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Liang GC, Duan WG, Chen SY, Pang XF, Fang JK. Qinteng Tongbi Decoction Medicated Serum Exerts Regulates the Proliferation, Migration, and Apoptosis of Synovial Fibroblasts in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rats Model via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x231157939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Qinteng Tongbi decoction (QTTBD) was an empirical prescription that could effectively prevent and treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but there was no report of pharmacological studies on this prescription. The purpose of this paper was to report the effects of QTTBD on the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of synovial fibroblasts in adjuvant arthritis model rats, and to reveal its anti-RA regulatory mechanism. Methods To divide the fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cells of experimental rats into 6 groups (blank control group, model control group, positive drug group, QTTBD high, medium, and low dose groups) and cultured with serum-containing drugs. And using Cell Counting Kit-8 to detect the proliferation rate of FLS cells, flow cytometry to detect the apoptosis of FLS cells, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Western Blot to detect phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT1, p-AKT1, Bax and Bcl-2 gene and protein expression. Results Experimental results showed that QTTBD-containing serum could effectively inhibit the proliferation of FLS cells ( p <0 .05), induce the apoptosis of FLS cells, reduce the expression levels of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α ( p <0 .05), reduce expression of PI3K, AKT1, p-AKT1, and Bax ( p <0 .05), while the Bcl-2 expression increased ( p <0 .05). Conclusion QTTBD could effectively regulate the proliferation, migration, and apoptosis of FLS cells in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats, and its mechanism might be related to regulating the level of inflammatory factors and intervening in the PI3K/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Cheng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Gui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shu-Yin Chen
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xue-Feng Pang
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Kang Fang
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Tao S, Zhang X, Tian F, Pan B, Peng R, Wang Y, Xia M, Yang M, Hu J, Kan H, Xu Y, Li W. Maternal exposure to ambient PM 2.5 causes fetal growth restriction via the inhibition of spiral artery remodeling in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113512. [PMID: 35429798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to ambient fine particulate matters (PM2.5) is associated with low birth weight (LBW) in offspring, but the underlying biological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. As the bridge that connects mother and fetus, the placenta plays a crucial role in fetal development by providing the fetus with nutrients and oxygen. However, whether PM2.5 exposure would impact the placental development and the related mechanisms are unclear. RESULTS In the present study, female C57Bl/6j mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or concentrated ambient PM2.5 (CAP) during pregestational and gestational periods, and the fetal development and placental structure were investigated. Our results showed that maternal exposure to CAP induced fetal growth restriction (FGR) and LBW. The placenta from CAP-exposed mice exhibited abnormal development including significant decrease of surface area, smaller junctional zone and impaired spiral artery remodeling. Meanwhile, CAP exposure altered trophoblast lineage differentiation and disrupted the balance between angiogenic and angiostatic factors in placenta. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines levels in lung, placenta and serum were significantly increased after ambient PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that maternal exposure to PM2.5 disrupts normal structure and spiral artery remodeling of placenta and further induces FGR and LBW. This effect may be caused by the placental inflammation response subsequent to the pulmonary and systemic inflammation induced by ambient PM2.5 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Tao
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Fang Tian
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bin Pan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Renzhen Peng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Minjie Xia
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Mingjun Yang
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jingying Hu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Weihua Li
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zhang T, Ma C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Hu H. NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:618-653. [PMID: 34977871 PMCID: PMC8706767 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nuclear factor of κ-light chain of enhancer-activated B cells (NF-κB) was discovered in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating mechanism of NF-κB for 35 years, which lead to significant progress. Meanwhile, the molecular mechanisms regulating NF-κB activation have also been illuminated, the cascades of signaling events leading to NF-κB activity and key components of the NF-κB pathway are also identified. It has been suggested NF-κB plays an important role in human diseases, especially inflammation-related diseases. These studies make the NF-κB an attractive target for disease treatment. This review aims to summarize the knowledge of the family members of NF-κB, as well as the basic mechanisms of NF-κB signaling pathway activation. We will also review the effects of dysregulated NF-κB on inflammation, tumorigenesis, and tumor microenvironment. The progression of the translational study and drug development targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment and the potential obstacles will be discussed. Further investigations on the precise functions of NF-κB in the physiological and pathological settings and underlying mechanisms are in the urgent need to develop drugs targeting NF-κB for inflammatory diseases and cancer treatment, with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chao Ma
