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Phonklam K, Sriwimol W, Thuptimdang W, Phairatana T. Disposable label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles-Prussian blue for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin detection in urine samples. Talanta 2024; 274:125960. [PMID: 38555767 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a remarkable biomarker for assessing acute kidney injury. In this study, we developed a novel label-free NGAL electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and Prussian blue (PB) without an external mediator. The AuNPs-PB based immunosensor was fabricated on a custom gold-electrode (AuE)-based polypropylene (PP) substrate. We systematically assessed and optimized key experimental parameters, including the process of AuNPs-PB electrodeposition, antibody concentration, and incubation time. The immunosensor response toward NGAL was determined using differential pulse voltammetry, where the decrease in the oxidation current response of the PB redox probe correlating with the increase in NGAL concentration. Our results demonstrated that the synergistic benefits of both AuNPs and PB significantly improved electrochemical activity for NGAL detection and provided a highly stable sensor across a range of pH values. The label-free immunosensor exhibited two linear ranges: 0.10-1.40 ng mL-1 and 1.40-25.0 ng mL-1, with a low detection limit of 0.094 ng mL-1. The developed NGAL immunosensor displayed high selectivity and excellent reproducibility. Furthermore, NGAL detection was completed within 30 min and the immunosensor exhibited storage stability for six weeks. Notably, NGAL levels determined in human urine samples using this developed label-free immunosensor showed good agreement with the results obtained from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This novel label-free NGAL immunosensor provides great potential in developing NGAL point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewarin Phonklam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Sriwimol
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Wanwara Thuptimdang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Tonghathai Phairatana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; Medical Biosensor Laboratory, Medical Science Research and Innovation Institute, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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2
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Kuo TC, Hsu WL, Wu VC, Jan TR, Tsai PSJ, Lee YJ. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its activity in cats with chronic kidney disease. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1362379. [PMID: 38756510 PMCID: PMC11097973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1362379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) played an important role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and it was proved to be renoprotective in renal disease. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (uACE2) has been shown to reflect renal injury in human and experimental studies, but its role in feline kidney disease remains unknown. Aims Our objectives involve comparing uACE2 concentrations and activities in cats across CKD stages with healthy controls, investigating the relationship between uACE2 concentrations, activities, and clinicopathological data in feline CKD patients, and assessing the predictive abilities of both for CKD progression. Methods A retrospective, case-control study. The concentration and activity of uACE2 were measured by commercial ELISA and fluorometric assay kits, respectively. The concentration was adjusted to give uACE2 concentration-to-creatinine ratios (UACCRs). Results In total, 67 cats consisting of 24 control and 43 chronic kidney disease (CKD), including 24 early-stage CKD and 19 late-stage CKD, were enrolled in this study. UACCR values were significantly higher in both early-stage (2.100 [1.142-4.242] x 10-6) and late-stage feline CKD (4.343 [2.992-5.0.71] x 10-6) compared to healthy controls (0.894 [0.610-1.076] x 10-6; p < 0.001), and there was also significant difference between-early stage group and late-stage group (p = 0.026). Urinary ACE2 activity (UAA) was significantly lower in CKD cats (1.338 [0.644-2.755] x pmol/min/ml) compared to the healthy cats (7.989 [3.711-15.903] x pmol/min/ml; p < 0.001). UACCR demonstrated an independent, positive correlation with BUN (p < 0.001), and UAA exhibited an independent, negative correlation with plasma creatinine (p < 0.001). Both UACCR and UAA did not yield significant results in predicting CKD progression based on the ROC curve analysis. Conclusion and clinical importance uACE2 concentration and activity exhibit varying changes as renal function declines, particularly in advanced CKD cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kuo
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Rong Jan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shiue Jason Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jane Lee
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Kennedy Costa W, Ferreira Do Nascimento M, Bruna Guimarães Silva V, Vinicius Souza da Silva B, Henrique Napoleão T, Tereza Dos Santos Correia M, Vanusa da Silva M, Macário de Oliveira A. Evaluation of 28-day repeated doses oral toxicity of essential oil from Psidium glaziovianum Kiaersk leaves on various biological parameters in Swiss mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:697-706. [PMID: 37565658 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2246497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Only a small number of the many medicinally important species in the genus Psidium L. have had their safety assessed. Psidium glaziovianum, a plant native to Brazil, is reported to exert antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects; however, there are no apparent reports of long-term safety following administering of repeated doses. