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Dong W, Song E, Song Y. Co-administration of lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine induces genotoxicity in mouse liver. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1733. [PMID: 33462304 PMCID: PMC7814041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute liver injury (ALI) and hepatic fibrosis caused by the co-treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine (D-GalN) have been extensively studied. However, whether LPS/D-GalN are genotoxic has been left unknown. In this study, male mice were divided into eight groups with eight animals in each group. For acute challenge of LPS/D-GalN, the mice in each group received a combination of LPS/D-GalN via intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 25 μg/kg/250 mg/kg, 25 μg/kg/500 mg/kg, or 50 μg/kg/500 mg/kg body weight. An additional group for chronic administration of test compounds was conducted by i.p. injection of LPS/D-GalN (10 μg/kg/100 mg/kg) every other day for 8 weeks. Saline solution (0.9%) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) (50 mg/kg body weight) given by i.p. injection was used as the negative and positive control, respectively. The results of single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay indicated that acute exposure of the mice to LPS/D-GalN caused severe DNA damage in hepatic cells, but not in the brain, sperm or bone marrow cells, which evidenced the genotoxicity of LPS/D-GalN administrated in combination. Interestingly, the chronic administration of LPS/D-GalN triggered significant genotoxic effects not only in hepatic but also in brain cells, with negative results in sperm and bone marrow cells. Histopathological examination in the liver and brain tissues revealed changes consistent with the SCGE results. The present study indicates genotoxic potential of LPS/D-GalN co-administered in mice, which may serve as an in vivo experimental model for relevant genotoxic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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Interleukin-18 Reduces Blood Glucose and Modulates Plasma Corticosterone in a Septic Mouse Model. Shock 2018; 47:455-462. [PMID: 27648697 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of glucose metabolism, including hyperglycemia with insulin resistance, is commonly observed in critically ill patients. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) improves the insulin resistance associated with obesity, but the relationship between IL-18 and glucose metabolism in sepsis was unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of IL-18 on hyperglycemia during sepsis. METHODS Sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in wild-type (WT) mice, IL-18 knockout (KO) mice, and IL-18 KO mice pretreated with recombinant IL-18. Blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon, and corticosterone were measured. The mRNAs for gluconeogenic enzymes (g6pc, pck1) and activation of insulin signaling were also analyzed. RESULTS In both WT and IL-18 KO mice, CLP operation led to hyperglycemia that lasted longer (18 h) than after sham operation (6 h). Blood glucose levels in IL-18 KO mice were significantly higher than in WT mice, without alteration of insulin or glucagon levels. In IL-18 KO mice, insulin signaling in the liver and skeletal muscle was decreased during hyperglycemia as compared with WT mice without suppression of hepatic glucose production enzymes. Pretreatment with recombinant IL-18 reduced blood glucose levels after CLP. Additionally, corticosterone levels were higher after CLP in the presence of either endogenous or exogenous IL-18. CONCLUSION IL-18 may reduce blood glucose by modulating insulin signaling in the liver during sepsis-induced hyperglycemia. IL-18 is an important factor associated with alterations in blood glucose during sepsis.