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science CenterHouston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Cancer Center and Center for Immunology and HematologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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Chadha S, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Arora R, Gupta A, Uddin MS, Zengin G, Aleya L, Setia D, Arora S. Mechanistic insights into the role of pyroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 68:151-158. [PMID: 32830085 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is ascribed as an essential biological process that is fundamental for the development of an organism along with its survival. The procedure comprises of apoptosis and pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is a programmed procedure for cell death which is inflammatory in nature and this pathway gets activated via human caspase-4, human caspase-11 and human caspase-5. The activation of this process leads to release of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, alarmins, IL-18 and IL-1β. The pro-inflammatory mediators released via interaction of intracellular kinases direct the development of Rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized as disorder/disease that is auto-immune and chronic in nature. It involves erosions in marginal bone along with articular cartilage which is responsible for joint destruction. The cytokine along with its complex network is responsible for inflammation. The process of pyroptosis is linked with the destruction of plasma membrane, that releases these mediators and excessive release of these mediators is linked with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk Uniersity Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, France
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Chen S, Wei W, Chen M, Qin X, Qiu L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Cao Q, Ying Z. TNF Signaling Impacts Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Expression and Secretion. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:153-161. [PMID: 30021757 PMCID: PMC6192833 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, the role of its primary receptor, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), in homeostatic regulation of glucose metabolism is still controversial. In addition to TNFα, lymphotoxin α (LTα) binds to and activates TNFR1. Thus, TNFα and LTα together are known as TNF. To delineate the role of TNF signaling in glucose homeostasis, the present study ascertained how TNF signaling deficiency affects major regulatory components of glucose homeostasis. To this end, normal diet-fed male TNFR1 deficient mice (TNFR1-/-), TNFα/LTα/LTβ triple deficient mice (TNF/LT∆3), and their littermate controls were subjected to intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and oral glucose tolerance test. The present results showed that TNFR1-/- and TNF/LT∆3 mice versus their controls had comparable body weight, tolerance to intraperitoneal glucose, and sensitivity to insulin. However, their tolerance to oral glucose was significantly increased. Additionally, glucose-induced insulin secretion assessments revealed that TNFR1 or TNF/LT deficiency significantly increased oral but not intraperitoneal glucose-induced insulin secretion. Consistently, qPCR and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that TNFR1-/- and TNF/LT∆3 mice versus their controls had significantly increased ileal expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), one of the primary incretins. Their oral glucose-induced secretion of GLP-1 was also significantly increased. These data collectively suggest that physiological TNF signaling regulates glucose metabolism primarily through effects on GLP-1 expression and secretion and subsequently insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Bile Pancreatic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Xiaobo Qin
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Zhekang Ying
- Department of Medicine Cardiology Division, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Address for correspondence and reprint:Zhekang Ying PhD, 20 Penn St. HSFII S022, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA, or , Tel: 410-328-2063; Fax: 410-328-1048
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Activated Mast Cells Mediate Low-Grade Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: Interleukin-37 Could Be Beneficial. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42:568-573. [PMID: 29885882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) promote guest immune responses to parasites and play a critical role in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Once they have been activated, MCs release highly inflammatory compounds that can provoke serious pathologic signs that can lead to death. MCs generate a number of preformed, de novo synthesized compounds and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine synthesis in response to the high-affinity (Kd=10-10 M) immunoglobulin E receptor triggering. Circulating MC progenitors migrate into arterial intima and develop lesions, mediating inflammation. They are involved in several disorders, including metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which endothelial cells release several inflammatory compounds during acute and chronic vascular damage. Certain inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-33, not only are produced by MCs but also may activate them. These effects mediate systemic inflammatory responses in metabolic disorders. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-33 and IL-6, secreted by MCs and other immune cells, contribute to insulin resistance by activating kinases. IL-37 (IL-1 family member 7), one of the latest cytokines discovered, binds the IL-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Rα) chain and suppresses innate and acquired immunity, with a therapeutic effect. It also inhibits cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-18, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor and IL-1, and may improve insulin production and, therefore, the pathogenesis of diabetes, stroke and cardiovascular health. This describes a new concept of inhibition of and cure for inflammatory diseases. However, the safety, dosage and tolerability of this novel therapeutic agent, IL-37, still remains to be determined.
