1
|
Mandese WW, Suero M, Reynolds PS, Kariyawasam S, Beatty S, Griffin F. Urinalysis and culture results of free-catch urine samples in dogs: a randomised controlled trial. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:615-621. [PMID: 38622928 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of bacterial presence in free-catch urine samples preceded by either a standardised prepped ("clean-catch") protocol versus unprepped (non-cleaned) voiding. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a single-centre prospective single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Urine samples were obtained from 100 client-owned dogs presenting for routine evaluation. Dogs were randomly assigned to either the prepped group (preputial or peri-vulvar area cleaned with sterile saline before collection) or the unprepped group (no preliminary cleansing) stratified by sex. Urinalysis and urine culture (blood and MacConkey agar) were performed on all samples. Significant bacterial presence on urine culture was defined as >104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. RESULTS There were no statistically significant associations between prepped versus unprepped collection method or sex with a urinalysis positive for bacteriuria. However, on culture, significant bacterial growth was almost five times more likely to be associated with males relative to females (odds ratio 4.59, 95% confidence interval 1.61 to 13.10). The probability of finding a positive culture was not statistically associated with prep method (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 4.08). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE For the majority of dogs without clinical signs of urinary tract infection, free-catch urine collection does not result in significant bacteriuria found on analysis or culture. The presence of bacteria found in free-catch samples may be secondary to sample contamination or subclinical bacteriuria. Sample contamination or subclinical bacteriuria may be more prevalent in male dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W W Mandese
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - M Suero
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - P S Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesiology, Statistics in Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Core, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - S Kariyawasam
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - S Beatty
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - F Griffin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nelson V, Downey A, Summers S, Shropshire S. Prevalence of signs of lower urinary tract disease and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study. Vet Med (Auckl) 2023; 37:550-555. [PMID: 36708199 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No recent studies have evaluated the association between clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD) and positive urine culture in dogs with diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria (ie, positive urine culture without signs of LUTD) in dogs with diabetes mellitus. ANIMALS One hundred seven dogs with diabetes mellitus were evaluated at a university veterinary hospital. METHODS Retrospective study evaluating diabetic dogs with a single sample paired urinalysis and urine culture. Relationship between the presence of signs of LUTD, pyuria, and bacteriuria and urine culture results were compared using Fisher exact testing. RESULTS Fifteen dogs (14%) had a positive urine culture via cystocentesis or free catch, of which 8 (53%) had pyuria, and 4 (27%) had signs of LUTD. Of the 88 dogs (82%) without signs of LUTD, 11 (13%) had a positive culture. A significant association was found between a positive urine culture and pyuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 20.34-infinity, P < .00001) and bacteriuria (OR infinity; 95% CI 164.4-infinity, P < .00001). No association was found between urine culture results and signs of LUTD (OR 1.87; 95% CI 0.59-6.85, P = .46). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Subclinical bacteriuria occurred in this cohort of dogs, and our findings reinforce the recommendation that urine cultures should not be routinely performed in diabetic dogs particularly if pyuria and bacteriuria are absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Nelson
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy Downey
- Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stacie Summers
- Oregon State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sarah Shropshire
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Li J, Ou H, Qi D, Hu B, Xu Y, Hu J, Xiong Y, Xia L, Huang JH, Hu X, Wu E. Identification of new aptamer BC-3 targeting RPS7 from rapid screening for bladder carcinoma. Genes Dis 2022. [PMID: 37492709 PMCID: PMC10363591 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers, short single DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, have shown immense application potential as molecular probes for the early diagnosis and therapy of cancer. However, conventional cell-SELEX technologies for aptamer discovery are time-consuming and laborious. Here we discovered a new aptamer BC-3 by using an improved rapid X-Aptamer selection process for human bladder carcinoma, for which there is no specific molecular probe yet. We show that BC-3 exhibited excellent affinity in bladder cancer cells but not normal cells. We demonstrate that BC-3 displayed high selectivity for tumor cells over their normal counterparts in vitro, in mice, and in patient tumor tissue specimens. Further endocytosis pathway analysis revealed that BC-3 internalized into bladder cancer cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, we identified ribosomal protein S7 (RPS7) as the binding target of BC-3 via an integrated methodology (mass spectrometry, colocalization assay, and immunoblotting). Together, we report that a novel aptamer BC-3 is discovered for bladder cancer