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Lipunova N, Wesselius A, Cheng KK, van Schooten FJ, Cazier JB, Bryan RT, Zeegers MP. Systematic Review: Genetic Associations for Prognostic Factors of Urinary Bladder Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2019; 11:1179299X19897255. [PMID: 31908559 PMCID: PMC6937527 DOI: 10.1177/1179299x19897255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many germline associations have been reported for urinary bladder cancer (UBC) outcomes and prognostic characteristics. It is unclear whether there are overlapping genetic patterns for various prognostic endpoints. We aimed to review contemporary literature on genetic associations with UBC prognostic outcomes and to identify potential overlap in reported genes. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases were queried for relevant articles in English language without date restrictions. The initial search identified 1346 articles. After exclusions, 112 studies have been summarized. Cumulatively, 316 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were reported across prognostic outcomes (recurrence, progression, death) and characteristics (tumor stage, grade, size, age, risk group). There were considerable differences between studied outcomes in the context of genetic associations. The most commonly reported SNPs were located in OGG1, TP53, and MDM2. For outcomes with the highest number of reported associations (ie, recurrence and death), functional enrichment annotation yields different terms, potentially indicating separate biological mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that all UBC prognostic outcomes may have different biological origins with limited overlap. Further validation of these observations is essential to target a phenotype that could best predict patient outcome and advance current management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Lipunova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anke Wesselius
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kar K Cheng
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Complex Genetics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Shan G, Tang T, Qian H, Xia Y. Certain BCG-reactive responses are associated with bladder cancer prognosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:797-803. [PMID: 29478100 PMCID: PMC11028363 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A subset of bladder patients does not respond to BCG treatment effectively and the underlying reason behind this observation is currently unclear. CD4+ T cells are composed of various subsets that each expresses a distinctive set of cytokines and can potently shift the immune response toward various directions. In this study, we examined the CD4+ T-cell cytokine response in bladder cancer patients toward BCG stimulation. We found that bladder cancer patients presented a variety of responses toward BCG, with no uniform characteristics. Those patients with high IFN-γ and IL-21 expression in CD4+ T cells presented significantly better prognosis than patients with low cytokine secretion in CD4+ T cells. Tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells were significantly less potent in expressing IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17, and more potent in expressing IL-10 than circulating CD4+ T cells. In addition, we found no difference in CD80, CD86, or MHC II expression by macrophages from patients with different IFN-γ and IL-21 levels. However, the secretion of IL-12, a Th1-skewing cytokine, was released at significantly higher level by macrophages from patients with high IFN-γ or high IL-21 secretion. We also identified that modulating monocytes/macrophages by GM-CSF-mediated polarization resulted in significantly elevated expression of IFN-γ and IL-21 from CD4+ T cells. Overall, these results suggested that the specific types of responses mounted by CD4+ T cells were critical to the final outcome of bladder cancer patients and can be influenced by monocyte/macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shan
- Departments of Urology II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Tian Tang
- Departments of Oncology II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huijun Qian
- Departments of Urology II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Xia
- Departments of Urology II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Ceylan C, Yahşi S, Doğan S, ÖztÜrk E, Ceylan G. Emphasis of FAS/FASL gene polymorphism in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ir J Med Sci 2018; 187:1115-1119. [PMID: 29453645 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-018-1764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BCa) is the seventh most common cancer among males worldwide. Some reliable markers in blood, urine, and tumor tissue, including clinicopathologic variables, molecular and inflammatory markers, gene polymorphisms, and tumor gene expression profiles are identified for predicting response to BCG immunotherapy in high-risk BCa patients. AIMS We aimed to determine if FAS and FASL polymorphisms are associated with lack of response to BCG in patients with BCa. METHODS The study included patients with primary non-muscle invasive BCa that had undergone transurethral resection (TUR). Patient demographics, BCa characteristics, use of BCG immunotherapy, lack of response to BCG (if administered), BCa recurrence, and fatty acid synthetase/fatty acid syntethase ligand (FAS/FASL) polymorphisms were investigated. RESULTS The study included 127 patients with primary BCa. Mean age of the 107 (84.3%) male and 20 (15.7%) female patients was 59.3 ± 13.2 years. Among the patients that received BCG immunotherapy, more FAS homozygous patients had BCa recurrence than FAS polymorphism-negative patients (P < 0.001) and more patients with homozygote FASL polymorphisms had BCa recurrence than those with heterozygous FASL polymorphisms and no polymorphism. CONCLUSION Evaluation of FAS/FASL polymorphisms can predict lack of response to BCG immunotherapy and prevent the loss of valuable time before such alternative treatments as early cystectomy are initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavit Ceylan
- Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Urology, Health Sciences University, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sedat Yahşi
- Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Urology, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Doğan
- Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Urology, 06230, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elife ÖztÜrk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulay Ceylan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Nasiri R, Hirbod-Mobarakeh A, Movahedi M, Farhadi E, Ansaripour B, Amirzargar AA, Rezaei N. Gene polymorphisms of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta in allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:125-30. [PMID: 26316419 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a polygenic inflammatory disorder of the upper respiratory airway with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), as two cytokines with pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive immunity, play important roles in allergic responses. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the associations of five polymorphisms of IL-10 and TGF-β genes with AR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-eight patients with AR along with 140 healthy volunteers with no history of AR and with the same ethnicity of the patients were recruited in this study. Genotyping was done for three polymorphisms in promoter region of IL-10 gene (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872), and two polymorphisms in the exonic region of TGF-β1 gene (rs1982037, rs1800471) using PCR sequence-specific-primers method. RESULTS A allele and AA genotype in rs1800896 of IL-10 and TT genotype in rs1982037 in TGF-β were significantly less frequent in the patients than in controls. While the C allele and the CG genotype in rs1800471 in TGF-β1 were associated with a higher susceptibility to AR. C/C and T/C haplotypes (rs1982037, rs1800471) in TGF-β1 gene and A/C/A, A/T/C and G/C/A haplotypes (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872) in IL-10 gene were found with higher frequencies in patients than controls. Patients with CC genotype in rs1800871 in Il-10 had significantly lower levels of IgE. CONCLUSION We found that certain genetic variants in IL-10 and TGF-β polymorphisms were associated with susceptibility to AR as well as some clinical parameters in the patients with AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nasiri
- Department of Pediatrics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - A Hirbod-Mobarakeh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Movahedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Farhadi
- Hematology Department, School of Allied Medical Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - B Ansaripour
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A A Amirzargar
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Rezaei
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ryk C, Koskela LR, Thiel T, Wiklund NP, Steineck G, Schumacher MC, de Verdier PJ. Outcome after BCG treatment for urinary bladder cancer may be influenced by polymorphisms in the NOS2 and NOS3 genes. Redox Biol 2015; 6:272-277. [PMID: 26298202 PMCID: PMC4556773 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-treatment is an established treatment for bladder cancer, but its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. High-risk non-muscle invasive bladder-cancer (NMIBC)-patients failing to respond to BCG-treatment have worse prognosis than those undergoing immediate radical cystectomy and identification of patients at risk for BCG-failure is of high priority. Several studies indicate a role for nitric oxide (NO) in the cytotoxic effect that BCG exerts on bladder cancer cells. In this study we investigated whether NO-synthase (NOS)-gene polymorphisms, NOS2-promoter microsatellite (CCTTT)n, and the NOS3-polymorphisms-786T>C (rs2070744) and Glu298Asp (rs1799983), can serve as possible molecular markers for outcome after BCG-treatment for NMIBC. Materials and methods All NMIBC-patients from a well-characterized population based cohort were analyzed (n=88). Polymorphism data were combined with information from 15-years of clinical follow-up. The effect of BCG-treatment on cancer-specific death (CSD), recurrence and progression in patients with varying NOS-genotypes were studied using Cox proportional hazard-models and log rank tests. Results BCG-treatment resulted in significantly better survival in patients without (Log rank: p=0.006; HR: 0.12, p=0.048), but not in patients with a long version ((CCTTT)n ≧13 repeats) of the NOS2-promoter microsatellite. The NOS3-rs2070744(TT) and rs1799983(GG)-genotypes showed decreased risk for CSD (Log rank(TT): p=0.001; Log rank(GG): p=0.010, HR(GG): 0.16, p=0.030) and progression (Log rank(TT): p<0.001, HR(TT): 0.05, p=0.005; Log rank(GG): p<0.001, HR(GG): 0.10, p=0.003) after BCG-therapy compared to the other genotypes. There was also a reduction in recurrence in BCG-treated patients that was mostly genotype independent. Analysis of combined genotypes identified a subgroup of 30% of the BCG-treated patients that did not benefit from BCG-treatment. Conclusions Our results suggest that the investigated polymorphisms influence patient response to BCG-treatment and thus may serve as possible markers for identification of BCG-failures. 30% of BCG treated bladder cancer (NMIBC)-patients do not respond to BCG-treatment. We need to identify BCG failures before the BCG-treatment is given. Altered NOS2 and NOS3 gene activity may be associated with BCG treatment outcome. NOS-polymorphisms are possible BCG-failure biomarkers in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Ryk