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Chou CH, Lu YT, Cheng SY, Cheng HL. Fatsia polycarpa Triterpenoids and Acetylated Derivatives Thereof Inhibit Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Inflammation. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatsia polycarpa Hayata is an evergreen shrub endemic to Taiwan and used locally to treat several inflammatory disorders. The crude extract of F. polycarpa has been proven to exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro and in vivo; however, which constituents of the extract confer the anti-inflammatory function remains unclear. Fatsicarpain D (Fat D) and fatsicarpain F (Fat F) are oleanane-type triterpenoids and two of the feature constituents of the F polycarpa extract. Ester substitution on C-3 has been proposed to enhance the activities of triterpenoids. Thus, this study compared and characterized the anti-inflammatory activities of Fat D, Fat F, and the C-3-acetylated derivatives thereof. These compounds were toxic to RAW 264.7 cells, but not to FL83B cells. The compounds dose-dependently inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in FL83B cells, with the IC50 values being Fat D 8.5 μM, acetylated Fat D 10.4 μM, acetylated Fat F 10.7 μM, and Fat F 27.4 μM, respectively. Thus, acetylation of C-3 improved the activity of Fat F. Moreover, the compounds suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Furthermore, they inhibited TNF-α-mediated activation of the inhibitor kappa B kinase (IKK), and that of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but promoted the activation of MAPK p38, which was found to be anti-inflammatory in certain cell types. Thus, Fat D and Fat F exhibited obvious anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and inhibited ERK, JNK, and the IKK/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hung Chou
- Research Center for Biodiversity and Graduate Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Yie Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, No.700, Kaohsiung University Road, Nan-Tzu District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu Township, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways, which differ in both signalling components and biological functions. Recent studies have revealed important roles for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating different aspects of immune functions. Defects in non-canonical NF-κB signalling are associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas dysregulated activation of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review the signalling mechanisms and the biological function of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We also discuss recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Heath Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Wang JY, Yuan Y, Chen XJ, Fu SG, Zhang L, Hong YL, You SF, Yang YQ. Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. ameliorates arthritis via regulation of inflammation, synoviocyte proliferation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:609-616. [PMID: 27743778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., a valuable Chinese herb, has shown a variety of health benefits. Despite the widespread clinical use of this herb to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), very few studies have described its anti-pathological effects or mechanism in RA. The present study investigated the mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. in an experimental collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of four different Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. extracts on the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) were screened in an MTT assay, and apoptotic effects were detected by flow cytometry. Among the extracts, the 70% ethanol extract (EU70) presented the best inhibition and was further investigated for its curative effect in CIA rats. Foot swelling was detected, and the arthritis index (AI) was scored. Pathological improvement was assessed by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of joint tissues. The mechanistic effects of EU70 were investigated as follows: anti-inflammatory effects in Th17-positive cells by flow cytometry; serum levels of inflammatory cytokines by ELISA; TNFα and IL-1β expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC); and anti-osteoclastogenesis by QPCR detection of RANKL and OPG mRNA. RESULTS Compared with vehicle treatment in CIA model rats, EU70 significantly ameliorated foot swelling, decreased AI in vivo and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and synoviocyte proliferation. EU70 decreased the number of Th17-positive cells in the spleen and the serum levels of cytokines, including IL-17, IL-1β and TNFα, and upregulated the serum levels of IL-10; these results indicated the anti-inflammatory effect of EU70. Moreover, EU70 effectively suppressed TNFα and IL-1β expression in the joint tissues and resulted in the downregulation of RANKL mRNA and the upregulation of OPG mRNA. These results revealed the possible preventive role of EU70 against bone destruction. CONCLUSION For the first time, these mechanisms and pathological improvements support the clinical use of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. in treating RA. The findings indicated that the 70% ethanol extract of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. could relieve RA symptoms by (1) suppressing the proliferation of synoviocytes, (2) reducing the number of Th17-positive cells and downregulating serum IL-17 expression, (3) increasing the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10, (4) inhibiting the serum and tissue levels of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL-1β, and (5) reducing the degradation of cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ying Wang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Chen
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Guang Fu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Long Hong
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Fu You
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Innovation Center of TCM Health Service, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1200 Cailun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, China.
