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Merchand-Reyes G, Santhanam R, Valencia-Pena ML, Kumar K, Mo X, Belay T, Woyach JA, Mundy-Bosse B, Tridandapani S, Butchar JP. Active Hexose-Correlated Compound Shows Direct and Indirect Effects against Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Nutrients 2023; 15:5138. [PMID: 38140397 PMCID: PMC10747249 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease characterized by the accumulation of mature CD19+CD5+CD23+ B cells in the bloodstream and in lymphoid organs. It usually affects people over 70 years of age, which limits the options for treatments. The disease is typically well-managed, but to date is still incurable. Hence, the need for novel therapeutic strategies remains. Nurse-like cells (NLCs) are major components of the microenvironment for CLL, supporting tumor cell survival, proliferation, and even drug resistance. They are of myeloid lineage, guided toward differentiating into their tumor-supportive role by the CLL cells themselves. As such, they are analogous to tumor-associated macrophages and represent a major therapeutic target. Previously, it was found that a mushroom extract, Active Hexose-Correlated Compound (AHCC), promoted the death of acute myeloid leukemia cells while preserving normal monocytes. Given these findings, it was asked whether AHCC might have a similar effect on the abnormally differentiated myeloid-lineage NLCs in CLL. CLL-patient PBMCs were treated with AHCC, and it was found that AHCC treatment showed a direct toxic effect against isolated CLL cells. In addition, it significantly reduced the number of tumor-supportive NLCs and altered their phenotype. The effects of AHCC were then tested in the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of CLL and the MllPTD/WT Flt3ITD/WT model of AML. Results showed that AHCC not only reduced tumor load and increased survival in the CLL and AML models, but it also enhanced antitumor antibody treatment in the CLL model. These results suggest that AHCC has direct and indirect effects against CLL and that it may be of benefit when combined with existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Merchand-Reyes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
| | - Ramasamy Santhanam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
| | - Maria L. Valencia-Pena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tesfaye Belay
- Department of Applied Sciences and Mathematics, Bluefield State University, Bluefield, WV 24701, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Woyach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Bethany Mundy-Bosse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (G.M.-R.)
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Zhang D, Zhang S, He Z, Chen Y. Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides alleviate radiation-induced kidney injury in cervical cancer by inhibiting DNA damage and oxidative stress through blockade of PARP1/XRCC1 axis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:679. [PMID: 37773127 PMCID: PMC10541701 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy can cause kidney injury in patients with cervical cancer. This study aims to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms by which CpG-ODNs (Cytosine phosphate guanine-oligodeoxynucleotides) regulate the PARP1 (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1)/XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing 1) signaling axis and its impact on radiation kidney injury (RKI) in cervical cancer radiotherapy. METHODS The GSE90627 dataset related to cervical cancer RKI was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Bioinformatics databases and R software packages were used to analyze the target genes regulated by CpG-ODNs. A mouse model of RKI was established by subjecting C57BL/6JNifdc mice to X-ray irradiation. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured using an automated biochemical analyzer. Renal tissue morphology was observed through HE staining, while TUNEL staining was performed to detect apoptosis in renal tubular cells. ELISA was conducted to measure levels of oxidative stress-related factors in mouse serum and cell supernatant. An in vitro cell model of RKI was established using X-ray irradiation on HK-2 cells for mechanism validation. RT-qPCR was performed to determine the relative expression of PARP1 mRNA. Cell proliferation activity was assessed using the CCK-8 assay, and Caspase 3 activity was measured in HK-2 cells. Immunofluorescence was used to determine γH2AX expression. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the downstream targets regulated by CpG-ODNs in cervical cancer RKI were primarily PARP1 and XRCC1. CpG-ODNs may alleviate RKI by inhibiting DNA damage and oxidative stress levels. This resulted in significantly decreased levels of BUN and creatinine in RKI mice, as well as reduced renal tubular and glomerular damage, lower apoptosis rate, decreased DNA damage index (8-OHdG), and increased levels of antioxidant factors associated with oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx). Among the CpG-ODNs, CpG-ODN2006 had a more pronounced effect. CpG-ODNs mediated the inhibition of PARP1, thereby suppressing DNA damage and oxidative stress response in vitro in HK-2 cells. Additionally, PARP1 promoted the formation of the PARP1 and XRCC1 complex by recruiting XRCC1, which in turn facilitated DNA damage and oxidative stress response in renal tubular