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Sadler RA, Shoveller AK, Shandilya UK, Charchoglyan A, Wagter-Lesperance L, Bridle BW, Mallard BA, Karrow NA. Beyond the Coagulation Cascade: Vitamin K and Its Multifaceted Impact on Human and Domesticated Animal Health. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:7001-7031. [PMID: 39057059 PMCID: PMC11276079 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is an essential micronutrient impacting many systems in the body. This lipid-soluble vitamin is found in various plant and animal products and is absorbed via the lymphatic system. This biomolecule's importance to human health includes but is not limited to its promotion of brain, cardiovascular, bone, and immune functions. These biological properties are also necessary for maintaining domesticated animal health. The synergistic impact of both VK and vitamin D (VD) maximizes these health benefits, specifically for the circulatory and skeletal systems. This manuscript reviews VK's properties, molecular structures, nutrikinetics, mechanisms of action, daily requirements, safety in supplemental form, biomarkers used for its detection, and impacts on various organs. The purpose of synthesizing this information is to evaluate the potential uses of VK for the treatment or prevention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka A. Sadler
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Armen Charchoglyan
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauraine Wagter-Lesperance
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.A.S.); (A.K.S.); (U.K.S.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada; (A.C.); (L.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
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Seo D, Lim S, Namgoong B, Choe A, Uhm H, Hong H, Lee N, Kim I, Kim M. Unilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage in a cat secondary to suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1508. [PMID: 38889073 PMCID: PMC11185221 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A 6-month-old intact female mixed-breed kitten presented with severe exophthalmos of the left eye. Periocular lesions, including subconjunctival haemorrhage, third eyelid protrusion, and left eyelid oedema, were detected in the absence of globe retropulsion. The left intraocular pressure was increased, and ocular ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral retrobulbar fluid. Coagulation panels were markedly prolonged and severe anaemia was detected. Ultrasound-guided retrobulbar centesis performed to decrease intraocular pressure yielded blood. Based on the history and clinical findings, anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication was suspected. Treatment included partial tarsorrhaphy and the administration of topical antibiotics, artificial tears, and vitamin K1. Fresh whole blood and fresh frozen plasma were transfused for supportive therapy. Coagulation parameters improved after 7 days of hospitalisation. The periocular lesions resolved within 14 days, despite persistent optic nerve damage and blindness. This case report raises the possibility that anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity may result in retrobulbar haemorrhage in the absence of other typical cavitary bleeding. Although uncommon, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be considered in cats with retrobulbar haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyun Seo
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Beomkwan Namgoong
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Ahreum Choe
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Heesung Uhm
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Hyeajeong Hong
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Nanju Lee
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Isong Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Min‐Su Kim
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary ScienceSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Bertolini FM, Barolo E, Masti R, De Arcangeli S, Furlanello T, Ongaro V, Meneghini C, Sanchez Del Pulgar J. Fast and sensitive method for the diagnosis and follow-up of anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning in animal whole blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123971. [PMID: 38128166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Rodent control strategies are primarily based on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), making them widely used worldwide. However, due to their high toxicity and availability, ARs are among the leading causes of animal poisoning in Europe. They are the primary agents involved in intoxication in cats and the second in dogs. Additionally, their long persistence in the body can lead to secondary exposure, particularly in wild predators. The laboratory findings and clinical signs of intoxication can range from increased clotting time (prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time) to severe bleeding and death. Despite the prevalence and severity of this intoxication, only a few methods are available for the identification and quantification of ARs in animals, and most of them are suitable only for post-mortem diagnosis. In this study, we present the validation of a rapid and sensitive method for the identification and quantification of ARs in animal whole blood, using a small sample volume. The developed LC-MS/MS method demonstrated high accuracy and precision at the limit of quantification (LOQ), as well as at low, medium, and high concentrations. It exhibited higher sensitivity (LOQ 0.1 - 0.3 ng/mL) compared to previously published methods. After validation, the method was successfully applied to real cases of suspected poisoning events, resulting in the identification of several positive samples. The examples presented in this study highlight the utility of this method for diagnosis and follow-up, emphasizing the importance of method sensitivity in order to avoid misclassifying truly positive samples as negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Barolo
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Riccardo Masti
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Stefano De Arcangeli
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Tommaso Furlanello
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Valeria Ongaro
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Chiara Meneghini
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy
| | - Jose Sanchez Del Pulgar
- San Marco Veterinary Clinic and Laboratory, Via dell'Industria 3, 35030 Veggiano (Padova), Italy.