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Shaker OG, Alnoury AM, Hegazy GA, Haddad HEE, Sayed S, Hamdy A. Polimorfismos dos genes metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase, fator de crescimento transformador β1 e linfotoxina‐α e susceptibilidade à artrite reumatoide. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Richard AC, Peters JE, Lee JC, Vahedi G, Schäffer AA, Siegel RM, Lyons PA, Smith KGC. Targeted genomic analysis reveals widespread autoimmune disease association with regulatory variants in the TNF superfamily cytokine signalling network. Genome Med 2016; 8:76. [PMID: 27435189 PMCID: PMC4952362 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily cytokines and their receptors regulate diverse immune system functions through a common set of signalling pathways. Genetic variants in and expression of individual TNF superfamily cytokines, receptors and signalling proteins have been associated with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, but their interconnected biology has been largely unexplored. METHODS We took a hypothesis-driven approach using available genome-wide datasets to identify genetic variants regulating gene expression in the TNF superfamily cytokine signalling network and the association of these variants with autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease. Using paired gene expression and genetic data, we identified genetic variants associated with gene expression, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), in four peripheral blood cell subsets. We then examined whether eQTLs were dependent on gene expression level or the presence of active enhancer chromatin marks. Using these eQTLs as genetic markers of the TNF superfamily signalling network, we performed targeted gene set association analysis in eight autoimmune and autoinflammatory disease genome-wide association studies. RESULTS Comparison of TNF superfamily network gene expression and regulatory variants across four leucocyte subsets revealed patterns that differed between cell types. eQTLs for genes in this network were not dependent on absolute gene expression levels and were not enriched for chromatin marks of active enhancers. By examining autoimmune disease risk variants among our eQTLs, we found that risk alleles can be associated with either increased or decreased expression of co-stimulatory TNF superfamily cytokines, receptors or downstream signalling molecules. Gene set disease association analysis revealed that eQTLs for genes in the TNF superfamily pathway were associated with six of the eight autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases examined, demonstrating associations beyond single genome-wide significant hits. CONCLUSIONS This systematic analysis of the influence of regulatory genetic variants in the TNF superfamily network reveals widespread and diverse roles for these cytokines in susceptibility to a number of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne C. Richard
- />Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Box 139, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- />Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - James E. Peters
- />Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Box 139, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - James C. Lee
- />Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Box 139, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Golnaz Vahedi
- />Department of Genetics, Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- />Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Richard M. Siegel
- />Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- />Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Box 139, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Kenneth G. C. Smith
- />Department of Medicine and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The University of Cambridge, Box 139, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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Shaker OG, Alnoury AM, Hegazy GA, El Haddad HE, Sayed S, Hamdy A. Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, transforming growth factor-β1 and lymphotoxin-α genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:414-420. [PMID: 27692391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is a widely prevalent autoimmune disorder with suggested genetic predisposition. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to detect the pattern of genetic polymorphism of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677 T and A1298 C), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1 T869 C) and lymphotoxin-α (LT-α A252G) in patients having rheumatoid arthritis and correlate these patterns to disease activity and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), B-Cell Activating Factor (BAFF), and osteopontin. METHODS A total of 194 subjects, 90 controls and 104 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were genotyped for MTHFR C677 T and A1298 C, TGF-β1 T869 C and LT-α A252G polymorphisms using a methodology based on PCR-RFLP. Also serum levels of TNF-α, osteopontin and BAFF were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS The CT genotype and T allele of MTHFR C677 T and GG genotype and G allele of LT-α A252G are associated with the risk of RA and with higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that there is association between MTHFR C677 T and LT-α A252G genes polymorphisms and increased risk of RA in this sample of Egyptian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat G Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amina M Alnoury