and its properties in the disease are unearthed. Our findings will facilitate the discovery of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Regular health monitoring can result in early detection of disease, accelerate the delivery of medical care and, therefore, considerably improve patient outcomes for countless medical conditions that affect public health. A substantial unmet need remains for technologies that can transform the status quo of reactive health care to preventive, evidence-based, person-centred care. With this goal in mind, platforms that can be easily integrated into people's daily lives and identify a range of biomarkers for health and disease are desirable. However, urine - a biological fluid that is produced in large volumes every day and can be obtained with zero pain, without affecting the daily routine of individuals, and has the most biologically rich content - is discarded into sewers on a regular basis without being processed or monitored. Toilet-based health-monitoring tools in the form of smart toilets could offer preventive home-based continuous health monitoring for early diagnosis of diseases while being connected to data servers (using the Internet of Things) to enable collection of the health status of users. In addition, machine learning methods can assist clinicians to classify, quantify and interpret collected data more rapidly and accurately than they were able to previously. Meanwhile, challenges associated with user acceptance, privacy and test frequency optimization should be considered to facilitate the acceptance of smart toilets in society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yadav SN, Ahmed N, Nath AJ, Mahanta D, Kalita MK. Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:2133-2141. [PMID: 33281347 PMCID: PMC7704312 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2133-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - N Ahmed
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - A J Nath
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - D Mahanta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - M K Kalita
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of 6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt Supplementation to Formula on Growth and Clinical Parameters in Neonatal Piglets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041030. [PMID: 32283716 PMCID: PMC7230961 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are complex, non-digestible glycans found in large abundance in human milk. The abundance and the profile of bovine milk oligosaccharides and bovine milk based in infant formula differ from those in human milk. Recently, some human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been supplemented to infant formula, however, not all forms have been available in large scale. The objective of the study was to investigate the dose-dependent effects of an enzymatically-synthesized 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL) sodium salt supplemented to swine milk replacer on growth, hematological parameters, and organ microscopic assessment in our pre-clinical neonatal pig model. Two-day-old male and female pigs (n = 47) were provided one of four experimental diets for 21 days. Diets were formulated to contain 0 (CON), 300 (LOW), 600 (MOD), or 1200 (HIGH) mg/L of 6′-SL sodium salt. On days 8 and 22, samples were collected for hematological and histological analyses. Supplemental 6′-SL sodium salt at all doses supported growth and development comparable to those observed in control animals. In addition, serum chemistries, hematology, and organ microscopic structure were unaffected by 6′-SL (p > 0.05). Thus, addition of enzymatically-synthesized 6′-SL to a milk replacer formula supported growth and clinical outcomes similar to the control formula in the neonatal piglet.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shropshire S, Quimby J, Cerda R. Comparison of Single, Averaged, and Pooled Urine Protein:Creatinine Ratios in Proteinuric Dogs Undergoing Medical Treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:288-294. [PMID: 29171088 PMCID: PMC5787151 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) in dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) is challenging because of day‐to‐day variation in UPC results. Hypothesis/Objectives Determine whether single, averaged, or pooled samples from PLN dogs receiving medical treatment yield comparable UPCs, regardless of degree of proteinuria. Animals Twenty‐five client‐owned PLN dogs receiving medical treatment. Methods UPC ratios were prospectively measured in each dog utilizing 3 methods: single in‐hospital sample (day 3), average sample (days 1–3), and pooled sample (equal pooling of urine from days 1–3). Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to evaluate agreement between methods for all dogs, as well as in subgroups of dogs (UPC ≤4 or UPC >4). Results For all dogs, Bland‐Altman log‐transformed 95% limits of agreement were −0.07–0.18 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.06–0.16 (single versus average UPC), and −0.06–0.04 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC ≤4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.42–0.82 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.38–0.76 (single versus average UPC), and −0.27–0.25 (pooled versus average UPC). For dogs with UPC >4, Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were −0.17–2.4 (single versus pooled UPC), −0.40–2.2 (single versus average UPC), and −0.85–0.43 (pooled versus average UPC). Conclusions and Clinical Importance UPC ratios from all methods were comparable in PLN dogs receiving medical treatment. In PLN dogs with UPC >4, more variability between methods exists likely because of higher in‐hospital results, but whether this finding is clinically relevant is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - J Quimby
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - R Cerda
- Arapahoe Animal Hospital, Boulder, CO
| |
Collapse
|