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4
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Toxicology Case Presentations. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 53:175-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dawson KA, Blong A, Walton R. Case report: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome following treatment with pamidronate for calcitriol toxicity. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:956153. [PMID: 36032307 PMCID: PMC9412160 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.956153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe a case of glomerulosclerosis resulting in nephrotic syndrome following the administration of pamidronate disodium to treat clinical calcitriol toxicity in a dog.Case summaryA 12-week-old intact male Labrador Retriever weighing 11.8 kg presented with lethargy and vomiting for 20 h after ingesting a 100 g tube of topical antipsoriatic cream (3 mcg/g of calcitriol; Vectical Ointment™, Galderma, Lausanne, Switzerland). Severe hypercalcemia was present on the day of the presentation. Hypercalcemia treatments such as saline diuresis, furosemide (Salix®, furosemide, Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ), and dexamethasone sodium phosphate (Dexamethasone SP, Mylan, Canonsburg, PA) were initiated. The dog was also administered a single dose of pamidronate disodium (Pamidronate disodium, Mylan, Canonsburg, PA) on the day of presentation. Initially, the patient's clinical signs improved, and the hypercalcemia resolved. Exactly 130 h post-pamidronate disodium (Dexamethasone SP, Mylan, Canonsburg, PA) administration, the patient developed biochemical abnormalities and severe edema, consistent with nephrotic syndrome, and was euthanized. Necropsy results revealed evidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).Unique informationPamidronate disodium, commonly used for the treatment of hypercalcemia, may have resulted in glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome in a dog with calcitriol toxicity. This complication should be taken into consideration when monitoring patients treated with pamidronate disodium for hypercalcemia.
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Sato R, Watanabe K, Kamata R, Takeda K. Development of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify γ-glutamyl-carboxylated clotting factor IX and assess redox susceptibility of anticoagulant chemicals. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:804-808. [PMID: 35444089 PMCID: PMC9246686 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant chemicals (ACCs) such as warfarin are widely used in medical applications
as well as for their rodenticide properties. Their efficacy is greatly influenced by
polymorphisms in the gene encoding vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR). Evaluation of the
activity of ACCs toward VKOR variants is essential to determine their proper use.
Presently, this is achieved by co-expressing VKOR of Rattus Norvegicus
and human clotting factor IX in cultured cells and measuring inhibition of vitamin
K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylation of factor IX (glaFIX) activity. However, glaFIX
has only been quantified using indirect methods like blood coagulation assays. We have
developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a glaFIX-specific antibody to
quantify glaFIX and used this to analyze inhibition of VKOR activity by warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sato
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kanami Watanabe
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University.,Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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Mercer MA, Davis JL, Riviere JE, Baynes RE, Tell LA, Jaberi-Douraki M, Maunsell FP, Lin Z. Mechanisms of toxicity and residue considerations of rodenticide exposure in food Animals—a FARAD perspective. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:514-523. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.08.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Mercer
- 1Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- 1Food Animal Residue Avoidance and Databank Program (FARAD), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- 2FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- 3FARAD, 1DATA Consortium and Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University-Olathe, Olathe, KS
| | - Ronald E. Baynes
- 2FARAD, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- 4FARAD, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 3FARAD, 1DATA Consortium and Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University-Olathe, Olathe, KS
| | - Fiona P. Maunsell
- 5FARAD, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- 6FARAD, Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Vecchiato CG, Delsante C, Galiazzo G, Perfetti S, Pinna C, Sabetti MC, Zagnoli L, Biagi G, Pietra M. Case Report: A Case Series Linked to Vitamin D Excess in Pet Food: Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) Toxicity Observed in Five Cats. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:707741. [PMID: 34490396 PMCID: PMC8416511 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) toxicity caused by defective pet food formulations is a rare occurrence described in cats. Nevertheless, it poses a health risk, even though the affected pet food is not fed as the sole diet. Excessive vitamin D3 intake might cause hypercalcemia and soft tissue mineralization, which are findings that prompt clinicians to further investigate the feasible etiology. This case series describes the effects of an extremely high vitamin D3 intake in five young cats caused by the consumption of a fish-based complementary kitten pet food (KPF) that was fed to all of the cats as part of their diet (cases 1, 2, and 3) or eaten exclusively (cases 4 and 5). Due to the different amounts of vitamin D3 consumed, diagnostic examinations showed different degrees of severity of hypercalcemia and azotemia as well as different radiographic findings in cases where diagnostic imaging was performed (cases 2, 4, and 5). All of the cats were treated by withdrawing the affected food and providing medical management of the hypercalcemia. All of the cats recovered, except for two persistent azotemic cats, which developed chronic kidney disease. The goal of this case series is, therefore, to describe the occurrence and resolution of an acute vitamin D3 toxicity due to the highest amount of dietary vitamin D3 intake that has ever been described in domestic cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla G Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Costanza Delsante
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Simone Perfetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Pinna
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria C Sabetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Zagnoli
- Clinica Veterinaria dell' Orologio - AniCura, Sasso Marconi, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marco Pietra
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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Clarke KE, Hurst EA, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D metabolism and disorders in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:935-947. [PMID: 34323302 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an important role in regulating calcium metabolism and in the development and maintenance of skeletal health of companion animals. There is also a growing interest in understanding the role vitamin D plays in non-skeletal health in both human and veterinary patients. This review provides an update of our current understanding of vitamin D biology in dogs and cats and gives an overview of how vitamin D metabolism can be assessed in companion animals. Congenital and acquired vitamin D disorders are then summarised before the review concludes with a summary of recent studies which have explored the role of vitamin D in the development and outcomes of non-skeletal diseases of dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Clarke
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - E A Hurst
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Valladares-Carranza B, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Rivero-Pérez N, Ortega-Santana C, Velázquez-Ordoñez V. Diagnóstico de warfarina en muestras remitidas al CIESA durante el período 2015-2018. Una problemática recurrente. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Valladares-Carranza B, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Rivero-Pérez N, Ortega-Santana C, Velázquez-Ordoñez V. Diagnosis of warfarin in samples sent to CIESA during the period 2015-2018. A recurring problem. JOURNAL OF THE SELVA ANDINA ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.36610/j.jsaas.2021.080100012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Seljetun KO, Vindenes V, Øiestad EL, Brochmann GW, Eliassen E, Moe L. Determination of anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces of exposed dogs and in a healthy dog population. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:30. [PMID: 32546243 PMCID: PMC7296905 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in dogs is among the most common causes of poisoning in small animal practice, but information about toxicokinetic of these rodenticides in dogs is lacking. We analysed blood and faeces from five accidentally exposed dogs and 110 healthy dogs by reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The aim of the study was to estimate elimination of brodifacoum, bromadiolone and difenacoum after acute exposure, calculate the half-lives of these rodenticides in dogs, estimate faecal elimination in a litter of puppies born, and further to identify the extent of AR exposure in a healthy dog population. Results Three dogs were included after single ingestions of brodifacoum; two dogs ingested bromadiolone and one dog ingested difenacoum. Maximum concentrations in faeces were found after day 2–3 for all ARs. The distribution half-lives were 1–10 days for brodifacoum, 1–2 days for bromadiolone and 10 days for difenacoum. Brodifacoum and difenacoum had estimated terminal half-lives of 200–330 days and 190 days, respectively. In contrast, bromadiolone had an estimated terminal half-life of 30 days. No clinical signs of poisoning or coagulopathy were observed in terminal elimination period. In blood, the terminal half-life of brodifacoum was estimated to 8 days. Faeces from a litter of puppies born from one of the poisoned dogs were examined, and measurable concentrations of brodifacoum were detected in all samples for at least 28 days after parturition. A cross-sectional study of 110 healthy domestic dogs was performed to estimate ARs exposure in a dog population. Difenacoum was detected in faeces of one dog. Blood and faecal samples from the remaining dogs were negative for all ARs. Conclusions Based on the limited pharmacokinetic data from these dogs, our results suggest that ARs have a biphasic elimination in faeces using a two-compartment elimination kinetics model. We have shown that faecal analysis is suitable and reliable for the assessment of ARs exposure in dogs and a tool for estimating the AR half-lives. Half-lives of ARs could be a valuable indicator in the exposed dogs and provides important information for veterinarians monitoring AR exposure and assessment of treatment length in dogs.