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehan A Hegazy
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hemmat E El Haddad
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Safaa Sayed
- Rheumatology & Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamdy
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Zhu W, Sun X, Zhu L, Gan Y, Baiwu R, Wei J, Li Z, Li R, Sun J. A Novel BLyS Peptibody Down-Regulates B Cell and T Helper Cell Subsets In Vivo and Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation 2016; 39:839-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 4-1BB (CD137) is an important T-cell stimulating molecule. The 4-1BB mAb or its variants have shown remarkable therapeutic activity against autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. Antibodies to 4-1BB have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer with favorable toxicity profile. In this article, we present a review documenting the efficacy and pitfalls of 4-1BB therapy. AREAS COVERED An extensive literature search has been made on 4-1BB, spanning two decades, and a comprehensive report is presented here highlighting the origins, biological effects, therapeutic potential, and mechanistic basis of targeting 4-1BB as well as the side effects associated with such therapy. EXPERT OPINION Research so far indicates that 4-1BB is highly protective against various pathological conditions including cancer. However, a few important side effects of 4-1BB therapy such as liver toxicity, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and suppressive effects on certain immune competent cells should be taken into consideration before it is used for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,b 2 Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center , Goyang 410-769, Korea ;
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15
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Glaesener S, Quách TD, Onken N, Weller-Heinemann F, Dressler F, Huppertz HI, Thon A, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Distinct effects of methotrexate and etanercept on the B cell compartment in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2590-600. [PMID: 24909567 PMCID: PMC4288311 DOI: 10.1002/art.38736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective B cells have been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Current treatments include the disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs methotrexate (MTX) and tumor necrosis factor α inhibition with etanercept. This study was undertaken to determine how these drugs influence the B cell compartment in patients with JIA. Methods B cell subpopulations and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in the peripheral blood of JIA patients were investigated by multicolor flow cytometry. Serum immunoglobulin and BAFF levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results There was a significant decrease in transitional B cells and significantly lower serum immunoglobulin levels in patients receiving MTX than in untreated patients and those receiving etanercept. In contrast, etanercept treatment had no effect on most of the B cell subpopulations, but resulted in significantly lower BAFF levels and increased numbers of Tfh cells. Thus, our findings indicate an unexpected and previously unknown direct effect of low-dose MTX on B cells, whereas etanercept had a more indirect influence. Conclusion Our results contribute to a better understanding of the potency of MTX in autoantibody-mediated autoimmune disease and present a possible mechanism of prevention of the development of drug-induced antibodies to biologic agents. The finding that MTX and etanercept affect the B cell compartment differently supports the notion that combination therapy with etanercept and MTX is more effective than monotherapy.
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16
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Glycyrol suppresses collagen-induced arthritis by regulating autoimmune and inflammatory responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98137. [PMID: 25036817 PMCID: PMC4103760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrol is a natural compound extracted from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, first reported by us to be a new immunosuppressant. Here, we demonstrate its beneficial effect in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, a model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in man, and we document the underlying mechanisms. Peroral administration of glycyrol significantly reduced clinical scores, alleviated cartilage and bone erosion and reduced levels of serum inflammatory cytokines. Glycyrol also decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity, improved carbon clearance and reduced acetic acid-induced capillary permeability. Furthermore, glycyrol decreased NF-κB and NFAT transcriptional activities and inhibited IL-2 expression. The therapeutic effect of glycyrol was associated with down-regulation of both autoimmune and inflammatory reactions. In addition, we demonstrated that glycyrol has minimal acute toxicity in mice. Therefore, we propose that glycyrol may hold promise for future treatment of RA.
