibule and nasal cavity, which is very useful in the diagnosis of masses or foreign bodies. Furthermore, with this technique, it has been possible to observe several small orifices from the nasolacrimal duct, the pharyngeal auditory tube, and the lateral nasal gland. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy are useful tools in analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Díaz Martínez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (F.M.G.); (C.S.C.); (F.G.C.)
| | - Alberto Arencibia Espinosa
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy and Embriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain; (A.A.E.); (J.R.J.)
| | - Marta Soler Laguía
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - David Kilroy
- UCD Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Francisco Martínez Gomariz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (F.M.G.); (C.S.C.); (F.G.C.)
| | - Diego Luis Casas García
- Centro Veterinario de Mínima Invasión Canarias CVMIC, 35019 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Cayetano Sánchez Collado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (F.M.G.); (C.S.C.); (F.G.C.)
| | - Francisco Gil Cano
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (F.M.G.); (C.S.C.); (F.G.C.)
| | - José Raduán Jaber
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy and Embriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña, Arucas, 35416 Las Palmas, Spain; (A.A.E.); (J.R.J.)
| | - Gregorio Ramírez Zarzosa
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.D.M.); (F.M.G.); (C.S.C.); (F.G.C.)
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Van Vertloo LR, Portanova AZ, Donnini EK, Hale AS, LeVine DN. Prophylactic use of a lyophilized platelet product for rhinoscopic diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis in a dog with a P2Y12 platelet receptor mutation. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:242-246. [PMID: 36815741 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the periprocedural use of a lyophilized platelet product during rhinoscopic diagnosis and treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis in a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog with a P2Y12 platelet receptor disorder. CASE SUMMARY After the development of severe epistaxis, a Greater Swiss Mountain Dog was diagnosed with thrombopathia secondary to a P2Y12 receptor gene mutation. Concurrent primary nasal disease was also suspected due to persistent mucopurulent nasal discharge. One month after the initial presentation for epistaxis, the dog was readmitted for workup of nasal disease. Computed tomography of the head showed turbinate lysis and regional lymphadenopathy. Because of concern for a high risk of bleeding in a thrombopathic patient subjected to rhinoscopy and nasal biopsies, a lyophilized platelet product was administered prior to the procedure. Rhinoscopic exam revealed fungal plaques consistent with Aspergillus spp. that were later confirmed on fungal culture to be Aspergillus fumigatus. Rhinoscopic biopsies were performed as well as debridement of the fungal plaques, followed by topical administration of clotrimazole solution. Bleeding was minimal during and after the procedure, and the dog recovered uneventfully. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first report of the prophylactic use of lyophilized platelets in a thrombopathic patient undergoing an invasive procedure with potential for significant hemorrhage. Minimal bleeding occurred during the procedure, suggesting that lyophilized platelets could be used for the prevention of bleeding in thrombopathic patients undergoing invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Van Vertloo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Elle K Donnini
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Veterinary Specialties, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | - Anne S Hale
- BodeVet, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- Thrive Pet Healthcare, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Gianella P, Roncone S, Ala U, Bottero E, Cagnasso F, Cagnotti G, Bellino C. Upper digestive tract abnormalities in dogs with chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1845-1852. [PMID: 32618401 PMCID: PMC7517503 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis (CILPR) is a common inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the nasal cavity of dogs. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of other causes of nasal disease and specific therapeutic protocols are lacking. In human medicine, a relationship between CILPR and gastrointestinal clinical signs has been postulated, and remission of respiratory signs after clinical trials with medications for gastrointestinal disorders has been observed. OBJECTIVES To describe history, clinical presentation, endoscopic and histopathologic concurrent respiratory and digestive tract abnormalities, and to evaluate improvement of respiratory signs after treatment for gastrointestinal signs. ANIMALS Twenty-five dogs with CILPR. METHODS Prospective study. For inclusion, following information had to be available: respiratory and digestive clinical signs, airway and digestive tract endoscopic abnormalities, histologic evaluation of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, and clinical response to different treatment strategies. RESULTS Twenty-two dogs had endoscopic gastrointestinal lesions, whereas 13 dogs had concurrent gastrointestinal signs. Most esophageal and duodenal endoscopic abnormalities were classified as moderate or severe. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Remission or marked improvement of respiratory signs was observed in the majority of dogs treated only for gastrointestinal signs up to 12 months after endoscopy. No significant associations between treatments and follow-up information were found. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Nasal and upper digestive tract abnormalities coexist in some dogs with CILPR. Lack of standardized therapeutic protocols suggests caution when interpreting improvement in nasal clinical signs. Additional studies are needed to explore the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between the 2 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Silvia Roncone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Federica Cagnasso