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 28-day oral of treatment at 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg Psidium glaziovianum essential oil (PgEO) on behavioral and physiological parameters in male and female Swiss mice. First, PgEO was chemically characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The following parameters were examined: motor activity, body temperature, blood glucose, urine, hematology, biochemistry, histology, and oxidative stress. Characterization of PgEO revealed 48 components which were dominated by sesquiterpenes 1,8-cineol (24.29%), α-pinene (19.73%) and β-pinene (17.31%). Data showed that PgEO treatment in mice increased activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) without markedly affecting body weight, hematological or biochemical parameters, as well as water or food consumption. Administration of PgEO in repeated daily dosages over 28 days did not significantly alter exploratory or locomotor activities. Based upon our findings, PgEO administration daily for 28 days, exhibited low toxicity and absence of effects on the nervous system. Data demonstrated that PgEO produced hypoglycemic and antioxidant actions which need to be considered in safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wêndeo Kennedy Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Smyroglou ED, Athanasiou LV, Baka RD, Polizopoulou ZS. Comparative Evaluation between Visual and Automated Dipstick Urinalyses in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040284. [PMID: 37104438 PMCID: PMC10142454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Urine test strips are commercially available and can be assessed with semi-automated analyzers or by visual assessment. This study aimed to compare the visual and automated evaluations of dipstick variables in canine urine samples. One hundred and nineteen urine samples were evaluated. Automated analysis was performed on a veterinary urine analyzer URIT-50Vet (URIT Medical Electronic) with UC VET13 Plus strips. Multistix 10 SG dipsticks (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) were used for visual evaluation, along with a refractometer (Clinical Refractometer Atago T2-Ne, Atago Co., Tokyo, Japan) for urine specific gravity measurements. A linear relationship was observed between the pH measurements (p = 0.2) of the two methods; the Passing-Bablok procedure was valid since neither proportional nor systematic significant errors were observed. Comparing the two methods, the correlation for urine specific gravity was poor (p = 0.01, CI 0.667-1.000). Moderate agreement was demonstrated for proteins (κ = 0.431), bilirubin (κ = 0.434) and glucose (κ = 0.450). Agreement was substantial for blood (κ = 0.620) and poor for leukocytes (κ = 0.100). Poor agreement was observed for ketones (κ = -0.006). Apart from the pH analysis, visual and automated dipstick urinalyses should not be used interchangeably. Multiple urine samples obtained from the same dog during the day should be evaluated using the same method to overcome erroneous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia D Smyroglou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Rania D Baka
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoe S Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhi J, Tang Q, Wu S, Kong B, Jiang J, Li Z, Wang Y, Xue C. Degradation of curcumin‐mediated photodynamic technology (PDT) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oysters and toxicity evaluation of PDT‐treated oysters. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhi
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shuangjie Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Biao Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jiali Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
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López MC, Aybar V, Zatelli A, Vila A, Vega JJ, Hernando E, Jiménez A, Roura X. Is proteinuria a rare condition in apparently healthy and sick cats? A feline practice experience (2007-2018). Open Vet J 2021; 11:508-516. [PMID: 34722216 PMCID: PMC8541710 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Proteinuria is assumed to be less frequent in cats than in dogs and is mainly associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Aim: The current study aimed to evaluate and compare urine protein-to-creatinine (UPC) values retrospectively in cats visited for comprehensive annual health check or for presenting systemic clinical signs related to CKD. Methods: UPC ratio was retrospectively evaluated in 112 owned cats, out of which 51 (45.5%) were apparently healthy cats according to their owners who visited for comprehensive annual health checks and 61 (54.5%) sick cats, presenting systemic clinical signs suggesting CKD, such as weight loss or polyuria/polydipsia, among others. Results: Based on UPC, the present study found that 54.5% of all cats included were borderline proteinuric or proteinuric, having increased UPC (UPC ≥ 0.2), with 35.7% included in the sick group and 18.7% in the health-check group. Increased UPC was also statistically associated with azotemia and isosthenuria (urinary-specific gravity between 1,008 and 1,035) in both sick and health-check groups of cats. Conclusion: Independent of the reason for their medical visit, it could be concluded that borderline proteinuria and proteinuria were statistically mainly related to CKD in cats. Furthermore, the measurement of UPC could be very useful in the detection and management of CKD in apparently healthy cats during a medical visit for annual health check irrespective of the age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina López
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Andrea Zatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Anna Vila
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente Mártir, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Eduard Hernando
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente Mártir, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Facultat de Matemàtiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Neubert E, Weber K. Using the Idexx SediVue Dx to predict the need for urine bacteriologic culture in cats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1202-1205. [PMID: 34404287 PMCID: PMC8531868 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211038918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed urine samples from 191 cats for bacteriuria with an automated urine sediment
analyzer (Idexx SediVue Dx), combined with image review by an observer, and compared to
bacteriologic culture results. Sixty-nine samples were unambiguously assigned to be free
of bacteria by the instrument and the observer, and no bacterial growth was detected.