- Urology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lotta Renström Koskela
- Urology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Thiel
- Urology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Peter Wiklund
- Urology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Steineck
- Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Onkologiskt centrum, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin C Schumacher
- Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra J de Verdier
- Urology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Urology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang Y, Yang M, Yu Q, Yu L, Shao S, Wang X. Recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin in urothelial bladder cancer immunotherapy: current strategies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:85-93. [PMID: 25231670 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.961430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used in the intravesical treatment of urothelial bladder cancer (UBC) for three decades. Despite its efficacy, intravesical BCG therapy is associated with some limitations such as side effects and BCG failure, which have inspired multiple ways to improve it. Recent advances have focused on recombinant BCG (rBCG) which provides a novel tactic for modification of BCG. To date, a number of rBCG strains have been developed and demonstrated to encourage efficacy and safety in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes current rBCG strategies, concerns and future directions in UBC immunotherapy with an intention to encourage further research and eventually to inform clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
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The IL-1RN and IL-4 gene polymorphisms are potential genetic markers of susceptibility to bladder cancer: a case-control study. World J Urol 2014; 33:389-95. [PMID: 24850227 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between the distribution of the IL-1RN, TNF-β and IL-4 polymorphism and the clinical features of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 patients with bladder carcinoma and 102 healthy control subjects were enrolled in the study. The IL-1RN, IL-4 and TNF-β gene polymorphisms were identified by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism-based analysis. Allelic frequencies were compared between patient and the controls. Tumor stage, histopathological grade, tumor size/number and smoking condition were evaluated with IL-1RN, IL-4 and TNF-β gene polymorphisms. RESULTS Allele distribution frequencies of IL-1RN and IL-4 gene polymorphisms were significantly different between patients and control groups. However, allele distribution of TNF-β gene was not statistically significant. There was no difference in allele distribution of the three genes in both groups regarding stage, tumor size, number of tumors and smoking condition. Although allele distribution of IL-4 gene showed significant difference considering histopathological grades in both smoking and total patients group, allele distribution of IL-1RN and TNF-β was not different. CONCLUSION The present research suggests that the IL-1RN and IL-4 gene polymorphisms are potential genetic markers of susceptibility to bladder cancer. In the future, clinical improvements on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of bladder carcinoma are expected owing to development of more sensitive and specific tests for genetic polymorphisms of cytokines that are effective on inflammation.
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The predictive value of GSTT1 polymorphisms in predicting the early response to induction BCG therapy in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:458-65. [PMID: 24411789 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated the predictive value of glutathione S transferase mu (GSTM1) and theta (GSTT1) polymorphisms in early response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induction therapy in patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. METHODS GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction using blood genomic DNA from 135 patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who were being treated with a single induction course of BCG. BCG nonresponsiveness (early BCG failure) was defined as a tumor recurrence or progression within 12 months after BCG induction therapy. The predictive value of GST polymorphisms was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS Patients carrying a GSTT1-positive genotype demonstrated a higher likelihood of early BCG failure regardless of cigarette smoking. After stratification based on the tumor stage and grade, the high-risk group (T1G3) with a GSTT1-positive genotype showed a 14-fold higher risk of early BCG failure compared with those with a GSTT1-null genotype. In a combined analysis of 2 genes, the GSTT1-positive/GSTM1-null genotype had a higher risk of BCG nonresponsiveness compared with the GSTT1-null/GSTM1-null genotype (odds ratio = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.54-11.26). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, the GSTT1-positive genotype was an independent predictor of early BCG failure (odds ratio = 3.67, 95% CI: 1.61-8.38). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed a significant difference in disease-free survival depending on the GSTT1 genotype (log rank test, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that the GSTT1-positive genotype is an independent predictor of early BCG failure. These results can help determine whether patients would benefit from adjuvant BCG treatment or may require more aggressive alternative therapies.