cells. Overexpression of either PARP1 or XRCC1 reversed the inhibitory effects of CpG-ODN2006 on DNA damage and oxidative stress in the HK-2 cell model and RKI mouse model. CONCLUSION CpG-ODNs may mitigate cervical cancer RKI by blocking the activation of the PARP1/XRCC1 signaling axis, inhibiting DNA damage and oxidative stress response in renal tubule epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shitai Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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Islam S, Kitagawa T, Baron B, Kuhara K, Nagayasu H, Kobayashi M, Chiba I, Kuramitsu Y. A standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia downregulates cortactin in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:654. [PMID: 34386076 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AHCC®, a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia, enhances the therapeutic effects and reduces the adverse effects of chemotherapy. Our previous study reported that treatment with AHCC® downregulated the expression levels of tumor-associated proteins in the gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line, KLM1-R. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of AHCC® in the inhibition of cell migration remains unexplored. Cortactin (CTTN), an actin nucleation-promoting factor, has been reported to be upregulated and correlated with migration, invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of AHCC® on cell migration and the protein expression level of CTTN in KLM1-R cells. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA2), an online bioinformatics platform, was used to analyze CTTN mRNA expression levels in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal pancreatic tissues. CTTN mRNA expression and its association with clinicopathological characteristics were assessed by using the GEPIA2 platform. Next, the effects of AHCC® on KLM1-R cell migration were investigated by in vitro wound-healing assay. The KLM1-R cells were treated with AHCC® at a concentration of 10 mg/ml for 48 h. Western blotting was performed on of cell lysates with anti-CTTN or anti-actin antibodies to assess the protein expression levels of CTTN. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mRNA expression level of CTTN increased in pancreatic cancer tissues. The increased mRNA expression levels of CTTN were inversely associated with clinicopathological characteristics, including disease stages and prolonged patient survival times. The administration of 10 mg/ml AHCC® significantly inhibited KLM1-R cells migration compared with controls. The protein expression levels of CTTN were significantly reduced in AHCC®-treated KLM1-R cells, whereas actin expression was not affected. The downregulation of CTTN indicated the anti-metastatic potential of AHCC® in pancreatic cancer cells. Overall, AHCC® may have the potential to be a complementary and alternative therapeutic approach in treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shajedul Islam
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takao Kitagawa
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Byron Baron
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Keisuke Kuhara
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagayasu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kobayashi
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Itsuo Chiba
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Active Hexose-Correlated Compound Restores Gene Expression and Protein Secretion of Protective Cytokines of Immune Cells in a Murine Stress Model during Chlamydia muridarum Genital Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00786-20. [PMID: 33558321 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00786-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Previously, we reported that cold-induced stress results in immune suppression of mice that subsequently leads to increased intensity of Chlamydia muridarum genital infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that stressed mice orally fed with active hexose-correlated compound (AHCC) have reduced shedding of C. muridarum from the genital tract. However, the mechanism of AHCC in reducing the organ load and changing the immune response in the stress model is not well known. This study evaluated infection and changes in immunological parameters of stressed AHCC-fed mice with or without C. muridarum genital infection. We hypothesized that AHCC feeding to stressed mice restores protective immune function and reduces susceptibility to C. muridarum genital infection. The results show that oral feeding of stressed mice with AHCC resulted in decreased shedding of C. muridarum from the genital tract, reduced production of plasma catecholamines, increased expression of T-bet and reduced GATA-3 in CD4+ T cells, increased production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and reduced production of IL-4 in CD4+ T cells, and enhanced expression of surface markers and costimulatory molecules of CD4+ T cells, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and natural killer cells. Coculturing of mature BMDCs with splenic CD4+ T cells led to the increased and decreased production of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines, respectively. Overall, our results show that AHCC fosters the restoration of Th1 cytokine production while reducing Th2 cytokine production, which would promote C. muridarum clearance in the murine stress model.
