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McClinton Appollis T, Mathews C, Lombard C, Jonas K. School Dropout, Absenteeism and Coverage of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in South Africa: Are Those Most at Risk Reached? AIDS Behav 2024:10.1007/s10461-024-04448-2. [PMID: 39028386 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
School attendance or completion is important for adolescents' development. Adolescents who drop out or are regularly absent from school are at higher risk of adverse sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes. However, there is little evidence evaluating SRH service coverage among adolescents in and out of school. In the context of a large-scale combination HIV and pregnancy prevention intervention funded by the Global Fund, we compared the SRH intervention coverage and SRH risks among adolescent girls who dropped out of school with those who were still in school or who had completed grade 12 in South Africa. Among those still in school, we compared the SRH intervention coverage and SRH risk profiles of those with high versus low or no absenteeism. In 2017 to 2018, we conducted a household survey of adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years in six of the ten combination intervention districts. Of 2515 participants, 7.6% had dropped out of school. Among the 1864 participants still in school, 10.8% had high absenteeism. Ever having had sex, and condomless sex were more prevalent among dropouts compared with non-dropouts. Dropouts were more likely to access SRH services such as condoms and contraceptives, except the combination prevention intervention services which were more likely to reach those who had not dropped out and were equally likely to reach those in school with high versus low/no absenteeism. Combination SRH prevention programmes can improve the accessibility of SRH services for adolescents in school/who complete school.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Mathews
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carl Lombard
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Jonas
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Aigbogun O, Aluh DO, Okoro RN, Yousefi M, Fawehinmi O, Abdullahi MS. Cross-sectional survey data on the socio-demographic characteristics associated with substance use among internal displaced persons in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Data Brief 2024; 52:109875. [PMID: 38146289 PMCID: PMC10749230 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between certain socio-demographic characteristics and substance use among internally displaced persons (IDPs). Using an adapted version of the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT) instrument, cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 520 IDPs living in three camps located in Maiduguri, Borno state of Nigeria. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21.0. Specifically, this article provides data about the participants' demographic characteristics, the types of substances they use, reasons for using such substances, and the prevalence of substance use. This dataset can offer valuable multivariate information for future research agendas in similar, or closely related study populations. This cross-sectional dataset is also valuable for policymakers who are seeking ways to intervene in the substance use problem, as well as other associated social vices, affecting the vulnerable population of IDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osaro Aigbogun
- Faculty of Business, Curtin University, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Deborah Oyine Aluh
- Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health (LIGMH), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1150-082 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roland Nnaemeka Okoro
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Midya Yousefi
- Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325060, China
| | - Olawole Fawehinmi
- Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Sani Abdullahi
- Department of Management and Marketing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Austin A, Favril L, Craft S, Thliveri P, Freeman TP. Factors associated with drug use in prison: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 122:104248. [PMID: 37952319 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About a third of people use drugs during their incarceration, which is associated with multiple adverse health and criminal justice outcomes. Many studies have examined factors associated with in-prison drug use, but this evidence has not yet been systematically reviewed. We aimed to systematically review and synthesise the evidence on factors related to drug use in prison. METHODS Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase) were systematically searched as well as grey literature, for quantitative, qualitative and mixed-methods studies examining factors related to drug use inside prison. We excluded studies that did not explicitly measure in prison drug use or only measured alcohol and/or tobacco use. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) for quantitative studies and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) for qualitative studies. The review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021295898). RESULTS Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria, reporting data on 26,399 people in prison. Most studies were of low or moderate-quality, and all used self-report to assess drug use. In quantitative studies, studies found that previous criminal justice involvement, poor prison conditions, pre-prison drug use and psychiatric diagnosis were positively associated with drug use in prison. In qualitative studies, reasons for drug use were closely linked to the prison environment lacking purposeful activity and the social context of the prison whereby drug use was seen as acceptable, necessary for cohesion and pressurised. CONCLUSION In the first systematic review of factors associated with drug use in prison, key modifiable risk factors identified from quantitative and qualitative studies were psychiatric morbidity and poor prison conditions. Non-modifiable factors included previous drug use and criminal history linked to substance use. Our findings indicate an opportunity to intervene and improve the prison environment to reduce drug use and associated adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Austin
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Louis Favril
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Sam Craft
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Phoebe Thliveri
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK.
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Svendsen VG, Stavseth MR, Skardhamar T, Bukten A. Psychiatric morbidity among women in Norwegian prisons, 2010-2019: a register-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:390. [PMID: 37268924 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Research suggests that women in prison have more mental health problems than men and are prone to suffer from more severe psychiatric disorders. This study utilizes national registry data to describe demographic and psychiatric gender differences in Norwegian prisons, and to investigate comorbid psychiatric disorders and time trends in psychiatric morbidity among women. METHODS Longitudinal data from the Norwegian Prison Release Study linked with the Norwegian Patient Registry and data from Statistics Norway provided information on health care utilization, socioeconomic status, and history of psychiatric disorders among all individuals (nwomen = 5,429; nmen = 45,432) who were incarcerated in a Norwegian prison between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS Women were more likely than men to have a history of any psychiatric disorder (75% vs. 59%). Substance use disorders and dual disorders were highly prevalent in both genders, yet highest among women (56 and 38% respectively, versus 43 and 24% among men). From 2010 to 2019, we found a considerable increase in the 12-month prevalence of most diagnostic categories among women entering prison. CONCLUSION Psychiatric and dual disorders are highly prevalent in Norwegian prisons, and especially among women. The proportion of women entering prison with a recent history of mental health problems has increased rapidly over the last decade. Women's prison institutions need to adjust health and social services, and awareness about substance use and other psychiatric disorders in order to meet the increasing proportion of women facing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard G Svendsen
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, SERAF, University of Oslo, Building 45, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, 0450, Norway.
| | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, SERAF, University of Oslo, Building 45, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, 0450, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Skardhamar
- Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, SERAF, University of Oslo, Building 45, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo, 0450, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Tverborgvik T, Stavseth MR, Bukten A. The association between drug use and mortality in a norwegian prison cohort: a prospective cohort study. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:22. [PMID: 37058181 PMCID: PMC10103423 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated mortality rates are found among people who have experienced incarceration, even long after release from prison. The mechanisms related to this excess mortality are complex products of both individual and situational factors. The aim of this study was to describe all-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with a history of imprisonment, and to examine both individual and situational factors associated with mortality. METHODS In this prospective cohort study we used baseline survey data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) study (N = 733) linked with data from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry during eight years of follow-up (2013-2021). RESULTS At end of follow-up, 56 persons (8%) of the cohort were deceased; 55% (n = 31) due to external causes such as overdoses or suicides, and 29% (n = 16) to internal causes such as cancer or lung disease. Having a score > 24 on the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT), indicating likely drug dependence was highly associated with external causes of death (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.34-8.16), while having a job before baseline imprisonment had a protective effect on all-cause mortality (OR 0.51, ,95% CI 0.28-0.95). CONCLUSIONS High DUDIT score at baseline were highly associated with external causes of death, even years after the DUDIT screening was done. Screening incarcerated people using validated clinical tools, such as the DUDIT, together with initiation of appropriate treatment, may contribute to reduced mortality in this marginalized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torill Tverborgvik
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1074, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
| | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1074, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4959, Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway
| | - Anne Bukten
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1074, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4959, Nydalen, Oslo, 0424, Norway
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Favril L. Drug use before and during imprisonment: Drivers of continuation. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 115:104027. [PMID: 37060886 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people who enter prison have recently used drugs in the community, a substantial portion of whom will continue to do so while incarcerated. To date, little is known about what factors may contribute to the continuation of drug use during imprisonment. METHODS Self-reported data were collected from a random sample of 1326 adults (123 women) incarcerated across 15 prisons in Belgium. Multivariate regression was used to investigate associations between in-prison drug use and sociodemographic background, criminological profile, drug-related history, and mental health among participants who reported pre-prison drug use. RESULTS Of all 1326 participants, 719 (54%) used drugs in the 12 months prior to their incarceration and 462 (35%) did so while in prison. There was a strong association between drug use before and during imprisonment (OR = 6.77, 95% CI 5.16-8.89). Of those who recently used drugs in the community, half (52%) continued to do so while incarcerated. Factors independently associated with continuation (versus cessation) were young age, treatment history, polydrug use, and poor mental health. In a secondary analysis, initiation of drug use while in prison was further related to incarceration history and low education. CONCLUSION Persistence of drug use following prison entry is common. People who continue to use drugs inside prison can be differentiated from those who discontinue in terms of drug-related history and mental health. Routine screening for drug use and psychiatric morbidity on admission to prison would allow for identifying unmet needs and initiating appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Favril
- Faculty of Law and Criminology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Lokdam NT, Stavseth MR, Bukten A. Drug use and re-imprisonment: A prospective study of the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) cohort. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 5:100127. [PMID: 36844156 PMCID: PMC9948910 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Re-imprisonments are common among people in prison who use drugs. This study aims to describe sociodemographic factors, mental health and level of pre-prison substance use in a cohort of people in prison, and to investigate re-imprisonment during follow-up according to their level of pre-prison drug use. Methods This was a prospective study using baseline data from the Norwegian Offender Mental Health and Addiction (NorMA) cohort (n = 733) recruited in 2013-2014 linked to data from the Norwegian Prison Registry and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Self-reported drug use before imprisonment was measured at baseline using the Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT). The outcome of interest was re-imprisonment examined using Cox regression. We excluded 32 persons because they were not released before the study ended. The study sample included 701 persons, with a total time-at-risk of 2479 person-years. Results Almost half of the study sample reported high-risk drug use before imprisonment (DUDIT score >24). During the study period, 43% (n = 267) were re-imprisoned. People with high-risk use had a hazard ratio (HR) of 4.20 (95% CI: 2.95-5.97) of re-imprisonment compared with people with low-risk use (DUDIT score <6). Older age and more education than primary school were associated with a reduced risk of re-imprisonment. Conclusion Compared with low-risk use, high-risk drug use is highly prevalent among people in prison and is associated with higher rates of re-imprisonment. This highlights the need for screening and treatment of drug use disorders among people in prisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Toresen Lokdam
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway,Corresponding author.
| | - Marianne Riksheim Stavseth
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway
| | - Anne Bukten
- Section for Clinical Addiction Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, Oslo 0407, Norway
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