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Ingersoll MA, Albert ML. From infection to immunotherapy: host immune responses to bacteria at the bladder mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1041-53. [PMID: 24064671 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of urinary tract infection and mechanisms of the protective effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder cancer highlight the importance of studying the bladder as a unique mucosal surface. Innate responses to bacteria are reviewed, and although our collective knowledge remains incomplete, we discuss how adaptive immunity may be generated following bacterial challenge in the bladder microenvironment. Interestingly, the widely held belief that the bladder is sterile has been challenged recently, indicating the need for further study of the impact of commensal microorganisms on the immune response to uropathogen infection or intentional instillation of BCG. This review addresses the aspects of bladder biology that have been well explored and defines what still must be discovered about the immunobiology of this understudied organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ingersoll
- 1] Unité d'Immunobiologie des Cellules Dendritiques, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [2] INSERM U818, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Zuiverloon TC, Nieuweboer AJ, Vékony H, Kirkels WJ, Bangma CH, Zwarthoff EC. Markers Predicting Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy in High-Risk Bladder Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2012; 61:128-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leibovici J, Itzhaki O, Huszar M, Sinai J. Targeting the tumor microenvironment by immunotherapy: part 2. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:1385-408. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy was traditionally centered on the neoplastic cells. This included mainly surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, in some cases hormone therapy and to a lesser extent immunotherapy – all traditionally targeted to the highly proliferating mutated tumor cells. In view of our present understanding of the powerfull influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on cancer behavior and response – and lack of response – to treatment, this previously ignored constituent of cancer now has to be considered as an important, even indispensable target for therapy. The TME may be targeted both to its immune and to its nonimmune components. The various immune evasion elements of the TME should be targeted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orit Itzhaki
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Monica Huszar
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Judith Sinai
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Grotenhuis AJ, Vermeulen SH, Kiemeney LA. Germline genetic markers for urinary bladder cancer risk, prognosis and treatment response. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1433-60. [PMID: 20919828 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
After decades of research using a candidate gene approach, only NAT2 and GSTM1 have consistently been demonstrated to be germline genetic susceptibility markers for urinary bladder cancer (UBC). The recent shift to an agnostic genome-wide association approach led to the identification of several UBC susceptibility loci, and provided valuable leads for new mechanistic insights into UBC carcinogenesis. The markers do not have sufficient discriminatory ability yet to be applied for risk assessment in the population and the question is whether they ever will. Prognostic and predictive studies in UBC are still in their infancy compared with etiologic studies. In the future, focus on a genome-wide association approach possibly using whole-genome sequence data, consortia formation and meta-analyses, and blood and tumor tissue collection, preferably in the context of randomized controlled trials will stimulate well designed and sufficiently powered studies, and thereby enhance the elucidation of genetic prognostic and predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Grotenhuis
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & HTA, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ajili F, Boubaker S, Derouiche A, Ali MB, Mustapha IB, Cherif M, Chebil M, Mannai M, Barbouche MR. Relationship between toll-like receptor 2 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and the effectiveness of Bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy in preventing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: A prospective study. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2010; 71:398-407. [PMID: 24688158 PMCID: PMC3969594 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(10)80005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been used for several decades as a prophylactic approach against recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. However, its effectiveness has been both variable and unpredictable. Typically, cancer BCG-immunotherapy aims to redirect or modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. The consequences of gene polymorphisms in several key immuno-regulatory molecules on the heterogeneity of the response to BCG-immunotherapy have been investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 polymorphisms (arginine to glutamine substitution at position 753 [Arg753Gln] and arginine to tryptophan substitution at position 677 [Arg677Trp]) and the outcome of BCG-immunotherapy. METHODS This prospective study was conducted during a 3-year period from June 2006 to July 2009. Consecutive patients were recruited during a 1-year period and followed for 2 years at the Department of Urology, Charles Nicolle Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia. Patients with superficial bladder tumors at stage Ta (noninvasive papillary carcinoma) or T1 (where the tumor has grown from the layer of cells lining the bladder into the connective tissue below but has not grown into the muscle layer of the bladder) of any grade were eligible; carcinoma in situ cases were excluded. The TLR2 Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp polymorphisms were studied in peripheral blood DNA from patients treated with BCG-immunotherapy after transurethral resection. RESULTS A total of 112 consecutive patients were enrolled (101 men and 11 women; mean age, 63.9 years [range, 25-85 years]) and completed the 2-year followup. Polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by direct sequencing of the region containing the TLR2 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of interest did not detect Arg753Gln or Arg677Trp in any of the study participants belonging to either of 2 groups: responders (n = 67) and nonresponders (n = 45) to BCG-immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS No patients included in the study were found to have the 2 known TLR2 nonsynonymous SNPs, and the relative importance of these polymorphisms could not be definitely determined. However, a significant proportion of patients without these polymorphisms responded to BCG-immunotherapy, suggesting that these genetic variants are not critical in the effectiveness of this approach for preventing recurrence of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzia Ajili