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Layne EA, de Miguel Garcia C. Clinical techniques in Veterinary Dermatology: Regional anaesthesia of the canine ear. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:470-e138. [PMID: 31515861 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Video otoscopy is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and treatment of otitis externa (OE) and otitis media (OM) in dogs. Procedures performed by video otoscopy often are painful and it can be challenging to maintain steady anaesthetic depth and provide smooth anaesthetic recovery. A multimodal approach to analgesia and anaesthesia is ideal to minimize complications associated with high doses of anaesthetic drugs while providing the patient with adequate analgesia. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for regional anaesthesia of the canine ear. ANIMALS One canine cadaver, obtained as part of a teaching laboratory class for other clinical techniques, with institutional approval, was used for illustration purposes. RESULTS Clinical technique for regional anaesthesia of the canine ear. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Nerve blocks for regional anaesthesia are an important aspect of a multimodal anaesthetic approach. A technique for blocking the two major sensory nerves to the canine ear is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Layne
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cristina de Miguel Garcia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Rincon Alvarez J, Smith V, Broome C. Fluoroscopy-guided balloon dilation of a proximal urethral stricture caused by a urethral membrane in a female cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919867177. [PMID: 31452912 PMCID: PMC6699014 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919867177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A proximal urethral stricture was diagnosed by retrograde urethrogram in a
2-year-old female neutered cat, which was referred following a 2-month
history of stranguria, pollakiuria and urinary incontinence. Cystoscopic
examination confirmed the presence of a severe narrowing of the proximal
urethra near to the bladder neck, consisting of a membrane arising from the
urethral mucosa. Fluoroscopy-guided balloon dilation was performed. Twelve
months after the procedure, the cat did not show any recurrence of clinical
signs. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first report of a proximal urethral stricture
in a cat. Management by fluoroscopy-guided balloon dilation proved to be a
successful and minimally invasive option with an excellent outcome.
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Gianella P, Caccamo R, Bellino C, Bottero E, Fietta F, Roncone S, Ostanello F, Pietra M, Buracco P. Evaluation of metabolic profile and C-reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2183-2192. [PMID: 31454107 PMCID: PMC6766536 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is known about the consequences of upper airway obstruction on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile. Objectives To describe history, clinical presentation, and anatomic abnormalities; to evaluate systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile; and to identify possible associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, inflammatory response, and metabolic profile in brachycephalic dogs with airway obstruction. Animals Thirty purebred brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS). Methods Prospective study. The following information was recorded and studied: respiratory and digestive signs, airway and digestive endoscopic anomalies, presence or absence of tracheal hypoplasia, histologic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), fructosamine, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma concentrations of lipoprotein classes. Results A high proportion of dogs (76.7%) had gastrointestinal signs. Esophageal deviation, atony of the cardia of the stomach, and distal esophagitis were the most common endoscopic anomalies detected. Twenty‐six (86.6%) dogs had different degrees of laryngeal collapse. Gastrointestinal histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, pre‐beta, beta lipoproteins, and chylomicrons were increased to a variable extent. Significant associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, CRP, and metabolic profile were not found. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Despite the presence of inflammation and some mild metabolic derangements, the clinicopathological variables evaluated did not offer valuable information in dogs with BAOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Caccamo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Federica Fietta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Roncone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Tong K, Weisse C, Berent AC. Rigid urethrocystoscopy via a percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach in male dogs: 19 cases (2005-2014). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:918-925. [PMID: 27700265 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.8.918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the technique and outcome for male dogs undergoing rigid urethrocystoscopy via a novel percutaneous, fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 19 client-owned male dogs. PROCEDURES Medical records of male dogs that underwent urethrocystoscopy via a percutaneous perineal approach for treatment of a variety of conditions from 2005 through 2014 were reviewed. Signalment, history, pertinent diagnostic imaging results, endourologic and postprocedure details, duration of hospitalization, complications, and outcome (short-term, < 1 month; long-term, ≥ 1 month) were recorded. After flexible urethrocystoscopy, direct percutaneous perineal needle puncture and guidewire placement by means of fluoroscopic guidance (with or without ultrasonography) allowed access to the urethral lumen. The perineal tract was subsequently serially dilated to accommodate a peel-away sheath and rigid endoscope. Rigid urethrocystoscopy was performed, and on completion of endourologic procedures, the access site was left to heal by second intention. RESULTS 19 male dogs successfully underwent 20 procedures. No intraoperative complications were reported. Short-term outcome was good (ie, mild perineal urine leakage) for 3 dogs and excellent (ie, no abnormalities with urination) for 16. Long-term outcome was excellent for the 17 dogs for which follow-up information was available. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A percutaneous fluoroscopic-assisted perineal approach (with or without ultrasonography) allowed access to the pelvic urethra with no major complications in the present series of patients. This minimally invasive approach may be a valuable tool for endourologic procedures in male dogs.
