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McNeely J, Wang SS, Rostam Abadi Y, Barron C, Billings J, Tarpey T, Fernando J, Appleton N, Fawole A, Mazumdar M, Weinstein ZM, Kalyanaraman Marcello R, Dolle J, Cooke C, Siddiqui S, King C. Addiction Consultation Services for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Initiation and Engagement: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:1106-1115. [PMID: 39073796 PMCID: PMC11287446 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Importance Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are highly effective, but only 22% of individuals in the US with opioid use disorder receive them. Hospitalization potentially provides an opportunity to initiate MOUD and link patients to ongoing treatment. Objective To study the effectiveness of interprofessional hospital addiction consultation services in increasing MOUD treatment initiation and engagement. Design, Setting, and Participants This pragmatic stepped-wedge cluster randomized implementation and effectiveness (hybrid type 1) trial was conducted in 6 public hospitals in New York, New York, and included 2315 adults with hospitalizations identified in Medicaid claims data between October 2017 and January 2021. Data analysis was conducted in December 2023. Hospitals were randomized to an intervention start date, and outcomes were compared during treatment as usual (TAU) and intervention conditions. Bayesian analysis accounted for the clustering of patients within hospitals and open cohort nature of the study. The addiction consultation service intervention was compared with TAU using posterior probabilities of model parameters from hierarchical logistic regression models that were adjusted for age, sex, and study period. Eligible participants had an admission or discharge diagnosis of opioid use disorder or opioid poisoning/adverse effects, were hospitalized at least 1 night in a medical/surgical inpatient unit, and were not receiving MOUD before hospitalization. Interventions Hospitals implemented an addiction consultation service that provided inpatient specialty care for substance use disorders. Consultation teams comprised a medical clinician, social worker or addiction counselor, and peer counselor. Main Outcomes and Measures The dual primary outcomes were (1) MOUD treatment initiation during the first 14 days after hospital discharge and (2) MOUD engagement for the 30 days following initiation. Results Of 2315 adults, 628 (27.1%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 47.0 (12.4) years. Initiation of MOUD was 11.0% in the Consult for Addiction Treatment and Care in Hospitals (CATCH) program vs 6.7% in TAU, engagement was 7.4% vs 5.3%, respectively, and continuation for 6 months was 3.2% vs 2.4%. Patients hospitalized during CATCH had 7.96 times higher odds of initiating MOUD (log-odds ratio, 2.07; 95% credible interval, 0.51-4.00) and 6.90 times higher odds of MOUD engagement (log-odds ratio, 1.93; 95% credible interval, 0.09-4.18). Conclusions This randomized clinical trial found that interprofessional addiction consultation services significantly increased postdischarge MOUD initiation and engagement among patients with opioid use disorder. However, the observed rates of MOUD initiation and engagement were still low; further efforts are still needed to improve hospital-based and community-based services for MOUD treatment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03611335.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer McNeely
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Scarlett S. Wang
- New York University Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York
| | - Yasna Rostam Abadi
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Charles Barron
- Office of Behavioral Health, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - John Billings
- New York University Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York
| | - Thaddeus Tarpey
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Jasmine Fernando
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Noa Appleton
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Adetayo Fawole
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Medha Mazumdar
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
| | - Zoe M. Weinstein
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Johanna Dolle
- Office of Population Health, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Caroline Cooke
- Office of Population Health, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Samira Siddiqui
- Office of Behavioral Health, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
| | - Carla King
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York
- Office of Behavioral Health, New York City Health + Hospitals, New York, New York
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Monayer A, Minha S, Maymon SL, Pereg D, Kalmanovich E, Moravsky G, Grupper A, Marcus G. Statin therapy impact on Long-Term outcomes in acute heart Failure: Retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2024; 53:101431. [PMID: 38826832 PMCID: PMC11137506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Statin therapy is well-established for treating hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease (IHD), but its role in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) remains less clear. Despite varying clinical guidelines, the actual utilization and impact of statin therapy initiation in patients with ADHF with an independent indication for statin therapy have not been thoroughly explored. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study on 5978 patients admitted with ADHF between January 1st, 2007, and December 31st, 2017. Patients were grouped based on their statin therapy status at admission and discharge. We performed multivariable analyses to identify independent predictors of short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term mortality. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted on patients with an independent indication for statin therapy but who were not on statins at admission. Results Of the total patient cohort, 73.9% had an indication for statin therapy. However, only 38.2% were treated with statins at admission, and 56.1% were discharged with a statin prescription. Patients discharged with statins were younger, predominantly male, and had a higher prevalence of IHD and other comorbidities. Statin therapy at discharge was an independent negative predictor of 5-year all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.76-0.85). The sensitivity analysis confirmed these findings, demonstrating higher mortality rates in patients not initiated on statins during admission. Conclusions The study highlights significant underutilization of statin therapy among patients admitted with ADHF, even when there's an independent indication for such treatment. Importantly, initiation of statin therapy during hospital admission was independently associated with improved long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Monayer
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sa’ar Minha
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shiri L. Maymon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - David Pereg
- Department of Cardiology, Meir Medical Center, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Kalmanovich
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Moravsky
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avishay Grupper
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Marcus
- Department of Cardiology, Shamir Medical Center, Zeriffin, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Danovitch I, Korouri S, Kaur H, Messineo G, Nuckols T, Ishak WW, Ober A. The addiction consultation service for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder: An integrative review of the evidence. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 163:209377. [PMID: 38657952 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Addiction Consultation Service has emerged as a model of care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder. The aim of this integrative review is to characterize the Addiction Consultation Service in general hospital settings, assess its impact on clinical outcomes, identify knowledge gaps, and offer guidance for implementation. METHODS We conducted an integrative review of studies from January 2002 to August 2023, applying specific inclusion criteria to collect study design, service characteristics, staffing models, utilization, and health outcomes. Additionally, a comprehensive quality appraisal was conducted for all studies considered for inclusion. RESULTS Findings from 41 studies meeting inclusion criteria were synthesized and tabulated. Study designs included six reports from three randomized controlled trials, five descriptive studies, and 30 observational studies. The most common study setting was the urban academic medical center. Studies evaluated the structure, process, and outcomes of the Addiction Consultation Service. A majority of studies, particularly those utilizing more rigorous designs, reported positive outcomes involving medication initiation, linkage to post-discharge care, and utilization outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The Addiction Consultation Service care model improves quality of care for hospitalized patients with substance use disorder. Additional research is needed to assess its effectiveness across diverse medical settings, determine the effectiveness of varying staffing models, demonstrate impactful outcomes, and establish funding mechanisms to support sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Danovitch
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Samuel Korouri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Harlene Kaur
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Gabrielle Messineo
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Teryl Nuckols
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America; RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States of America.
| | - Waguih W Ishak
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America.
| | - Allison Ober
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States of America.
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Englander H, Thakrar AP, Bagley SM, Rolley T, Dong K, Hyshka E. Caring for Hospitalized Adults With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl: A Review. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:691-701. [PMID: 38683591 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Importance The rise of fentanyl and other high-potency synthetic opioids across US and Canada has been associated with increasing hospitalizations and unprecedented overdose deaths. Hospitalization is a critical touchpoint to engage patients and offer life-saving opioid use disorder (OUD) care when admitted for OUD or other medical conditions. Observations Clinical best practices include managing acute withdrawal and pain, initiating medication for OUD, integrating harm reduction principles and practices, addressing in-hospital substance use, and supporting hospital-to-community care transitions. Fentanyl complicates hospital OUD care. Fentanyl's high potency intensifies pain, withdrawal, and cravings and increases the risk for overdose and other harms. Fentanyl's unique pharmacology has rendered traditional techniques for managing opioid withdrawal and initiating buprenorphine and methadone inadequate for some patients, necessitating novel strategies. Further, co-use of opioids with stimulants drugs is common, and the opioid supply is unpredictable and can be contaminated with benzodiazepines, xylazine, and other substances. To address these challenges, clinicians are increasingly relying on emerging practices, such as low-dose buprenorphine initiation with opioid continuation, rapid methadone titration, and the use of alternative opioid agonists. Hospitals must also reconsider conventional approaches to in-hospital substance use and expand clinicians' understanding and embrace of harm reduction, which is a philosophy and set of practical strategies that supports people who use drugs to be safer and healthier without judgment, coercion, or discrimination. Hospital-to-community care transitions should ensure uninterrupted access to OUD care after discharge, which requires special consideration and coordination. Finally, improving hospital-based addiction care requires dedicated infrastructure and expertise. Preparing hospitals across the US and Canada to deliver OUD best practices requires investments in clinical champions, staff education, leadership commitment, community partnerships, quality metrics, and financing. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this review indicate that fentanyl creates increased urgency and new challenges for hospital OUD care. Hospital clinicians and systems have a central role in addressing the current drug crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honora Englander
- Section of Addiction Medicine in General Internal Medicine and the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Ashish P Thakrar
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Sarah M Bagley
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kathryn Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elaine Hyshka
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Tatangelo M, Landry R, Beaulieu D, Watson C, Knowlan S, Anawati A, Bodson A, Aubin N, Marsh DC, Leary T, Morin KA. Association of hospital-based substance use supports on emergency department revisits: a retrospective cohort study in Sudbury, Canada from 2018 to 2022. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21:71. [PMID: 38549074 PMCID: PMC10976798 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compares emergency department (ED) revisits for patients receiving hospital-based substance-use support compared to those who did not receive specialized addiction services at Health Sciences North in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. METHODS The study is a retrospective observational study using administrative data from all patients presenting with substance use disorder (SUD) at Health Sciences North from January 1, 2018, and August 31, 2022 with ICD-10 codes from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) and the National Ambulatory Care Database (NACRS). There were two interventions under study: addiction medicine consult services (AMCS group), and specialized addiction medicine unit (AMU group). The AMCS is a consult service offered for patients in the ED and those who are admitted to the hospital. The AMU is a specialized inpatient medical unit designed to offer addiction support to stabilize patients that operates under a harm-reduction philosophy. The primary outcome was all cause ED revisit within 30 days of the index ED or hospital visit. The secondary outcome was all observed ED revisits in the study period. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to measure the proportion of 30-day revisits by exposure group. Odds ratios and Hazard Ratios were calculated using logistic regression models with random effects and Cox-proportional hazard model respectively. RESULTS A total of 5,367 patients with 10,871 ED index visits, and 2,127 revisits between 2018 and 2022 are included in the study. 45% (2,340/5,367) of patient were not admitted to hospital. 30-day revisits were less likely among the intervention group: Addiction Medicine Consult Services (AMCS) in the ED significantly reduced the odds of revisits (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39-0.71, p < 0.01) and first revisits (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.33-0.53, p < 0.01). The AMU group was associated with lower revisits odds (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66-0.98, p = 0.03). For every additional year of age, the odds of revisits slightly decreased (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-1.00, p = 0.01) and males were found to have an increased risk compared to females (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.35-1.67, p < 0.01). INTERPRETATION We observe statistically significant differences in ED revisits for patients receiving hospital-based substance-use support at Health Sciences North. Hospital-based substance-use supports could be applied to other hospitals to reduce 30-day revisits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tatangelo
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- ICES North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Alex Anawati
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Dr. Gilles Arcand Centre for Health Equity, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Natalie Aubin
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - David C Marsh
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- ICES North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Dr. Gilles Arcand Centre for Health Equity, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Tara Leary
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Kristen A Morin