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, de Vaccinologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratoire d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratoire d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amine Derouiche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Ben Ali
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, de Vaccinologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Mustapha
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, de Vaccinologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Cherif
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Chebil
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Mannai
- Service d’Urologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, de Vaccinologie et de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Kresowik TP, Griffith TS. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Immunotherapy 2010; 1:281-8. [PMID: 20046960 DOI: 10.2217/1750743x.1.2.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is one of the great success stories of immunotherapy as a treatment for superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Despite clinical effectiveness in over 50% of patients, the high incidence of local side effects and presence of nonresponders has led to efforts to improve the therapy. Recent advances have suggested a role for neutrophils and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in the antitumor inflammatory response. Cell wall components of mycobacteria alone, lowered doses of BCG, and combination with cytokines have been studied as ways to improve the immune response associated with BCG and/or reduce toxicity. This review will discuss the clinical use of BCG, its proposed mechanism of action, and directions of future research to improve efficacy and decrease side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kresowik
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Ahirwar DK, Agrahari A, Mandhani A, Mittal RD. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are associated with risk of urinary bladder cancer and recurrence after BCG immunotherapy. Biomarkers 2009; 14:213-8. [PMID: 19489682 DOI: 10.1080/13547500902818246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The association of interleukin-1beta (IL-1B) -511C > T and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) VNTR, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B1) +28C > T and interferon-gamma (IFN-G) + 874T>A polymorphisms with bladder cancer (CaB) susceptibility and risk of recurrence in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-treated patients was analyzed in 287 controls and 213 CaB patients (73 BCG treated). Increased risk was observed with the IL-1RN*2 allele (odds ratio (OR) 5.01) and the IFN-G +874 A allele (OR 1.78). TGF-B TT and IFN-G +874 A carriers were associated with reduced (hazard ratio (HR) 0.37) and enhanced (HR 2.24) risk of recurrence after BCG immunotherapy, respectively. The study suggests that cytokine gene variants may modulate CaB susceptibility and risk of recurrence after BCG immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Genetic Association of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 (MCP-1)-2518 Polymorphism in Mexican Patients With Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Urology 2009; 74:414-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ahirwar DK, Mandhani A, Dharaskar A, Kesarwani P, Mittal RD. Association of tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene (T-1031C, C-863A, and C-857T) polymorphisms with bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome after bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. BJU Int 2009; 104:867-73. [PMID: 19338536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms T-1031C, C-863A, and C-857T with bladder cancer risk and recurrence after bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, as TNF-alpha regulates inflammatory process influencing bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome of BCG immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 220 patients with bladder cancer and 206 controls were recruited. Genotyping was done using allele specific-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A T-1031C, CC genotype and haplotype -1031C/-863C/-857T showed enhanced susceptibility to bladder cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.23 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.17-4.26; and an OR of 6.05 and 95%CI of 2.46-14.90, respectively. A T-1031C, CC genotype had a reduced risk of recurrence after BCG treatment (hazard ratio 0.38, 95%CI 0.14-0.98). CONCLUSION The present data suggests that T-1031C (CC) genotype and C/C/T haplotype may confer risk for bladder cancer, moreover T-1031C (CC) decreased the risk of recurrence after BCG immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ahirwar D, Mandhani A, Mittal RD. Interleukin-10 G-1082A and C-819T Polymorphisms as Possible Molecular Markers of Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Arch Med Res 2009; 40:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Seow SW, Rahmat JN, Bay BH, Lee YK, Mahendran R. Expression of chemokine/cytokine genes and immune cell recruitment following the instillation of Mycobacterium bovis, bacillus Calmette-Guérin or Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG in the healthy murine bladder. Immunology 2008; 124:419-27. [PMID: 18217952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the current gold standard for bladder cancer therapy. In this study a profile of the gene expression changes that occur after BCG instillation in the bladders of healthy mice was produced and compared to the type of immune cells recruited into the bladder. A similar comparison was made for Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) instillations in healthy mice to determine its potential in the immunotherapy of bladder cancer. Mice were given six weekly instillations and were killed after the fourth, fifth and sixth instillations of BCG or LGG. Their bladders were harvested for chemokine/cytokine messenger RNA analysis using an array as well as semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In a second set of mice both the bladder and draining lymph nodes were harvested for the analysis of immune cells. BCG significantly upregulated genes for T helper type 1 (Th1) chemokines: Cxcl2, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Xcl1; and increased the expression of Th1/Th2 chemokines: RANTES, Ccl6 and Ccl7; Th1 polarizing cytokines: Il1beta and Tnfa; and Fcgammar1 and iNOS as early as after four weekly instillations. Most of these genes remained highly expressed after 6 weeks. In contrast, LGG transiently induced Cxcl10, Il16, Fcepsilonr1 and Il1r2. Despite these findings, LGG instillation induced the recruitment of natural killer cells into the bladder and draining lymph nodes, as was observed for BCG instillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Wee Seow
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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