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13
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Hurst EA, Homer NZ, Denham SG, MacFarlane E, Campbell S, Boswinkel M, Mellanby RJ. Development and application of a LC-MS/MS assay for simultaneous analysis of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin-D metabolites in canine serum. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105598. [PMID: 31958632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypovitaminosis D and hypervitaminosis D are well recognised disorders in dogs. Hypovitaminosis D can occur following consumption of a diet inadequately supplemented with vitamin D or as a sequelae of severe intestinal disease. Hypervitaminosis D may occur as a result of consuming proprietary dog foods over-supplemented with vitamin D or through ingestion of vitamin D containing medicinal products or rodenticides. Consequently, there is a clear need to establish a methodology that can accurately quantify vitamin D metabolites across a broad dynamic range in dogs. The existence of C3-epimers of vitamin D metabolites has yet to be elucidated in dogs, yet are known to interfere with the analysis of vitamin D and have unknown biological activity in other species. Here, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive, specific and robust analytical liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay capable of separating and accurately measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin-D2/3 (25(OH)D2/3) and 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin-D2/3 (3-epi-25(OH)D2/3). We describe a simplified workflow utilising supported liquid extraction (SLE) without derivatization that provides good linearity (mean r > 0.996) and accuracy across a broad dynamic range of 4-500 nmol/L for D3 metabolites and 7.8-500 nmol/L for D2 metabolites. Upon application of this assay to 117 canine serum samples, 25(OH)D3 was detectable in all samples with a median concentration of 82.1 nmol/L (inter-quartile range (IQR) 59.7-101.8 nmol/L). 3-epi-25(OH)D3 could be detected in 87.2 % of the study population, with a median concentration of 5.2 nmol/L (2.4-8.1 nmol/L). However, 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was quantified below the LLOQ in 40.2 % of these samples. 3-epi-25(OH)D3 contributed on average 6.3 % to 25(OH)D3 status (contribution ranges from 0 to 23.8%) and a positive correlation was detected between 25(OH)D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3 concentrations. Free 25(OH)D was also measured using an immunoassay with a median concentration of 15.2 pmol/L (12.5-23.2 pmol/L), and this metabolite was also positively correlated to both 3-epi-25(OH)D3 and 25(OH)D3 concentrations. D2 metabolites were not detected in canine serum as expected. Vitamin D metabolite concentrations were variable between individuals, and research into the causes of this variation should include factors such as breed, age, sex and neuter status to determine the impact of genetic and hormonal factors. Given the clinical importance of vitamin D in dogs, and the immense potential for utilising this species as a model for human disease, further elucidation of the vitamin D pathway in this species would provide immense clinical and research benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Hurst
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Natalie Z Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Scott G Denham
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Emma MacFarlane
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Susan Campbell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Maaike Boswinkel
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Gerhard C, Jaffey JA. Persistent Increase in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in a Dog Following Cholecalciferol Intoxication. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:472. [PMID: 31998760 PMCID: PMC6970194 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecalciferol is becoming an increasingly utilized rodenticide in the United States due to changes implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reduce unintended exposure of wildlife to second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. The lipophilic properties of cholecalciferol and prolonged tissue elimination are well-documented; however, long-term clinical ramifications are unknown. This report describes unique clinicopathologic and treatment features during the acute phase of cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicosis in a 4-year-old neutered Shih-Tzu mix that presented for intermittent vomiting, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia. In addition, this report also highlights the potential benefit of serial measurements of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and long-term treatment in the chronic phase of cholecalciferol rodenticide toxicosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gerhard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
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15
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Omidkhoda SF, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. against natural toxins, chemical toxicities, and radiation: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2821-2840. [PMID: 31429152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays in our developing and industrial world, humans' health or even their life is threatened by exposure to poisons. In this situation, detecting a protective compound could be helpful and interesting. In the present article, we collected and reviewed all studies, which have been conducted so far about the protective effects of Ginkgo biloba L. (GB), one of the most ancient medicinal tree species, against toxicities induced by chemical toxic agents, natural toxins, and also radiation. In overall, investigations showed that GB exerts the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antigenotoxicity effects in different toxicities. There are also some special mechanisms about its protective effects against some specific toxic agents, such as acetylcholine esterase inhibition in the aluminium neurotoxicity or membrane-bond phosphodiesterase activation in the triethyltin toxicity. Ginkgolide A was the most investigated active ingredient of G. biloba leaf extract as a protective compound against toxicities, which had the similar effects of total extract. A few clinical studies have been conducted in this field, which demonstrated the beneficial effects of GB against toxic agents. However, the promising effects of this valuable herbal extract will practically remain useless without carrying out more clinical studies and proving its effects on human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Farzaneh Omidkhoda
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - BiBi Marjan Razavi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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