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Alternative expression pattern of MALT1-A20-NF-κB in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:492872. [PMID: 24971370 PMCID: PMC4058209 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder; abnormal T cell immunity plays a critical role in the development of RA. Recently, A20 was identified as a key negative regulator for T cell activation and inflammatory signaling and may be involved in RA pathogenesis. In this study, we analyzed the expression level of A20, NF-κB, and A20 regulatory factor mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 (MALT1) in patients with RA. Real-time PCR was used to determine the expression level of MALT1, MALT-V1, A20, and NF-κB genes in RA and healthy individuals (HI). Significantly lower A20 expression was found in RA patients compared with those in the healthy group, while NF-κB overexpression could be detected in patients with RA. Moreover, the MALT1 and MALT1-V1 expression level was downregulated in RA patients. A positive correlation between MALT1 and A20 and MALT1-V1 and A20 was found in patients with RA, and a tendency towards a negative correlation was found between MALT1 and NF-κB, MALT1-V1 and NF-κB, and A20 and NF-κB. In conclusion, we first characterized the alternative expression pattern of MALT1, A20, and NF-κB in RA, which may be related to abnormal T cell activation.
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Fu Y, Zhou H, Wang M, Cen J, Wei Q. Immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects of isogarcinol extracted from Garcinia mangostana L. against collagen-induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4127-4134. [PMID: 24738849 DOI: 10.1021/jf405790q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isogarcinol is a natural compound that we extracted from Garcinia mangostana L., and we were the first to report that it is a new immunosuppressant. In the present study, we investigated the immune regulation and anti-inflammatory effects of isogarcinol on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and explored its potential mechanism in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The oral administration of isogarcinol significantly reduced clinical scores, alleviated cartilage and bone erosion, and reduced the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines in CIA mice. Isogarcinol inhibited xylene-induced mouse ear edema in vivo. In vitro, isogarcinol decreased iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression and NO content by inhibiting NF-κB expression. Furthermore, isogarcinol decreased the activity of NFAT and inhibited IL-2 expression. The mechanism of action of isogarcinol is associated with down-regulation of both autoimmune and inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University , Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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Askari AA, Thomson S, Edin ML, Lih FB, Zeldin DC, Bishop-Bailey D. Basal and inducible anti-inflammatory epoxygenase activity in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:633-7. [PMID: 24631907 PMCID: PMC3991391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined epoxygenase product formation and regulation in endothelial cells. The epoxygenase CYP2J2 is an LPS (TLR-4) inducible enzyme in endothelial cells. The endothelial cell line EA.Hy926 synthesises epoxygenase products. Inhibition of endothelial epoxygenases increases TNFα secretion. Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors reduce inflammation-induced TNFα and NFκB.
The roles of CYP lipid-metabolizing pathways in endothelial cells are poorly understood. Human endothelial cells expressed CYP2J2 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) mRNA and protein. The TLR-4 agonist LPS (1 μg/ml; 24 h) induced CYP2J2 but not sEH mRNA and protein. LC–MS/MS analysis of the stable commonly used human endothelial cell line EA.Hy926 showed active epoxygenase and epoxide hydrolase activity: with arachidonic acid (stable epoxide products 5,6-DHET, and 14,15-DHET), linoleic acid (9,10-EPOME and 12,13-EPOME and their stable epoxide hydrolase products 9,10-DHOME and 12,13-DHOME), docosahexaenoic acid (stable epoxide hydrolase product 19,20-DiHDPA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (stable epoxide hydrolase product 17,18-DHET) being formed. Inhibition of epoxygenases using either SKF525A or MS-PPOH induced TNFα release, but did not affect LPS, IL-1β, or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced TNFα release. In contrast, inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase by AUDA or TPPU inhibited basal, LPS, IL-1β and PMA induced TNFα release, and LPS-induced NFκB p65 nuclear translocation. In conclusion, human endothelial cells contain a TLR-4 regulated epoxygenase CYP2J2 and metabolize linoleic acid > eicosapentaenoic acid > arachidonic acid > docosahexaenoic acid to products with anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara A Askari
- Barts and the London, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Scott Thomson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Matthew L Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fred B Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Darryl C Zeldin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Alghasham A, Rasheed Z. Therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis: Progress and promises. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:77-94. [PMID: 24437572 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.873413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advancements in understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have highlighted the strategies that aim to inhibit the harmful effects of up-regulated cytokines or other inflammatory mediators and to inhibit their associated signaling events. The utility of cytokine as therapeutic targets in RA has been unequivocally demonstrated by the success of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α blockade in clinical practice. Partial and non-responses to TNF-α blocking agents, however, together with the increasing clinical drive to remission induction, requires that further therapeutic targets be identified. Numerous proinflammatory mediators with their associated cell signaling events have now been demonstrated in RA, including interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-12 superfamilies. Continued efforts are ongoing to target IL-6, IL-15 and IL-17 in clinical trials with promising data emerging. In the present review, we focus on IL-7, IL-18, IL-32 and IL-10 family of cytokines (IL-19, IL-20 and IL-22) as they are implicated in contributing to the pathogenesis of RA, which could be targeted and offer new therapeutic options for RA therapy. Recent evidences also suggest that multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), several adipokines and various components of immune system play a critical role in the pathophysiology of RA; therefore we have also highlighted them as therapeutic targets for RA therapy. Components of subcellular pathways, involve in nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway have also been discussed and offer several novel potential therapeutic opportunities for RA.