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Park K, Dhupal M, Kim CS, Jung SH, Choi D, Qi XF, Kim SK, Lee JY. Ameliorating effect of CpG-ODN (oligodeoxynucleotide) against radiation-induced lung injury in mice. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:733-741. [PMID: 32914274 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is known to be progressed by Th2 skewed, pro-inflammatory immune response, there have been few therapeutic attempts through Th1 immune modulation. We investigated whether the immunostimulant CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) would be effective against RILI by way of measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxides (NO), histopathology, micro-three-dimensional computer tomography (CT), and cytokine profiling. We found that KSK CpG-ODN (K-CpG) significantly reduced histopathological fibrosis when compared to the positive control (PC) group (p < 0.01). The levels of ROS production in serum and splenocyte of PC group were significantly higher than that of K-CpG group (p < 0.01). The production of nitric oxide (NO) in CpG-ODNs group was higher than that of PC group. Last, cytokine profiling illustrated that the protein concentrations of Th1-type cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α as well as Th2-type cytokine IL-5 in K-CpG group inclined to be significantly (p < 0.001 or p < 0.01) higher than those of in PC group. Collectively, our study clearly indicates that K-CpG is effective against RILI in mice by modulating the innate immune response. To our knowledge, this is the first note on anti-RILI effect of human type, K-CpG, clinically implying the potential of immunotherapy for RILI control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawngwoo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusmita Dhupal
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Su Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Deahan Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu-Feng Qi
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education and Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Ji Nan University School of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Yong Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
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Ma S, Yang X, Zhou H, Zhang C, Kang J, Sun D. Combination of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide and Anti-4-1BB Antibody in the Treatment of Multiple Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6997-7005. [PMID: 32764990 PMCID: PMC7381816 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s260353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the effect of topical application of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) combined with anti-4-1BB antibodies on mouse HCC multiple tumor-bearing models and the degree of improvement of anti-tumor immune response in mice. Materials and Methods We inoculated each BALB/c male mouse subcutaneously with one tumor in the axillae of the four limbs and divided them into four groups. We only selected the tumor-bearing part of the left lower limb for drug treatment. We measured the tumor-bearing volume of mice in each group. Then, we tested the organ coefficients of mice, the concentrations of IL-12 and IFN-γ in peripheral blood, the ratio of spleen Tregs and CD8+T cells, the spleen CTL killing activity, and the survival time of mice. Results We found that the tumor-bearing volume decreased significantly after the combination of CpG-ODN and anti-4-1BB antibody (P<0.001). The organ coefficients of treated mice were not significantly different from normal mice (P>0.05). The concentration of IL-12 and IFN-in serum and the ratio of CD8+T cells in spleen were increased, while the ratio of spleen Tregs was decreased. CTL activity of spleen was increased. The survival time of mice was significantly prolonged (P<0.001). Conclusion The treatment programme combining CpG-ODN with an anti-4-1BB antibody can significantly reduce tumor growth at the treatment site, slow the growth rate of metastases and improve host prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhao Ma
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Yang
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Zhou
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Kang
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 980th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, People's Republic of China
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A self-designed CpG ODN enhanced the anti-melanoma effect of pimozide. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106397. [PMID: 32220805 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanomas represent the deadliest form of skin cancers. Due to the intricacy of tumorigenesis, it is emergent to find effective therapies for melanomas. Researches have proved that pimozide inhibits the growth of melanoma, but the limited curing effect needs to be further improved. Nowadays, tumor immunotherapy has been widely recognized as the sole therapy that can eradicate cancers. Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), TLR9 receptor agonist, can significantly enhance anti-tumor immune responses. This study explored the therapeutic effect of pimozide combined with CpG ODN on melanoma-bearing mice. The results showed that pimozide combined with CpG ODN effectively inhibited the growth of melanoma and prolonged the survival of melanoma-bearing mice, inhibited the expression of MMP2 and p-Stat5, increased the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in tumor, raised the ratios of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and NK cells. These all indicated that the combination treatment improved the anti-tumor effect of pimozide on mice. The anti-tumor mechanism might be attributed to cell apoptosis induction, invasion inhibition, and immune regulation. A more effective combination treatment concerning with pimozide is being under investigation.
