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Morimoto K, Watanuki S, Eguchi R, Kitano T, Otsuguro KI. Short-term memory impairment following recovery from systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1273039. [PMID: 37920299 PMCID: PMC10618367 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1273039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between neuroinflammation and mental disorders has been recognized and investigated for over 30 years. Diseases of systemic or peripheral inflammation, such as sepsis, peritonitis, and infection, are associated with increased risk of mental disorders with neuroinflammation. To elucidate the pathogenesis, systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice is often used. LPS-injected mice exhibit behavioral abnormalities with glial activation. However, these studies are unlikely to recapitulate the clinical pathophysiology of human patients, as most studies focus on the acute inflammatory response with systemic symptoms occurring within 24 h of LPS injection. In this study, we focus on the effects of LPS on behavioral abnormalities following recovery from systemic symptoms and investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Several behavioral tests were performed in LPS-injected mice, and to assess neuroinflammation, the time course of the morphological change and expression of inflammatory factors in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia were investigated. At 7 days post-LPS injection, mice exhibited short-term memory impairment accompanied by the suppression of neuronal activity and increases in morphologically immature spines. Glial cells were transiently activated in the hippocampus concomitant with upregulation of the microglial phagocytosis marker CD68 3 days after injection. Here we show that transient glial cell activation in the acute response phase affects neuronal activity and behavior following recovery from systemic symptoms. These findings provide novel insights for studies using the LPS-induced inflammation model and that will contribute to the development of treatments for mental disorders of this etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu Watanuki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryota Eguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Almenara S, Lozano-Ruiz B, Herrera I, Gimenez P, Miralles C, Bellot P, Rodriguez M, Palazon JM, Tarín F, Sarmiento H, Francés R, Gonzalez-Navajas JM, Pascual S, Zapater P. Immune changes over time and survival in patients with cirrhosis treated with non-selective beta-blockers: A prospective longitudinal study. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114885. [PMID: 37201262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) has been associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in patients with cirrhosis. This study aims to analyze the impact of chronic NSBB treatment on immune activation and disease progression in stable outpatients with cirrhosis. METHODS In this prospective follow-up of 150 patients with cirrhosis, 39 received treatment with NSBB. Blood samples were taken every 6-9 months, and immune and adrenergic variables were measured. Mixed linear models were used to assess the effect of NSBB on these variables over time. Multivariate Cox regression was used to study associations with adverse clinical events (hepatocellular carcinoma, death, or liver transplant). RESULTS Median follow-up was 1635 days. NSBB treatment was associated with significantly lower levels of IL-6 (β - 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] -6.9, -2.6) throughout the study. During follow-up, 11 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma, 32 died, and 4 underwent liver transplant. Patients with higher concentrations of IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-γ developed more clinical events. Event-free survival was significantly better in patients treated with NSBB (hazard ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.18, 0.71) in a multivariate Cox regression adjusted for Child-Pugh-Score, esophageal varices, and platelets. CONCLUSION Chronic treatment with NSBB in patients with stable cirrhosis gives rise to a different state of immune activation, characterized by lower concentrations of IL-6 over time, and it is associated with a reduced risk of adverse event (death, hepatocellular carcinoma, or transplant), after controlling for disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Almenara
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain; Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lozano-Ruiz
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Herrera
- Liver Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paula Gimenez
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Bellot
- Liver Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez
- Liver Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose M Palazon
- Liver Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Fabián Tarín
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Hematology Department. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Héctor Sarmiento
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Hematology Department. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Clinical Medicine Department, University Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Gonzalez-Navajas
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Sonia Pascual
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Liver Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Zapater
- CIBERehd, Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Unit. Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante, Spain; Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), University Miguel Hernández de Elche, Spain; Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain.