Twenty-seven samples were unambiguously assigned to have bacteriuria; 24 of these 27
samples were culture-positive. For these samples, bacteriuria was predicted with a
sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. A clear assignment was not possible for 95
samples, 81 of which were culture-negative. Specificity dropped to 45% when all samples
were considered. Using the automated leukocyte count to predict bacteriuria, sensitivity
was 82% and specificity was 75%. Automated sediment analysis is faster and less
observer-dependent than sediment analysis under a microscope, but accurate detection of
bacteriuria remains difficult in a large proportion of samples. Bacteriuria was
significantly associated with leukocyte count; the leukocyte count was >5/high power
field in 82% of culture-positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Neubert
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Munich, Munich, Germany
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8
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Alterations of Serum Biochemical and Urinary Parameters in a Canine Population before and after Intravenous Contrast Administration. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8080146. [PMID: 34437469 PMCID: PMC8402808 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8080146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous iodinated contrast (IVIC) medium is routinely administered to dogs. Scattered information exists regarding the serum biochemical or urinary profiles associated with the administration of IVIC in dogs. The aim of the study was to describe, compare, and discuss from the perspective of previous studies the alterations in serum biochemical and urinary parameters before (T0) and within one week (T1) of the IVIC administration during routine computed tomography (CT) scan evaluation of 22 dogs. Mature dogs presenting for CT scan evaluation for preoperative oncology staging/surgical planning were included. T1 evaluation was performed within one week of IVIC administration. Statistically significant differences in serum total protein, albumin, chloride, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations, urine protein to creatinine ratio, and urine specific gravity were found between T1 and T0. At T1, the serum creatinine concentration was within reference ranges in all dogs but one. An increase in the urine protein to creatinine ratio was observed in four samples, one of which was non-proteinuric at T0. Changes in biochemistry and urine parameters between T0 and T1 were not considered clinically significant.
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9
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Tinoco-Najera A, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Lidbury JA. Risk factors for urinary bacterial growth in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts: 66 cases (1997-2019). J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:359-364. [PMID: 33491792 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for urinary bacterial growth in dogs with confirmed congenital portosystemic shunts on which a quantitative urine culture was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-six dogs were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Medical records were reviewed from 1997 through 2019. Variables of interest included age, sex and sexual status, clinical signs for a urinary tract infection, blood urea concentration, urinalysis abnormalities, ultrasound abnormalities of the urinary tract, and previous treatment. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS The median age of the dogs was one year (range: 0.2-11.0 years). Urinary tract ultrasound abnormalities (cystic calculi and cystic debris) were reported in 50 dogs (75.7%). Abnormalities on urinalysis included pyuria in nine dogs (13.6%), bacteriuria in 13 dogs (19.7%), and haematuria in 26 dogs (39.4%). The median urine specific gravity was 1.021 (range: 1.004-1.052). Sixteen dogs (24.2%) had a positive quantitative urine culture. Based on multivariable analysis, bacteriuria (Odds ratio, 116; 95% CI, 9.6-1393; P = < 0.001) was the only variable significantly associated with a significantly increased odds for a positive quantitative urine culture. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinical and subclinical bacteriuria can occur in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. In this group of dogs, bacteriuria was a risk factor for urinary bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tinoco-Najera
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843-4474, USA