- Health Science North, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- ICES North, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Dr. Gilles Arcand Centre for Health Equity, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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Casey S, Regan S, Gale E, Adams ZM, Lambert E, Omede FO, Wakeman SE. Rapid Methadone Induction in a General Hospital Setting: A Retrospective, Observational Analysis. Subst Abus 2023; 44:177-183. [PMID: 37728091 DOI: 10.1177/08897077231185655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outpatient methadone guidelines recommend starting at a low dose and titrating slowly. As fentanyl prevalence and opioid-related mortality increases, there is a need for individuals to rapidly achieve a therapeutic methadone dose. Hospitalization offers a monitored setting for methadone initiation, however dosing practices and safety are not well described. METHODS Retrospective, observational analysis of hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder seen by an inpatient addiction consult team in an academic medical center who were newly initiated on methadone between 2016 and 2022. We calculated initial daily dose, maximum daily dose, timing interval of dose escalation, whether patients were connected to an opioid treatment program (OTP) prior to discharge, whether adverse effects or safety events occurred during the hospitalization, and whether such events were definitely or probably related versus possibly related or unrelated to methadone. RESULTS One hundred twelve patients were included. The mean initial daily methadone dose administered was 32 mg (range: 10-90 mg). The mean maximum dose reached was 76.8 mg (range 30-165 mg). The mean number of days from initial to peak dose was 5.6 days (range 1-19 days). Overall, 30% of patients experienced a safety event, most commonly sedation. Only 4 safety events were deemed probably or definitely related to methadone. In regression analyses, there was no significant difference between starting doses among patients with or without sedation but there was a relationship between last dose and the likelihood of any possibly related event, with those ending at a dose of 100 mg or higher having a higher likelihood event, compared to those ending at lower doses (47.8% vs 12.4%, P < .001). Seventy-six percent were connected to OTP before discharge. CONCLUSION Among hospitalized patients initiating methadone, rapid dose titration was infrequently associated with related safety events and most were connected to community-based methadone treatment before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Casey
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Regan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Gale
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe M Adams
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eugene Lambert
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faith O Omede
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mass General Community Physicians, Salem, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Wakeman
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Ober AJ, Murray-Krezan C, Page K, Friedmann PD, Chan Osilla K, Ryzewicz S, Huerta S, Mazer MW, Leamon I, Messineo G, Watkins KE, Nuckols T, Danovitch I. The Substance Use Treatment and Recovery Team (START) study: protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial evaluating an intervention to improve initiation of medication and linkage to post-discharge care for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder. Addict Sci Clin Pract 2022; 17:39. [PMID: 35902888 PMCID: PMC9331017 DOI: 10.1186/s13722-022-00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with opioid use disorder experience high burden of disease from medical comorbidities and are increasingly hospitalized with medical complications. Medications for opioid use disorder are an effective, life-saving treatment, but patients with an opioid use disorder admitted to the hospital seldom initiate medication for their disorder while in the hospital, nor are they linked with outpatient treatment after discharge. The inpatient stay, when patients may be more receptive to improving their health and reducing substance use, offers an opportunity to discuss opioid use disorder and facilitate medication initiation and linkage to treatment after discharge. An addiction-focus consultative team that uses evidence-based tools and resources could address barriers, such as the need for the primary medical team to focus on the primary health problem and lack of time and expertise, that prevent primary medical teams from addressing substance use. METHODS This study is a pragmatic randomized controlled trial that will evaluate whether a consultative team, called the Substance Use Treatment and Recovery Team (START), increases initiation of any US Food and Drug Administration approved medication for opioid use disorder (buprenorphine, methadone, naltrexone) during the hospital stay and increases linkage to treatment after discharge compared to patients receiving usual care. The study is being conducted at three geographically distinct academic hospitals. Patients are randomly assigned within each hospital to receive the START intervention or usual care. Primary study outcomes are initiation of medication for opioid use disorder in the hospital and linkage to medication or other opioid use disorder treatment after discharge. Outcomes are assessed through participant interviews at baseline and 1 month after discharge and data from hospital and outpatient medical records. DISCUSSION The START intervention offers a compelling model to improve care for hospitalized patients with opioid use disorder. The study could also advance translational science by identifying an effective and generalizable approach to treating not only opioid use disorder, but also other substance use disorders and behavioral health conditions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05086796, Registered on 10/21/2021. https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov/ct2/results?recrs=ab&cond=&term=NCT05086796&cntry=&state=&city=&dist = .
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Ober
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA.
| | | | - Kimberly Page
- University of New Mexico Hospital, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Peter D Friedmann
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen Ryzewicz
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA
| | | | - Mia W Mazer
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Isabel Leamon
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, USA
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