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Sauerbruch T, Hennenberg M, Trebicka J, Schierwagen R. Beta-blockers in patients with liver cirrhosis: Pragmatism or perfection? Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:1100966. [PMID: 36743678 PMCID: PMC9891090 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing decompensation, hyperdynamic circulatory disturbance occurs in liver cirrhosis despite activation of vasoconstrictors. Here, the concept of a therapy with non-selective beta-blockers was established decades ago. They lower elevated portal pressure, protect against variceal hemorrhage, and may also have pleiotropic immunomodulatory effects. Recently, the beneficial effect of carvedilol, which blocks alpha and beta receptors, has been highlighted. Carvedilol leads to "biased-signaling" via recruitment of beta-arrestin. This effect and its consequences have not been sufficiently investigated in patients with liver cirrhosis. Also, a number of questions remain open regarding the expression of beta-receptors and its intracellular signaling and the respective consequences in the intra- and extrahepatic tissue compartments. Despite the undisputed role of non-selective beta-blockers in the treatment of liver cirrhosis, we still can improve the knowledge as to when and how beta-blockers should be used in which patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Sauerbruch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,*Correspondence: Tilman Sauerbruch,
| | - Martin Hennenberg
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonel Trebicka
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Schierwagen
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Morimoto K, Ouchi M, Kitano T, Eguchi R, Otsuguro KI. Dopamine regulates astrocytic IL-6 expression and process formation via dopamine receptors and adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175110. [PMID: 35738452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine levels in the central nervous system change under pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and addiction. Under those pathological conditions, astrocytes become reactive astrocytes characterized by morphological changes and the release of inflammatory cytokines involved in pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether dopamine regulates astrocytic morphology and functions. Elucidating these issues will help us to understand the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal dopamine signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of dopamine on IL-6 expression and process formation in rat primary cultured astrocytes and acute hippocampal slices. Dopamine increased IL-6 expression in a concentration-dependent manner, and this was accompanied by CREB phosphorylation. The effects of a low dopamine concentration (1 μM) were inhibited by a D1-like receptor antagonist, whereas the effects of a high dopamine concentration (100 μM) were inhibited by a β-antagonist and enhanced by a D2-like receptor antagonist. Furthermore, dopamine (100 μM) promoted process formation, which was inhibited by a β-antagonist and enhanced by both an α-antagonist and a D2-like receptor antagonist. In acute hippocampal slices, both a D1-like receptor agonist and β-agonist changed astrocytic morphology. Together, these results indicate that dopamine promotes IL-6 expression and process formation via D1-like receptors and β-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, bidirectional regulation exists; namely, the effects of D1-like receptors and β-adrenoceptors were negatively regulated by D2-like receptors and α2-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Morimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mai Ouchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kitano
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryota Eguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otsuguro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Burlacu CC, Neag MA, Mitre AO, Sirbu AC, Badulescu AV, Buzoianu AD. The Role of miRNAs in Dexmedetomidine's Neuroprotective Effects against Brain Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105452. [PMID: 35628263 PMCID: PMC9141783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited neuroprotective strategies for various central nervous system conditions in which fast and sustained management is essential. Neuroprotection-based therapeutics have become an intensively researched topic in the neuroscience field, with multiple novel promising agents, from natural products to mesenchymal stem cells, homing peptides, and nanoparticles-mediated agents, all aiming to significantly provide neuroprotection in experimental and clinical studies. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), an α2 agonist commonly used as an anesthetic adjuvant for sedation and as an opioid-sparing medication, stands out in this context due to its well-established neuroprotective effects. Emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggested that DEX could be used to protect against cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and postoperative cognitive disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level, inhibiting the translation of mRNA into functional proteins. In vivo and in vitro studies deciphered brain-related miRNAs and dysregulated miRNA profiles after several brain disorders, including TBI, ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, providing emerging new perspectives in neuroprotective therapy by modulating these miRNAs. Experimental studies revealed that some of the neuroprotective effects of DEX are mediated by various miRNAs, counteracting multiple mechanisms in several disease models, such as lipopolysaccharides induced neuroinflammation, β-amyloid induced dysfunction, brain ischemic-reperfusion injury, and anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity models. This review aims to outline the neuroprotective mechanisms of DEX in brain disorders by modulating miRNAs. We address the neuroprotective effects of DEX by targeting miRNAs in modulating ischemic brain injury, ameliorating the neurotoxicity of anesthetics, reducing postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and improving the effects of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codrin-Constantin Burlacu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-C.B.); (A.-O.M.); (A.-V.B.)
| | - Maria-Adriana Neag
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.); (A.-D.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrei-Otto Mitre
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-C.B.); (A.-O.M.); (A.-V.B.)
| | - Alexandru-Constantin Sirbu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.); (A.-D.B.)
| | - Andrei-Vlad Badulescu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.-C.B.); (A.-O.M.); (A.-V.B.)
| | - Anca-Dana Buzoianu
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-C.S.); (A.-D.B.)
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