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Mason SJ. An Update on Male Canine Infertility. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00068-2. [PMID: 37221101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Infertility in the dog is a common reason for presentation of stud dogs for assessment with veterinarians. This article aims to discuss and outline some of the tests that can be done to try to ascertain the underlying cause of abnormalities found in a semen assessment. Topics discussed are semen alkaline phosphatase measurement, retrograde ejaculation assessment, ultrasound of the male reproductive tract, semen culture, human chorionic gonadotropin response testing, dietary assessment for phytoestrogens, environmental impacts on spermatogenesis, testicular biopsy, supplements to improve semen quality and quantity, and when to expect an improvement in semen quality after starting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Mason
- Monash Veterinary Clinic, 1662 Dandenong Road, Oakleigh East, Victoria 3166, Australia.
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2
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Arlt SP, Reichler IM, Herbel J, Schäfer-Somi S, Riege L, Leber J, Frehner B. Diagnostic tests in canine andrology - What do they really tell us about fertility? Theriogenology 2023; 196:150-156. [PMID: 36423509 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dog breeders often require breeding soundness evaluations which include andrological examinations of the genital organs, hormone measurements, and semen analyses. During the past decades, a considerable number of research results have been published, allowing diagnoses of specific andrological conditions and fertility assessment. For specific examinations, however, no standard procedures have been defined and for some parameters different reference ranges have been published. Therefore, examination results from different facilities are difficult to compare and profound conclusions regarding health and fertility of a male dog are not always possible. Conventional semen examination, however, is still useful in identifying deviations or no deviations from normality, especially if confounding factors are taken into account and if the exam is repeated in case of inconclusive findings. A standardization of examination procedures and reference ranges would help to harmonize the exchange of examination results and interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Arlt
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Iris M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Herbel
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Schäfer-Somi
- Platform for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Riege
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Leber
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Frehner
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Goericke-Pesch S, Reifarth L, Behrens Mathiesen C, Schuler G, Umbach AK, Körber H. Chronic Immune-Mediated Orchitis Is the Major Cause of Acquired Non-obstructive Azoospermia in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:865967. [PMID: 35433905 PMCID: PMC9010537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.865967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoospermia, the lack of spermatozoa in the ejaculate, is the most common finding in infertile but otherwise healthy male dogs and represents an increasing reproductive health issue in men, too. The diagnosis can be further classified as non-obstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia due to an obstruction of the deferent ducts. Although non-obstructive azoospermia comprises more than half of azoospermic cases in men and is a common cause of infertility in the male dog, knowledge of the underlying etiology and pathophysiology is still strongly limited, and much uncertainty exists about the true incidence and possible treatment options. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and characterize infertile canine patients in detail by combining results of andrological examinations (clinical parameters, semen analysis, bacterial examination of semen, and Brucella canis serology), endocrine analysis (luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol-17ß, and thyroid function), analysis of the alkaline phosphatase in seminal plasma, and histological assessment of testicular biopsies of 10 azoospermic dogs. Our results not only verify non-obstructive etiology for 9/10 cases of canine azoospermia but also further identified significant histopathological changes of the testicular tissue with severely disrupted spermatogenesis, including fibrotic remodeling, vacuolization, Sertoli-cell-only syndrome, tubular shadows, and an increase of the interstitial and vascular area. In addition, three dogs showed local and six dogs generalized immune-cell infiltration, indicating chronic immune-mediated orchitis. Only in one case (no. 1) that no immune cells were found, and obstructive azoospermia was suspected due to low alkaline phosphatase activity. Furthermore, the detection of anti-thyroideal antibodies in two dogs indicates an autoimmune thyroid disease and a correlation between the occurrence of thyroidal disorders and azoospermia. Our results confirm previous findings and contribute additional evidence suggesting that chronic immune-mediated orchitis is the major cause of infertility in dogs. Further studies should focus on uncovering underlying inflammatory processes behind spermatogenic failure in these cases and identify possible treatment options to (re-)initialize spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sandra Goericke-Pesch