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Fasoli S, Ferlizza E, Andreani G, Sandri C, Dondi F, Isani G. Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:25-34. [PMID: 33243090 PMCID: PMC7758703 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720975370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis could be helpful to investigate the health status of giraffes held in captivity using noninvasive methods to avoid animal handling or anesthesia. We collected 52 voided urine samples from 20 giraffes of different ages, sexes, and subspecies from the ground. To evaluate potential interference by soil contaminants, a pilot study was performed using 20 urine samples obtained from 10 cows. All bovine and 29 giraffe samples were subjected to routine urinalysis including urine specific gravity (USG). All samples were analyzed for urine total protein (uTP), urine creatinine (uCrea) concentration, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (UPC). Urinary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. No significant differences were determined between free-catch and urine sampled from the ground in cows. Giraffe urine was pale-yellow, with alkaline pH (>8.0) and a mean USG of 1.035 ± 0.013. The uTP, uCrea, and UPC expressed as median (range) were 0.20 (0.08-0.47) g/L, 2.36 (0.62-5.2) g/L, and 0.08 (0.05-0.15), respectively. SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of protein bands with different molecular masses, including putative uromodulin at 90 kD, putative albumin at 64 kD, and putative immunoglobulin heavy and light chains at 49 kD and 25 kD, respectively. Urine collection from the ground appears to be a reliable technique for urinalysis and urine electrophoresis in giraffes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Camillo Sandri
- Parco Natura Viva–Garda Zoological Park, Veterinary Department, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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11
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Melendez P, Bartolome J, Roeschmann C, Soto B, Arevalo A, Möller J, Coarsey M. The association of prepartum urine pH, plasma total calcium concentration at calving and postpartum diseases in Holstein dairy cattle. Animal 2020; 15:100148. [PMID: 33573952 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of anionic salts to prevent milk fever in dairy cattle has been an effective nutritional strategy; however, the degree of acidification that determines the most acceptable productive responses and well-being of the cow is still a controversial topic. The objective of this study was to assess urine pH in prepartum Holstein cows fed anionic diets and determine its association with plasma total Ca, Mg, P, β-hydroxyl-butyrate (BHB) concentrations at parturition and the occurrence of peripartum disorders. This investigation consisted of 2 studies. Study 1 was conducted on a grazing dairy. Between February and May 2019, 60 prepartum multiparous cows were tested for urine pH and plasma metabolite concentration at parturition. Total Ca, P, Mg and BHB at day 1 in milk (DIM) were assessed and statistically analyzed by ANOVA (models for polynomial regression). Study 2 was conducted on a drylot dairy farm. Between July 2018 and January 2019, 203 cows were evaluated for urine pH and followed-up for 30 DIM to obtain the incidence of dystocia, stillbirths, milk fever, retained fetal membranes, metritis, clinical mastitis and ketosis. Cows were categorized based on their last urine pH as group 1: pH > 7.0 (n = 135); group 2: pH between 6.0 and 7.0 (n = 46) and group 3: pH < 6.0 (n = 22). A logistic regression model for each health event was conducted considering urine pH group as the main effect. Urine sample was collected at 2.71 ± 2.84 days before parturition. In study 1, there was a quadratic effect of urine pH on total Ca. Total Ca concentration was higher between urine pH 6.0 and 7.0, while decreasing below pH 6.0 and above pH 7.0. There was a trend (P = 0.11) for a quadratic effect of urine pH on the concentration of plasma BHB at parturition. β-Hydroxyl-butyrate was lower approximately between urine pH 6.5 and 7.5. In study 2, the odds for a stillborn in cows with urine pH < 6.0 was 2.39 (95% CI = 1.06-5.40) times the odds for a stillborn in cows with urine pH ≥ 7.0. There was no association between urine pH and the other diseases. In conclusion, cows with prepartum urine pH < 6.0 and >7.0 had lower concentration of plasma total Ca and tended to have a higher concentration of BHB. Cows with urine pH < 6.0 had a higher incidence of stillbirths than cows with urine pH > 7.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Melendez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA.
