1
|
Loor A, Wang D, Bossier P, Nevejan N. β-1,3-Glucan/chitin unmasking in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, Δmnn9, promotes immune response and resistance of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to Vibrio coralliilyticus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:470-479. [PMID: 36115606 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Yeast cells can play a crucial role in immune activation in fish and shellfish predominantly due to the cell wall component β-1,3-glucan, providing protection against bacterial or viral infections. However, the immunostimulatory capacity of dietary yeast cells remains poorly studied in bivalves. To understand the role of yeast cell wall components (mannan, β-glucan and chitin) as immune activators, this study characterized the surface carbohydrate exposure of the wild-type baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (WT) and its Δmnn9 mutant, which presents a defective mannan structure, and compared these profiles with that of β-glucan particles, using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled lectin binding analysis. Then, a first trial evaluated the immunological response in Crassostrea gigas juveniles after being fed for 24 h with an algae-based diet (100A) and its 50% substituted version (based on dry weight) with WT (50A50WT) and Δmnn9 (50A50Y), and the posterior resistance of the juveniles against Vibrio coralliilyticus infection (trial 1). The mRNA expression was measured for β-glucan-binding protein (CgβGBP), Toll-like receptor 4 (CgTLR4), C-type lectin receptor 3 (CgCLec-3), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (CgMyD88), nuclear factor-kappa B (CgNFκB), lysozyme (CgLys), interleukin 17-5 (CgIL17-5), and superoxide dismutase (CgSOD), in oysters, before and 24 h after the bacterial inoculation. A second trial tested the effect of incorporating Δmnn9 into the 100A diet for 24 h at different substitution levels: 0, 5, 10, 25, and 50% (100A, 95A5Y, 90A10Y, 75A25Y, and 50A50Y), followed by the bacterial challenge with V. coralliilyticus (trial 2). Our findings showed that the outer cell wall surface of WT is largely composed of mannan, while Δmnn9 presents high exposure of β-glucan and chitin, exhibiting similar FITC-lectin binding profiles (fluorescence intensity) to β-glucan particles. A significantly higher survival after the bacterial challenge was observed in oysters fed on 50A50Y compared to those fed 50A50WT and 100A in trial 1. This better performance of 50A50Y was supported by significantly higher gene expressions of CgLys, CgSOD, CgMyD88, and CgβGBP compared to 100A, and CgSOD and CgNFκB in relation to those fed on 50A50WT, prior to the bacterial inoculation. Furthermore, improved survival was observed in oysters fed 50A50Y compared to those offered lower Δmnn9 levels and 100A in trial 2. The superior performance of Δmnn9-fed oysters is mostly associated with the elevated presence of unmasked β-glucans on Δmnn9 cell wall surface, facilitating their interactions with oyster hemocytes. Further studies are needed to evaluate administration dose and frequency of Δmnn9 to develop strategies for long-term feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Loor
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy Nevejan
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bowden TJ, Kraev I, Lange S. Extracellular Vesicles and Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Mollusca-The Blue Mussel ( Mytilus edulis), Soft Shell Clam ( Mya arenaria), Eastern Oyster ( Crassostrea virginica) and Atlantic Jacknife Clam ( Ensis leei). BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120416. [PMID: 33255637 PMCID: PMC7760292 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Oysters and clams form an important component of the food chain and food security and are of considerable commercial value worldwide. They are affected by pollution and climate change, as well as a range of infections, some of which are opportunistic. For aquaculture purposes they are furthermore of great commercial value and changes in their immune responses can also serve as indicators of changes in ocean environments. Therefore, studies into understanding new factors in their immune systems may aid new biomarker discovery and are of considerable value. This study assessed new biomarkers relating to changes in protein function in four economically important marine molluscs, the blue mussel, soft shell clam, Eastern oyster, and Atlantic jacknife clam. These findings indicate novel regulatory mechanisms of important metabolic and immunology related pathways in these mollusks. The findings provide new understanding to how these pathways function in diverse ways in different animal species as well as aiding new biomarker discovery for Mollusca aquaculture. Abstract Oysters and clams are important for food security and of commercial value worldwide. They are affected by anthropogenic changes and opportunistic pathogens and can be indicators of changes in ocean environments. Therefore, studies into biomarker discovery are of considerable value. This study aimed at assessing extracellular vesicle (EV) signatures and post-translational protein deimination profiles of hemolymph from four commercially valuable Mollusca species, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), soft shell clam (Mya arenaria), Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and Atlantic jacknife clam (Ensis leei). EVs form part of cellular communication by transporting protein and genetic cargo and play roles in immunity and host–pathogen interactions. Protein deimination is a post-translational modification caused by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), and can facilitate protein moonlighting in health and disease. The current study identified hemolymph-EV profiles in the four Mollusca species, revealing some species differences. Deiminated protein candidates differed in hemolymph