| | - Larena Reifarth
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Behrens Mathiesen
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Körber
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Tåstrup, Denmark
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Surmacz P, Niwinska A, Kautz E, Gizinski S, Faundez R. Comparison of two staining techniques on the manual and automated canine sperm morphology analysis. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57:678-684. [PMID: 35212033 PMCID: PMC9311200 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed and direct analysis of semen, including sperm morphology, enables a diagnosis of male fertility. This study aimed to describe an economical and verified protocol for canine spermiograms and compare the effectiveness of Sperm Stain® and Sperm Blue® (Microptic, Spain) in veterinary practice. Sperm assessment was conducted manually, using a standard optical microscope, and via computerized semen analysis using the SCA® CASA (Sperm Class Analyzer® CASA System‐MICROPTIC, Spain). This study showed that Sperm Blue® is a better solution for computerized sperm quality analysis of healthy dogs. At the same time, Sperm Stain® turned out to be more helpful in identifying specific morphological defects of sperm. Automated canine sperm morphology analysis worked better with Sperm Blue stain, but Sperm Stain simplified manual evaluation of various organelles’ defects. Standard, manual examination is more error‐prone for an inexperienced andrology technician, but it seems to be still a gold standard technique for canine sperm assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Surmacz
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS - SGGW
| | - A Niwinska
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS - SGGW
| | - E Kautz
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - S Gizinski
- Department of Large Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS - SGGW
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Niżański W, Ochota M, Fontaine C, Pasikowska J. B-Mode and Doppler Ultrasonographic Findings of Prostate Gland and Testes in Dogs Receiving Deslorelin Acetate or Osaterone Acetate. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122379. [PMID: 33322633 PMCID: PMC7763262 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This article presents the use of ultrasonography (basic and advanced techniques) in dogs suffering from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) for the assessment of the effects of two different medications: osaterone acetate (YpozaneTM), a registered drug for BPH in dogs, and deslorelin acetate (SuprelorinTM), registered for pharmacological castration in dogs. Based on the obtained results it can be stated that both B-mode and color Doppler Ultrasound imaging techniques are suitable for diagnosis and progress assessment of dogs suffering from BPH. Both investigated medications (osaterone acetate and deslorelin acetate) led to a significant sonographic improvement. Deslorelin acetate reduced prostate volume more slowly, but its effect lasted longer than for osaterone acetate. Abstract This article presents B-mode and color Doppler imaging of the prostate and testes in dogs suffering from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and receiving deslorelin acetate (SuprelorinTM) or osaterone acetate (YpozaneTM). The study was planned as a controlled clinical trial, dogs were divided into negative control (healthy dogs, n = 10), positive control (dogs with BPH, n = 10), and study groups, III (n = 15), receiving deslorelin acetate (DA), and IV (n = 10), receiving osaterone acetate (OA). The B-mode appearance of the prostate parenchyma improved in all investigated dogs from the DA group, and in 60% of OA dogs. Prostate volume was reduced more quickly with OA (from D14), but lasting for a shorter time (on average up to week 20), compared to DA that reduced the prostate volume more slowly (>8 weeks), but the reduction remained longer (>24 weeks). The systolic peak velocity (SPV) and mean velocity (Vmean) were higher in all dogs diagnosed with BPH, compared to Control Group I. The indices did not change in both Control Groups I and II, whereas in study Groups III and IV they decreased throughout the study period compared to day 0 and Control Group II. In Group III the highest reduction was noted from day 21 to week 8, whereas in Group IV the lowest Vmean was recorded before day 21. Testicular parenchyma and volume changed significantly in Group III receiving DA, and the velocity of blood flow in the testicular artery correlated positively with testicular volume only in this group (III). The present study proved the usefulness of B-mode and color Doppler US imaging techniques for diagnosis and progress assessment of dogs suffering from BPH. The blood flow kinetics (mainly SPV) demonstrated a time association between the blood flow changes registered in the prostatic artery, and the subsequent volumetric and sonographic improvement of the prostate parenchyma. The reduction in flow indices was noted prior to the reduction in prostate volume, suggesting that the sonographic recovery of the prostate tissue, occurs secondarily to the regression of the prostate vascular system. Both investigated medications (osaterone acetate and deslorelin acetate) led to a significant sonographic improvement. Deslorelin acetate reduced prostate volume more slowly, but its effect lasted longer than for osaterone acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Niżański
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Ochota
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Christelle Fontaine
- Virbac Group, Global Marketing and Business Optimization Department, Companion Animals Veterinary Exclusive Ranges Section, 13ème rue LID, 06511 Carros, France;
| | - Joanna Pasikowska
- Veterinary Clinic, B. Krzywoustego Str. 105/22, 51-166 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Niżański W, Ochota M, Fontaine C, Pasikowska J. Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness of Deslorelin Acetate and Osaterone Acetate in Dogs with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101936. [PMID: 33096806 PMCID: PMC7593919 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The article compares the treatment efficacy and adverse effects of two drugs used for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) therapy in dogs: YpozaneTM (osaterone acetate) and SuprelorinTM (deslorelin acetate). YpozaneTM is a registered medication for this condition in dogs, whereas SuprelorinTM is registered for pharmacological castration in dogs. The clinical trial proved both drugs to be safe and effective in reducing BPH-related symptoms in dogs, and the noted adverse effects were only mild—mostly weight gain. With osaterone acetate the clinical improvement was noted sooner (from day 7 onwards) than with SuprelorinTM (from day 21 onwards), but it lasted shorter up to 24 weeks, while in the SuprelorinTM group, clinical effect remained stable until the end of the study (36 weeks). Both medications can be recommended for treatment of symptoms related to BPH in dogs, as none of the drugs had serious influence on the general health status and both provided substantial clinical improvement. Abstract This article presents the results of a randomized clinical trial, designed to compare the efficacy and therapeutic profiles of YpozaneTM (osaterone acetate—OA) or SuprelorinTM (deslorelin acetate—DA) in male dogs with clinical signs of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Forty-five intact male dogs were used in the study. The Group I (negative control) included 10 healthy dogs, the Group II (positive control) included 10 dogs with confirmed BPH and no treatment, whereas Group III and IV consisted of dogs with BPH and treated either with DA (15 dogs) or OA (10 dogs). The clinical response, testosterone and estradiol levels, hematology, biochemistry, and adverse effects incidence were evaluated. Both OA and DA proved to be effective for BPH treatment in dogs, as they allowed for the clinical remission in all treated dogs. The complete alleviation of BPH symptoms was noticed sooner with the use of OA (in 80% of dogs from day 7) compared to DA (in 40% of dogs within the first 21 days). The recurrence of clinical signs related to BPH was observed from week 24 in dogs treated with OA, whereas no relapse was noticed in dogs treated with DA at the end of the 36 weeks of the observation period. In 5 dogs (33%) treated with DA, a flare-up effect (increase in the clinical signs associated with BPH) was noticed on day 7. Despite individual differences in the clinical action, both medications were effective and safe options for the treatment of symptoms related to BPH in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Niżański
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Ochota
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Christelle Fontaine
- Virbac Group, Global Marketing and Business Optimization Department, Companion Animals Veterinary Exclusive Ranges Section, 13ème rue LID, 06511 Carros, France;
| | - Joanna Pasikowska