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Corradetti B, Vaiasicca S, Mantovani M, Virgili E, Bonucci M, Hammarberg Ferri I. Bioactive Immunomodulatory Compounds: A Novel Combinatorial Strategy for Integrated Medicine in Oncology? BAIC Exposure in Cancer Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419866908. [PMID: 31416372 PMCID: PMC6699000 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419866908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Standardized Cultured Extract of Lentinula edodes Mycelia (also known as
Active Hexose Correlated Compound, AHCC) and Wasabia japonica
(Wasabi) are natural nutritional supplements known for their immunomodulatory
and anticancer potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
combinatorial effect of the bioactive immunomodulatory compound (BAIC), obtained
by combining Wasabi and AHCC, on human breast (MCF-7) and pancreatic (Panc02)
adenocarcinoma cell lines. Data obtained revealed that BAIC determines a
striking decline in cancer cell growth at minimal concentrations compared with
the use of Wasabi and AHCC as single agents. A significant increase in the
G0/G1 subpopulation together with a marked
augmentation in the percentage of apoptotic cells was demonstrated by flow
cytometry, together with a significant upregulation in the expression of genes
associated to the apoptotic cascade in both cell lines. The inhibitory role BAIC
plays in mammospheres formation from MCF-7-derived cancer stem cells was shown
with a marked reduction in size and number. Interestingly, when BAIC was exposed
to monocytic cells, no cytotoxic effects were observed. A
monocytes-to-macrophages differentiation was rather observed with the
concomitant acquisition of an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Taken together, our
findings suggest that BAIC could be used as a potential integration of standard
chemotherapy treatments because of the improved inhibitory activity on cancer
cell proliferation and reduced potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Corradetti
- 1 Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,2 Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,3 Center for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Mauro Mantovani
- 4 Associazione Ricerche Terapie Innovative BioIntegrate, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edy Virgili
- 5 Associazione Ricerca Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonucci
- 5 Associazione Ricerca Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, Rome, Italy.,6 "Villa Benedetta" Hospital, Rome, Italy
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The Effects of AHCC®, a Standardized Extract of Cultured Lentinura edodes Mycelia, on Natural Killer and T Cells in Health and Disease: Reviews on Human and Animal Studies. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3758576. [PMID: 31930148 PMCID: PMC6942843 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3758576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been used for various health conditions for many years by traditional medicines practiced in different regions of the world although the exact effects of mushroom extracts on the immune system are not fully understood. AHCC® is a standardized extract of cultured shiitake or Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM) which contains a mixture of nutrients including oligosaccharides, amino acids, and minerals obtained through liquid culture. AHCC® is reported to modulate the numbers and functions of immune cells including natural killer (NK) and T cells which play important roles in host defense, suggesting the possible implication of its supplementation in defending the host against infections and malignancies via modulating the immune system. Here, we review in vivo and in vitro effects of AHCC® on NK and T cells of humans and animals in health and disease, providing a platform for the better understanding of immune-mediated mechanisms and clinical implications of AHCC®.
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Takahashi M, Fujii G, Hamoya T, Kurokawa Y, Matsuzawa Y, Miki K, Komiya M, Narita T, Mutoh M. Activation of NF-E2 p45-related factor-2 transcription and inhibition of intestinal tumor development by AHCC, a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:203-208. [PMID: 31777421 PMCID: PMC6877408 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that activation of NF-E2 p45-related factor-2 (NRF2), a transcription factor, induces a variety of antioxidant enzymes, and plays an important role in preventing carcinogenesis. AHCC is a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia and it has been demonstrated to improve cancer. However, the effects of AHCC on NRF2 have not been examined, and the effects on intestinal adenoma development are not yet fully understood. We first investigated the effects of AHCC (1–5 mg/ml) on NRF2 activity in human colon cancer cell lines by a luciferase reporter gene assay, and found NRF2 transcriptional activities were increased ~12.6-fold. In addition, AHCC dose-dependently increased HO-1 and NQO-1 mRNA levels, and decreased interleukine-6 mRNA levels. Next, we administered 1,000 ppm AHCC for 8 weeks in the diet of Apc mutant Min mice, and found that AHCC significantly reduced the total number of intestinal polyps to 57.7% and to 67.6% of the control value in male and female Min mice, respectively, with suppression of interleukine-6 in the polyp part. These data suggest that AHCC possesses an ability to suppress cellular oxidative stress through activation of NRF2, thereby lowering intestinal polyp development in Min mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Takahashi
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hamoya
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yurie Kurokawa
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yui Matsuzawa
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kohei Miki
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Komiya
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takumi Narita
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Increased Efficacy of Oral Fixed-Dose Combination of Amphotericin B and AHCC ® Natural Adjuvant against Aspergillosis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090456. [PMID: 31484389 PMCID: PMC6781303 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis represents one of the most serious fungal infections among immunocompromised patients. In this study, we aimed to analyze the in vivo efficacy of prophylactic oral amphotericin B (AMB) encapsulated in modified chitosan-nanoparticles (Nanomerics’ Molecular Envelope Technology (MET)) supplemented with a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (AHCC®) in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis. We determined fungal burden and survival of mice and additionally, we carried out a cytokine analysis in an attempt to understand the immunomodulation of the extract. Our results evidenced equivalent efficacy between orally administered AMB-MET and the intravenous liposomal AMB marketed formulation. Addition of the AHCC® supplement significantly improved efficacy in terms of burden reduction and survival increase of both oral and intravenous AMB therapies compared to the untreated control group. Moreover, a protective effect of the extract was observed in terms of weight loss. Regarding the cytokine profiles, the Th1 immune response was stimulated in treated animals when compared to the control group. This response was marked by an enhancement in the MCP-1, GM-CSF, VEGF, RANTES and IL-17 levels and a decrease in the IL-6, a biomarker related to the severity of the infection.
