1
|
Sun CJ, Hu RY, Li ZC, Jin L, Lu H, He ZX, Shu LP. An engineered abcb4 expression model reveals the central role of NF-κB in the regulation of drug resistance in zebrafish. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:927-939. [PMID: 35165900 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon that tumor cells are exposed to a chemotherapeutic drug for a long time and then develop resistance to a variety of other anticancer drugs with different structures and different mechanisms. The in vitro studies of tumor cell lines cannot systematically reflect the role of MDR gene in vivo, and the cost of in vivo studies of transgenic mice as animal models is high. Given the myriad merits of zebrafish relative to other animal models, we aimed to establish a screening system using zebrafish stably expressing ATP-binding cassette (ATP-cassette) superfamily transporters and unveil the potential regulatory mechanism. We first used the Tol2-mediated approach to construct a Tg (abcb4:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish line with ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B member 4 (abcb4) gene promoter to drive EGFP expression. The expression levels of abcb4 and EGFP were significantly increased when Tg(abcb4:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish embryos were exposed to doxorubicin (DOX) or vincristine (VCR), and the increases were accompanied by a marked decreased accumulation of rhodamine B (RhB) in embryos, indicating a remarkable increase in DOX or VCR efflux. Mechanistically, Akt and Erk signalings were activated upon the treatment with DOX or VCR. With the application of Akt and Erk inhibitors, drug resistance was reversed with differing responsive effects. Notably, downstream NF-κB played a central role in the regulation of abcb4-mediated drug resistance. Taken together, the data indicate that the engineered Tg(abcb4:EGFP) transgenic zebrafish model is a new platform for screening drug resistance in vivo, which may facilitate and accelerate the process of drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Jie Sun
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong-Yin Hu
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhi-Cao Li
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Lu Jin
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - He Lu
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit 942/Paris University 7 and 13, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Province Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li-Ping Shu
- Key Laboratory of Adult Stem Cell Translational Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guiyang, China.,National & Guizhou Joint Engineering Laboratory for Cell Engineering and Biomedicine Technique, State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kell DB. The Transporter-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biotechnology Products: How and Why Phospholipid Bilayer Transport Is Negligible in Real Biomembranes. Molecules 2021; 26:5629. [PMID: 34577099 PMCID: PMC8470029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, my colleagues and I have come to realise that the likelihood of pharmaceutical drugs being able to diffuse through whatever unhindered phospholipid bilayer may exist in intact biological membranes in vivo is vanishingly low. This is because (i) most real biomembranes are mostly protein, not lipid, (ii) unlike purely lipid bilayers that can form transient aqueous channels, the high concentrations of proteins serve to stop such activity, (iii) natural evolution long ago selected against transport methods that just let any undesirable products enter a cell, (iv) transporters have now been identified for all kinds of molecules (even water) that were once thought not to require them, (v) many experiments show a massive variation in the uptake of drugs between different cells, tissues, and organisms, that cannot be explained if lipid bilayer transport is significant or if efflux were the only differentiator, and (vi) many experiments that manipulate the expression level of individual transporters as an independent variable demonstrate their role in drug and nutrient uptake (including in cytotoxicity or adverse drug reactions). This makes such transporters valuable both as a means of targeting drugs (not least anti-infectives) to selected cells or tissues and also as drug targets. The same considerations apply to the exploitation of substrate uptake and product efflux transporters in biotechnology. We are also beginning to recognise that transporters are more promiscuous, and antiporter activity is much more widespread, than had been realised, and that such processes are adaptive (i.e., were selected by natural evolution). The purpose of the present review is to summarise the above, and to rehearse and update readers on recent developments. These developments lead us to retain and indeed to strengthen our contention that for transmembrane pharmaceutical drug transport "phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd., IC1, Liverpool Science Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lautz LS, Jeddi MZ, Girolami F, Nebbia C, Dorne JLCM. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of pharmaceuticals in cats (Felix sylvestris catus) and implications for the risk assessment of feed additives and contaminants. Toxicol Lett 2020; 338:114-127. [PMID: 33253781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In animal health risk assessment, hazard characterisation of feed additives has been often using the default uncertainty factor (UF) of 100 to translate a no-observed-adverse-effect level in test species (rat, mouse, dog, rabbit) to a 'safe' level of chronic exposure in farm and companion animal species. Historically, both 10-fold factors have been further divided to include chemical-specific data in both dimensions when available. For cats (Felis Sylvestris catus), an extra default UF of 5 is applied due to the species' deficiency in particularly glucuronidation and glycine conjugation. This paper aims to assess the scientific basis and validity of the UF for inter-species differences in kinetics (4.0) and the extra UF applied for cats through a comparison of kinetic parameters between rats and cats for 30 substrates of phase I and phase II metabolism. When the parent compound undergoes glucuronidation the default factor of 4.0 is exceeded, with exceptions for zidovudine and S-carprofen. Compounds that were mainly renally excreted did not exceed the 4.0-fold default. Mixed results were obtained for chemicals which are metabolised by CYP3A in rats. When chemicals were administered intravenously the 4.0-fold default was not exceeded with the exception of clomipramine, lidocaine and alfentanil. The differences seen after oral administration might be due to differences in first-pass metabolism and bioavailability. Further work is needed to further characterise phase I, phase II enzymes and transporters in cats to support the development of databases and in silico models to support hazard characterisation of chemicals particularly for feed additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Lautz
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Z Jeddi
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - F Girolami
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - C Nebbia
- University of Torino, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - J L C M Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno, 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rosa B. Equine Drug Transporters: A Mini-Review and Veterinary Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111064. [PMID: 33171593 PMCID: PMC7695171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledge of species-specific transporter distribution and function can lead to drug–drug interactions and adverse effects. Horses are one species in which little is known about drug transport and transporter protein expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to stimulate interest in equine drug transport proteins and comparative transporter physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brielle Rosa
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, TRW 2D01, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Feng YF, Jing ZX, Zhang YY, Lv SW, Guan QX, Yang ZX, Wang R, Wang YH. A guinea pig model of Ciwujia Injection-induced anaphylaxis for allergic substance screening. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
6
|
Garcia-Mateos D, Garcia-Lino AM, Alvarez-Fernandez I, Blanco-Paniagua E, de la Fuente A, Alvarez AI, Merino G. Role of ABCG2 in Secretion into Milk of the Anti-Inflammatory Flunixin and Its Main Metabolite: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation in Mice and Cows. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:516-524. [PMID: 30858238 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flunixin meglumine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in veterinary medicine. It is indicated to treat inflammatory processes, pain, and pyrexia in farm animals. In addition, it is one of the few NSAIDs approved for use in dairy cows, and consequently gives rise to concern regarding its milk residues. The ABCG2 efflux transporter is induced during lactation in the mammary gland and plays an important role in the secretion of different compounds into milk. Previous reports have demonstrated that bovine ABCG2 Y581S polymorphism increases fluoroquinolone levels in cow milk. However, the implication of this transporter in the secretion into milk of anti-inflammatory drugs has not yet been studied. The objective of this work was to study the role of ABCG2 in the secretion into milk of flunixin and its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyflunixin, using Abcg2(-/-) mice, and to investigate the implication of the Y581S polymorphism in the secretion of these compounds into cow milk. Correlation with the in vitro situation was assessed by in vitro transport assays using Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells overexpressing murine and the two variants of the bovine transporter. Our results show that flunixin and 5-hydroxyflunixin are transported by ABCG2 and that this protein is responsible for their secretion into milk. Moreover, the Y581S polymorphism increases flunixin concentration into cow milk, but it does not affect milk secretion of 5-hydroxyflunixin. This result correlates with the differences in the in vitro transport of flunixin between the two bovine variants. These findings are relevant to the therapeutics of anti-inflammatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Garcia-Mateos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Alba Maria Garcia-Lino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Indira Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Esther Blanco-Paniagua