| | - J Bartolome
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Pampa, Santa Rosa 6360, Argentina
| | - C Roeschmann
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8820808, Chile
| | - B Soto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Pampa, Santa Rosa 6360, Argentina
| | - A Arevalo
- Los Laureles Dairy Farm, Osorno 5390000, Chile
| | - J Möller
- Los Laureles Dairy Farm, Osorno 5390000, Chile
| | - M Coarsey
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
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12
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Yadav SN, Ahmed N, Nath AJ, Mahanta D, Kalita MK. Urinalysis in dog and cat: A review. Vet World 2020; 13:2133-2141. [PMID: 33281347 PMCID: PMC7704312 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2133-2141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is the examination of normal and abnormal constituents of urine. It is an easy, cheap, and vital initial diagnostic test for veterinarians. Complete urinalysis includes the examination of color, odor, turbidity, volume, pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts, crystal, and organisms. Semi-quantitative urine analysis with urine dipsticks, as well as an automatic analyzer, provides multiple biochemical data. Contamination is almost entirely avoided if the protocols for ensuring a proper sample have been followed, as mentioned still consideration must be given to the likelihood of contamination, even if the sample is correctly obtained. Interpretation of urinalysis will be doubtful if the knowledge of the interference is limited. Well-standardized urinalysis, when correlated in the context of history, clinical findings, and other diagnostic test results, can identify both renal and non-renal disease. This paper reviews significance of different components of urinalysis of dog and cat, such as collection, storage, examination, interpretation, and common causes of error in the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - N Ahmed
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - A J Nath
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - D Mahanta
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
| | - M K Kalita
- Department of Animal Reproduction Gynecology and Obstetrics, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Joyhing, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, Assam, India
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Fasoli S, Andreani G, Dondi F, Ferlizza E, Bellei E, Isani G. Urinary Reference Values and First Insight into the Urinary Proteome of Captive Giraffes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1696. [PMID: 32961670 PMCID: PMC7552697 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinalysis is widely recognized to be a useful tool in routine health investigations, since it can diagnose numerous pathologies. Considering the paucity of knowledge concerning giraffes, urine from 44 giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) (18 males and 26 females, from 3 months of age to 21 years of age) underwent routine urinalysis, 1D-electrophoresis, and protein identification using mass spectrometry, with the aim of identifying the urinary reference values and the urine proteome. The urine specific gravity (USG), urine total proteins (uTP), urine creatinine (uCr), and urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) reference values, reported as the median, and lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL), were 1.030 (1006-1.049), 17.58 (4.54-35.31) mg/dL, 154.62 (39.59-357.95) mg/dL, and 0.11 (0.07-0.16), respectively. Mass spectrometry, together with electrophoresis, revealed a pattern of common urinary proteins; albumin, lysozyme C, and ubiquitin were the most represented proteins in the giraffe urine. It has been hypothesized that these proteins could act as a defense against microbes. Moreover, in giraffes, urinalysis could be a valid tool for gauging renal function and physiological status changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fasoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elisa Bellei
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, Proteomic Lab, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (S.F.); (F.D.); (G.I.)
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14
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Citron LE, Weinstein NM, Littman MP, Foster JD. Urine cortisol-creatinine and protein-creatinine ratios in urine samples from healthy dogs collected at home and in hospital. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:777-782. [PMID: 32052904 PMCID: PMC7096661 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC) were shown to be lower in urine samples from dogs collected at home (AH) as compared to those collected in hospital (IH). Stress‐inducing procedures and travel to the hospital have been hypothesized to cause prerenal proteinuria. Objectives Evaluate patient stress using urine cortisol:creatinine ratios (UCCr) and correlate UCCr to UPC in urine samples obtained AH and IH. Animals Thirty‐six healthy, client‐owned dogs. Methods Prospective, non‐masked study. Two voided urine samples were obtained (AH and IH). Complete urinalysis as well as UPC and UCCr were performed. Clients graded their dogs' stress level AH, in transport, and IH. Results The UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples than in AH samples (P < .0001), but UPC was not significantly different between AH and IH urine samples (P = .14). In all samples and in both collection settings, UCCr was not significantly correlated with UPC. Travel time and time IH were not correlated with change in UCCr or UPC. In 8 dogs with borderline or overt proteinuria, no significant difference was found in UPC between settings, but UCCr was significantly higher in IH samples. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The UPC was not higher when measured in urine samples collected IH compared to AH. Dogs had higher UCCr IH, but UCCr was not associated with UPC. Stress, as estimated by UCCr, did not affect proteinuria. Further evidence is needed to support the claim that stress may result in proteinuria in healthy dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E Citron
- Friendship Hospital for Animals, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicole M Weinstein
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meryl P Littman
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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