- Veterinary Clinic, B. Krzywoustego Str. 105/22, 51-166 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Gloria A, Di Francesco L, Marruchella G, Robbe D, Contri A. Pulse-wave Doppler pulsatility and resistive indexes of the testicular artery increase in canine testis with abnormal spermatogenesis. Theriogenology 2020; 158:454-460. [PMID: 33049570 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulse-wave Doppler (PWD) ultrasonography of the testicular artery was recently used to compare parameters in fertile and infertile males, or males with normal and abnormal semen quality, while no studies verified the concomitant histological feature of the testis. The experimental hypothesis of the present study was that the blood flow parameters measured by PWD at different levels of the testicular artery reflect sperm attributes evaluated on spermatozoa collected from the tail of the epididymis and testicular histological characteristics. Pulse-wave Doppler parameters were recorded on both testes from 16 dogs of unknown fertility. After routine castration, epididymal spermatozoa were collected and evaluated for sperm total and progressive motility, membrane integrity, and sperm morphology. Testes were submitted to histological and immunohistochemical evaluations to quantify microscopic attributes and connective tissue and vascular area extent, respectively. The findings showed that the increased PWD indexes were suggestive of testicular histological alteration since negative correlations were found between pulsatility index and resistive index, measured in the marginal testicular artery, and histological attributes such as the seminiferous epithelial thickness (R = -0.528, P = 0.016 and R = -0.554, P = 0.005, respectively) and the tubular area/total area ratio (R = -0.494, P = 0.024 and R = -0.563, P = 0.004, respectively). Some histological characteristics, such as tubular diameter, seminiferous epithelium thickness, and the tubular area/total area ratio of the testis are correlated with the percentage of primary abnormalities (R = -0.874, P = 0.001, and R = -0.847, P = 0.001, and R = - 0.865, P = 0.001, respectively). In testes with increased sperm primary abnormalities, higher pulsatility index was found compared with testes with normal spermatogenesis in supratesticular artery (1.07 ± 0.06 vs 0.82 ± 0.23, P < 0.05), marginal artery (0.73 ± 0.04 vs 0.61 ± 0.07, P < 0.05), and intratesticular artery (0.67 ± 0.03 vs 0.43 ± 0.1, P < 0.05). Similarly, the resistive index was found significantly higher in the same vessel tracts in testes with abnormal and normal spermatogenesis (0.62 ± 0.02, 0.53 ± 0.02, and 0.46 ± 0.02 vs 0.51 ± 0.06, 0.44 ± 0.04, and 0.32 ± 0.06, respectively; P < 0.05). Our data demonstrated for the first time the relationship between PWD indexes and the contextual testicular architecture, suggesting that the pulsatility and resistive indexes could be an effective tool in andrology. In light of different histological alterations in the testis, caution is warranted in the definition of thresholds for normal and abnormal testicular blood flow indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Gloria
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Località Piano D'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Francesco
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Località Piano D'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Località Piano D'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Domenico Robbe
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Località Piano D'Accio, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Contri
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Biosciences and Technologies for Agriculture Food and Environment, Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
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Oliveira S, Ferreira L, Carvalho T, Santos R, Valle G. Collection of semen in a dog with partial penectomy followed by successful artificial insemination: case report. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study describes a case of a dog with a lacerated penile tear treated with partial penectomy followed by successful semen collections for artificial insemination. A 1.5-year-old Jack Russel Terrier with normal libido, genital organs and semen, had a penile laceration after copulation. The dog underwent a partial penectomy without orchiectomy, thus preserving the possibility of semen collection. Semen was successfully collected at 45 and 53 days after surgery, and it was used for artificial insemination of two bitches, one of which became pregnant. Therefore, this report demonstrated that semen may be collected from dogs with partial penectomy for artificial insemination, this technique has the potential to preserve fertility of dogs with penile lesions that require penectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.B. Oliveira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - R.L. Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G.R. Valle
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Aiudi G, Lacalandra GM. Advances in Prostatic Diagnostics in Dogs: The Role of Canine Prostatic Specific Esterase in the Early Diagnosis of Prostatic Disorders. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:105-108. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Leoci R, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi G. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) as an useful biomarker in preventive screening programme of canine prostate: CPSE threshold value assessment and its correlation with ultrasonographic prostatic abnormalities in asymptomatic dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:359-364. [PMID: 29164718 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased attention that pet-owners devote to their animals and to the improved veterinary care, investigations regarding methods to early detect prostatic disorders that might affect canine life quality have been performed. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) concentration was reported to be higher in dogs suffering from prostatic diseases. This study aimed to estimate the CPSE threshold as a biomarker to early identify prostatic diseases in asymptomatic dogs. The ultrasonographic examination of the prostate was performed in 19 dogs (6-40 kg; 1-5 years) with no symptoms of prostatic diseases. Dogs were grouped according to the presence (Group A) or absence (Group B) of prostatic disorders at the ultrasound (altered appearance, the presence of cysts or irregular borders). For each dog, a venous blood sample was collected to measure serum CPSE and the ratio between calculated and normal expected prostatic volume was assessed for each dog. The CPSE data were statistically analysed (t test, p < .05), and the CPSE threshold in blood serum between groups was calculated by ROC. In 11 dogs, ultrasonography showed signs of prostatic abnormalities (Group A, 2-5 years), while no signs were detected in eight dogs (Group B, 1-3 years). The calculated/estimated volume ratio resulted greater than 1.5 in Group A dogs. The CPSE was statistically different between groups (p < .0001): higher in Group A (mean = 184.9, SD = 126 ng/ml) than in Group B (38.9 ± 22.1 ng/ml). The cut-off CPSE threshold was 52.3 ng/ml (ROC, AUC = 0.974, SE 95.6%, SP 89.2%). This study suggests that CPSE serum concentration higher than 50 ng/ml in asymptomatic dogs is associated with ultrasonographic alterations and increased the prostatic size (volume by 1.5 times greater than the normal size). As the onset of prostatic disorders often remains asymptomatic, the rapid assessment of CPSE could be suitable for selecting preventively those animals that would require further accurate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" srl, Sesto Calende, Italy.,Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - M Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" srl, Sesto Calende, Italy
| | - R Leoci
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G M Lacalandra
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G Aiudi
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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11
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de Souza MB, England GCW, Mota Filho AC, Ackermann CL, Sousa CVS, de Carvalho GG, Silva HVR, Pinto JN, Linhares JCS, Oba E, da Silva LDM. Semen quality, testicular B-mode and Doppler ultrasound, and serum testosterone concentrations in dogs with established infertility. Theriogenology 2015; 84:805-10. [PMID: 26116053 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective examination of breeding records enabled the identification of 10 dogs of normal fertility and 10 dogs with established infertility of at least 12 months of duration. Comparisons of testicular palpation, semen evaluation, testicular ultrasound examination, Doppler ultrasound measurement of testicular artery blood flow, and measurement of serum testosterone concentration were made between the two groups over weekly examinations performed on three occasions. There were no differences in testicular volume (cm(3)) between the two groups (fertile right testis = 10.77 ± 1.66; fertile left testis = 12.17 ± 2.22); (infertile right testis = 10.25 ± 3.33; infertile left testis = 11.37 ± 3.30), although the infertile dogs all had subjectively softer testes compared with the fertile dogs. Infertile dogs were either azoospermic or when they ejaculated, they had lower sperm concentration, sperm motility, and percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than fertile dogs. Furthermore, infertile dogs had reduced sperm membrane integrity measured via the hypoosmotic swelling test. Infertile dogs had significantly lower basal serum testosterone concentrations (1.40 ± 0.62 ng/mL) than fertile dogs (1.81 ± 0.87 ng/mL; P < 0.05). There were subjective differences in testicular echogenicity in some of the infertile dogs, and important differences in testicular artery blood flow with lower peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities measured in the distal supratesticular artery, marginal testicular artery, and intratesticular artery of infertile dogs (P < 0.05). Notably, resistance index and pulsatility index did not differ between infertile and fertile dogs. These findings report important differences between infertile and fertile dogs which may be detected within an expanded breeding soundness examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírley Barbosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Carnivore Reproduction, Veterinary School, State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Gary C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Camila Louise Ackermann
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Nicodemos Pinto
- Laboratory of Carnivore Reproduction, Veterinary School, State University, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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