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Khan A, Andrews D, Shainhouse J, Blackburn AC. Long-term stabilization of metastatic melanoma with sodium dichloroacetate. World J Clin Oncol 2017; 8:371-377. [PMID: 28848705 PMCID: PMC5554882 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v8.i4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) has been studied as a metabolic cancer therapy since 2007, based on a publication from Bonnet et al demonstrating that DCA can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in human breast, lung and brain cancer cells. Classically, the response of cancer to a medical therapy in human research is measured by Response Evaluation Criterial for Solid Tumours definitions, which define “response” by the degree of tumour reduction, or tumour disappearance on imaging, however disease stabilization is also a beneficial clinical outcome. It has been shown that DCA can function as a cytostatic agent in vitro and in vivo, without causing apoptosis. A case of a 32-year-old male is presented in which DCA therapy, with no concurrent conventional therapy, resulted in regression and stabilization of recurrent metastatic melanoma for over 4 years’ duration, with trivial side effects. This case demonstrates that DCA can be used to reduce disease volume and maintain long-term stability in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Fatehchand K, Santhanam R, Shen B, Erickson EL, Gautam S, Elavazhagan S, Mo X, Belay T, Tridandapani S, Butchar JP. Active hexose-correlated compound enhances extrinsic-pathway-mediated apoptosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181729. [PMID: 28727820 PMCID: PMC5519206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) has been shown to have many immunostimulatory and anti-cancer activities in mice and in humans. As a natural product, AHCC has potential to create safer adjuvant therapies in cancer patients. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the least curable and second-most common leukemia in adults. AML is especially terminal to those over 60 years old, where median survival is only 5 to 10 months, due to inability to receive intensive chemotherapy. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AHCC on AML cells both in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that AHCC induced Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in AML cell lines as well as in primary AML leukopheresis samples. Additionally, AHCC induced Caspase-8 cleavage as well as Fas and TRAIL upregulation, suggesting involvement of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. In contrast, monocytes from healthy donors showed suppressed Caspase-3 cleavage and lower cell death. When tested in a murine engraftment model of AML, AHCC led to significantly increased survival time and decreased blast counts. These results uncover a mechanism by which AHCC leads to AML-cell specific death, and also lend support for the further investigation of AHCC as a potential adjuvant for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin Fatehchand
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramasamy Santhanam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brenda Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ericka L. Erickson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saranya Elavazhagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tesfaye Belay
- School of Arts and Sciences, Bluefield State University, Bluefield, WV, United States of America
| | - Susheela Tridandapani
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Butchar
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Park K, Dhupal M, Kim CS, Park YS, Kim SK. Implication of immunokine profiling for cancer staging. Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:46-8. [PMID: 26880636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tumor may arise from the dysregulation of immune system, which plays pivotal roles in counteracting tumor colonization, late-stage tumors, and metastases. In the midst of the establishment of cancer in vivo, immune cells are activated to release a multitude of immunokines, such as cytokines, and chemokines. Thus, since cytokine levels in tumor bearing host would be differential among local (intratumoral lesion, peritumoral normal tissue), and systemic sample site (serum), these differences might be significantly correlated to prognosis and treatment outcome for cancer patients. Previously, despite small number of patients, we demonstrated the feasibility of this proposition via only cytokine profiling. Based on this, herein we propose that immunokine profiling would be used as a surrogate, predictive tool for cancer staging, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawngwoo Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusmita Dhupal
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Su Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea; Institute of Genomic Cohort, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea.
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