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Spencer NJ, Magnúsdóttir EI, Jakobsson JET, Kestell G, Chen BN, Morris D, Brookes SJ, Lagerström MC. CGRPα within the Trpv1-Cre population contributes to visceral nociception. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G188-G200. [PMID: 28971837 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00188.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in visceral and somatic nociception is incompletely understood. CGRPα is highly expressed in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia and particularly in neurons that also express the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (Trpv1). Therefore, we investigated changes in visceral and somatic nociception following deletion of CGRPα from the Trpv1-Cre population using the Cre/lox system. In control mice, acetic acid injection (0.6%, ip) caused significant immobility (time stationary), an established indicator of visceral pain. In CGRPα-mCherrylx/lx;Trpv1-Cre mice, the duration of immobility was significantly less than controls, and the distance CGRPα-mCherrylx/lx;Trpv1-Cre mice traveled over 20 min following acetic acid was significantly greater than controls. However, following acetic acid injection, there was no difference between genotypes in the writhing reflex, number of abdominal licks, or forepaw wipes of the cheek. CGRPα-mCherrylx/lx;Trpv1-Cre mice developed more pronounced inflammation-induced heat hypersensitivity above baseline values compared with controls. However, analyses of noxious acute heat or cold transmission revealed no difference between genotypes. Also, odor avoidance test, odor preference test, and buried food test for olfaction revealed no differences between genotypes. Our findings suggest that CGRPα-mediated transmission within the Trpv1-Cre population plays a significant role in visceral nociceptive pathways underlying voluntary movement. Monitoring changes in movement over time is a sensitive parameter to identify differences in visceral nociception, compared with writhing reflexes, abdominal licks, or forepaw wipes of the cheek that were unaffected by deletion of CGRPα- from Trpv1-Cre population and likely utilize different mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is highly colocalized with transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)-expressing primary afferent neurons, but the functional role of CGRPα specifically in these neurons is unknown in pain processing from visceral and somatic afferents. We used cre-lox recombination to conditionally delete CGRPα from TRPV1-expressing neurons in mice. We show that CGRPα from within TRPV1-cre population plays an important role in visceral nociception but less so in somatic nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Spencer
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | | | | | - Garreth Kestell
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Bao Nan Chen
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - David Morris
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , Australia
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Schou WS, Ashina S, Amin FM, Goadsby PJ, Ashina M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and pain: a systematic review. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28303458 PMCID: PMC5355411 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is widely distributed in nociceptive pathways in human peripheral and central nervous system and its receptors are also expressed in pain pathways. CGRP is involved in migraine pathophysiology but its role in non-headache pain has not been clarified. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase and ClinicalTrials.gov for articles on CGRP and non-headache pain covering human studies including experimental studies and randomized clinical trials. RESULTS The literature search identified 375 citations of which 50 contained relevant original data. An association between measured CGRP levels and somatic, visceral, neuropathic and inflammatory pain was found. In 13 out of 20 studies in somatic pain conditions, CGRP levels had a positive correlation with pain. Increased CGRP levels were reported in plasma, synovial and cerebrospinal fluid in subjects with musculoskeletal pain. A randomized clinical trial on monoclonal antibody, which selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of CGRP (galcanezumab) in patients with osteoarthritis knee pain, failed to demonstrate improvement of pain compared with placebo. No studies to date have investigated the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against CGRP receptor in non-headache pain conditions. CONCLUSION The present review revealed the association between measured CGRP levels and somatic, visceral, neuropathic and inflammatory pain. These data suggest that CGRP may act as a neuromodulator in non-headache pain conditions. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the role of CGRP in nociceptive processing and therapy of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Sophie Schou
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sait Ashina
- Department of Neurology, NYU Lutheran Headache Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Faisal Mohammad Amin
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, and NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yuan H, Lauritsen CG, Kaiser EA, Silberstein SD. CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine: Rationale and Progress. BioDrugs 2017; 31:487-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yang SX, Chen YX, Xu J, Yang ZH. Plasma Intermedin Level Indicates Severity and Treatment Efficacy of Septic Shock in Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rats. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5028-5034. [PMID: 27999422 PMCID: PMC5198747 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the value of plasma intermedin (IMD) in assessing severity and treatment efficacy of septic shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were chosen and divided into a normal control group (n=15) and a shock model group (n=27) that received intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Then, 3 specimens were taken from each group. The shock model group rats were divided into an LPS group and a treatment group with 12 rats each. The treatment group received intravenous injection of compound sodium lactate solution. Plasma IMD and IMD1-47 mRNA expressions were compared and analyzed. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower while white blood cell count and TNF-α were higher in the shock model group than in the normal control group (P<0.05). After 10 h and 20 h, the treatment group had lower plasma IMD and IMD1-47 mRNA expressions compared with the LPS group (P<0.05). Plasma IMD and IMD1-47 mRNA expressions in the LPS group after 20 h were significantly higher than after 10 h (P<0.05). IMD was positively correlated with interleukins (IL-3, IL-6, and IL-8), white blood cell count, and body temperature (all P<0.05), but were negatively correlated with systolic pressure (r=-0.8474, P=0.0040). CONCLUSIONS Plasma IMD level can effectively reflect the severity of septic shock and can be used as an important indicator of septic shock treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Xian Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Yun-Xiu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhao-Hui Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China (mainland)
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