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Alvaro de la Fuente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| | - Gracia Merino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., A.I.A., G.M.), and Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (D.G.-M., A.M.G.-L., I.A.-F., E.B.-P., A.F., A.I.A., G.M.), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, Leon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinez MN, Court MH, Fink-Gremmels J, Mealey KL. Population variability in animal health: Influence on dose-exposure-response relationships: Part I: Drug metabolism and transporter systems. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:E57-E67. [PMID: 29917248 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing effort to understand the many sources of population variability that can influence drug absorption, metabolism, disposition, and clearance in veterinary species. This growing interest reflects the recognition that this diversity can influence dose-exposure-response relationships and can affect the drug residues present in the edible tissues of food-producing animals. To appreciate the pharmacokinetic diversity that may exist across a population of potential drug product recipients, both endogenous and exogenous variables need to be considered. The American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics hosted a 1-day session during the 2017 Biennial meeting to explore the sources of population variability recognized to impact veterinary medicine. The following review highlights the information shared during that session. In Part I of this workshop report, we consider sources of population variability associated with drug metabolism and membrane transport. Part II of this report highlights the use of modeling and simulation to support an appreciation of the variability in dose-exposure-response relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn N Martinez
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Michael H Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina L Mealey
- Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Otero JA, García-Mateos D, Alvarez-Fernández I, García-Villalba R, Espín JC, Álvarez AI, Merino G. Flaxseed-enriched diets change milk concentration of the antimicrobial danofloxacin in sheep. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:14. [PMID: 29334949 PMCID: PMC5769330 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed is the most common and rich dietary source of lignans and is an acceptable supply of energy for livestock. Flaxseed lignans are precursors of enterolignans, mainly enterolactone and enterodiol, produced by the rumen and intestinal microbiota of mammals and have many important biological properties as phytoestrogens. Potential food-drug interactions involving flaxseed may be relevant for veterinary therapy, and for the quality and safety of milk and dairy products. Our aim was to investigate a potential food-drug interaction involving flaxseed, to explore whether the inclusion of flaxseed in sheep diet affects concentration of the antimicrobial danofloxacin in milk. RESULTS Increased concentrations of enterodiol and enterolactone were observed in sheep plasma and milk after 2 weeks of flaxseed supplementation (P < 0.05). However, enterolactone and enterodiol conjugates were not detected in milk. Milk danofloxacin pharmacokinetics showed that area under the curve (AUC)0-24, maximum concentration (Cmax) and AUC0-24 milk-to-plasma ratios were reduced by 25-30% in sheep fed flaxseed-enriched diets (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate, therefore, that flaxseed-enriched diets reduce the amount of danofloxacin in sheep milk and enrich the milk content of lignan-derivatives. CONCLUSION These findings highlight an effect of flaxseed-enriched diets on the concentration of antimicrobials in ruminant's milk, revealing the potential of these modified diets for the control of residues of antimicrobial drugs in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Andoni Otero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Dafne García-Mateos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Indira Alvarez-Fernández
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Álvarez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Gracia Merino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences-Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain.
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Visser M, Weber K, Rincon G, Merritt D. Use of RNA-seq to determine variation in canine cytochrome P450 mRNA expression between blood, liver, lung, kidney and duodenum in healthy beagles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:583-590. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Visser
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Metabolism & Safety; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn AL USA
| | - K. Weber
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Genetics; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - G. Rincon
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Genetics; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - D. Merritt
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Metabolism & Safety; Zoetis; Kalamazoo MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oswald H, Sharkey M, Pade D, Martinez MN. Canine gastrointestinal physiology: Breeds variations that can influence drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:192-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Drug-drug interactions: an evolving science in need of experimental models and systems. Vet J 2014; 201:1-2. [PMID: 24888680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|