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Aggarwal A, Sharma A, Bhatnagar A. Bi(o)communications among peripheral blood fractions: a focus on NK and NKT cell biology in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:238-50. [PMID: 23215763 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.755959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with unknown pathophysiology involving many interwoven signalling cascades. ROS, NK and NKT cells might be crucial in the disease severity of RA of which the role of NK and NKT cells are controversial in literature. However, the role of oxidative stress, its impact on NK and NKT cell immunobiology and disease activity (DAS28) is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the role of oxidative stress and NK cell subsets in the pathogenesis of RA. The state of oxidative stress in various peripheral blood fractions, percentage NK and NKT cell expression, their altered apoptotic signaling pathways involving mitochondrial membrane potential, FAS associated death domain (FADD) mediated pathways and DNA damage were analyzed. Results indicated a state of profound oxidative stress in the peripheral blood of RA patients where percentage of NK and NKT cell subsets diminished while ROS levels increased. The depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, FAS, FASL and active caspase-3 positive NK and NKT cell subsets were considerably elevated in patients. The DNA damage, assessed as percentage of DNA in comet tail, was significantly elevated. Findings of the present work indicate increased apoptosis of peripheral NK and NKT cells in the diseased condition. PBMC and RBC are the major sites of enhanced oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress and altered immunobiology of NK and NKT cells strongly correlated with Disease activity score. The present study strongly supports the protective role of NK cell subsets in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Disrupted tight junctions in the small intestine of cystic fibrosis mice. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 355:131-42. [PMID: 24169862 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) is the major determinant of paracellular permeability, which in the gut protects the body from entry of harmful substances such as microbial components. In cystic fibrosis (CF), there is increased permeability of the small intestine both in humans and in CF mice. To gain insight into the mechanisms of increased intestinal permeability in CF, I analyze the composition of the TJ in a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) knockout mouse model. Significant changes in TJ gene expression in the CF intestine were found for Cldn1, Cldn7, Cldn8 and Pmp22, which were expressed at lower levels and Cldn2 that was expressed at a higher level. Protein levels of claudin-2 were increased in the CF intestine as compared to wild-type, while other TJ proteins were not significantly different. In the villus epithelium of the CF intestine, all TJ components analyzed were mislocalized to the basal cytoplasm and showed varying degrees of loss from the TJ and apico-lateral surfaces. The pore-forming claudin-2 in the CF intestine showed more intense staining but was correctly localized to the TJ, principally in the crypts that are enlarged in CF. The cytokine TNFα, known to affect TJ, was elevated to 160% of wild-type in the CF intestine. In summary, there is a dramatic redistribution of claudin proteins from the TJ/lateral membrane to the basal cytoplasm of the villus epithelium in the CF intestine. These changes in TJ protein localization in CF are likely to be involved in the increased permeability of the CF small intestine to macromolecules and TNFα may be a causative factor.
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