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Bartges JW. Feline Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis: Risk factors and rational treatment approaches. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:712-22. [PMID: 27562981 PMCID: PMC11148900 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16660442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Uroliths occur commonly in the bladder and/or urethra of cats and can be lifethreatening if urethral obstruction occurs. Calcium oxalate accounts for 40-50% of urocystoliths and these stones are not amenable to medical dissolution; therefore, removal by surgery or minimally invasive techniques is required if uroliths must be treated. Medical protocols for prevention involve decreasing urine saturation for minerals that form uroliths. ETIOPATHOGENESIS Formation of uroliths is not a disease, but rather a complication of several disorders. Some disorders can be identified and corrected (such as infection-induced struvite urolith formation); others can be identified but not corrected (such as idiopathic hypercalcemia). In most cats with calcium oxalate urolith formation the underlying etiopathogenesis is not known. A common denominator of all these disorders is that they can from time to time create oversaturation of urine with one or more crystal precursors, resulting in formation of crystals. BASIC CONCEPTS In order to develop rational and effective approaches to treatment, abnormalities that promote urolith formation must be identified, with the goal of eliminating or modifying them. It is important, therefore, to understand several basic concepts associated with urolithiasis and the factors that promote urolith formation that may be modified with medical treatment; for example, the state of urinary saturation, modifiers of crystal formation, potential for multiple crystal types, and presence of bacterial infection or urinary obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Bartges
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Abstract
Cystoscopy has become an important and widely available component of the diagnostic evaluation of diseases of the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats. In addition, a large number of cystoscopic guided procedures have been described that can be used to treat disease processes that were previously treatable only with invasive surgical procedures. This article reviews the indications and contraindications for cystoscopy, cystoscopy equipment and techniques for male and female dogs and cats, potential complications associated with cystoscopy, and management options for these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Morgan
- Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Marnin Forman
- Internal Medicine Department, Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, 880 Canal Street, Stamford, CT 06902, USA.
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Cho Y, Jeong J, Lee H, Kim M, Kim N, Lee K. Virtual otoscopy for evaluating the inner ear with a fluid-filled tympanic cavity in dogs. J Vet Sci 2012; 13:419-24. [PMID: 23271184 PMCID: PMC3539128 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2012.13.4.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The feasibility of virtual otoscopy (VO) imaging was evaluated in five dogs with experimentally induced otitis media, two control dogs, and two canine patients with otitis media. VO images of the tympanic cavity and ossicles were generated with commercially available software using raw computed tomography (CT) data. Eight out of 10 ears inoculated with pathogen exhibited obvious clinical signs associated with otitis externa. CT images revealed soft tissue density material occupying the tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media in three dogs with experimentally induced otitis media and two patients. No remarkable features were observed on the radiographs. Four different VO views (ear canal, tympanic bulla, eustachian tube, and ossicular chain) were created. Promontory, cochlea window, tympanic, and septum bulla as well as ossicles were easily and clearly distinguished except for the incus and stapes of the clinical patients. VO images were not more suitable than images created with conventional CT for accurately diagnosing otitis media in this study. However, it appears that VO could be more feasible for assessing the complex structure of the inner ear in dogs with fluid-filled tympanic cavities since fluid accumulation within the tympanic bulla did not affect the evaluation of bony tissue in the middle ear on VO images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkwon Cho
- Department of Radiological Technology, Daegu Health College, Daegu 702-722, Korea
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