between the species, with some common targets between all four species (e.g., histone H3 and H4, actin, and GAPDH), while other hits were species-specific; in blue mussel these included heavy metal binding protein, heat shock proteins 60 and 90, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, GTP cyclohydrolase feedback regulatory protein, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase, and fibrinogen domain containing protein. In soft shell clam specific deimination hits included dynein, MCM3-associated protein, and SCRN. In Eastern oyster specific deimination hits included muscle LIM protein, beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, myosin heavy chain, thaumatin-like protein, vWFA domain-containing protein, BTB domain-containing protein, amylase, and beta-catenin. Deiminated proteins specific to Atlantic jackknife clam included nacre c1q domain-containing protein and PDZ domain-containing protein In addition, some proteins were common as deiminated targets between two or three of the Bivalvia species under study (e.g., EP protein, C1q domain containing protein, histone H2B, tubulin, elongation factor 1-alpha, dominin, extracellular superoxide dismutase). Protein interaction network analysis for the deiminated protein hits revealed major pathways relevant for immunity and metabolism, providing novel insights into post-translational regulation via deimination. The study contributes to EV characterization in diverse taxa and understanding of roles for PAD-mediated regulation of immune and metabolic pathways throughout phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Bowden
- Aquaculture Research Institute, School of Food & Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5735, USA;
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coates CJ, Söderhäll K. The stress–immunity axis in shellfish. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 186:107492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
Le Guernic A, Geffard A, Le Foll F, Palos Ladeiro M. Comparison of viability and phagocytic responses of hemocytes withdrawn from the bivalves Mytilus edulis and Dreissena polymorpha, and exposed to human parasitic protozoa. Int J Parasitol 2019; 50:75-83. [PMID: 31857073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are now considered indicator species of aquatic contamination by human parasitic protozoa. Nonetheless, the possible effects of these protozoa on the immune system of their paratenic hosts are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two protozoa on hemocyte viability and phagocytosis from two mussels, the zebra mussel (freshwater habitat) and the blue mussel (seawater habitat). For these purposes, viability and phagocytic markers have been analysed on hemocytes from mussels without biological stress (control hemocytes), and on hemocytes exposed to a biological stress (Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts). We report, for the first known time, the interactions between protozoa and hemocytes of mussels from different aquatic environments. Zebra mussel hemocytes showed a decrease in phagocytosis of fluorescent microbeads after exposure to both protozoa, while blue mussel hemocytes reacted only to T. gondii oocysts. These decreases in the ingestion of microbeads can be caused by competition between beads and oocysts and can be influenced by the size of the oocysts. New characterisations of their immune capacities, including aggregation, remain to be developed to understand the specificities of both mussels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Guernic
- Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Alain Geffard
- Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- Normandie Univ, unilehavre, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Mélissa Palos Ladeiro
- Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, UMR-I02 SEBIO, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tang Y, Cui Y, De Agostini A, Zhang L. Biological mechanisms of glycan- and glycosaminoglycan-based nutraceuticals. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 163:445-469. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
6
|
Lau YT, Gambino L, Santos B, Pales Espinosa E, Allam B. Regulation of oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocyte motility by the intracellular parasite Perkinsus marinus: A possible mechanism for host infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:18-25. [PMID: 29635064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemocytes associated with the mucus lining of pallial (mantle, gill) surfaces of the oyster Crassostrea virginica have been recently suggested to facilitate infection by the Alveolate parasite Perkinsus marinus by mediating the uptake and dispersion of parasite cells. These "pallial hemocytes", which are directly exposed to microbes present in surrounding seawater, are able to migrate bi-directionally between mucosal surfaces and the circulatory system, potentially playing a sentinel role. Interestingly, P. marinus was shown to increase trans-epithelial migration of hemocytes suggesting it may regulate cell motility to favor infection establishment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of P. marinus on hemocyte motility and identify specific molecular mechanisms potentially used by the parasite to regulate hemocyte migration. In a first series of experiments, various components of P. marinus (live P. marinus cells, extracellular products, fragments of P. marinus cell membrane, membrane-modified live P. marinus cells, heat-killed P. marinus) along with components of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus (bacterial cells and extracellular products) were investigated for their effects on hemocyte motility. In a second series of experiments, inhibitors of specific molecular pathways involved in motility regulation (Y-27632: inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinase, RGDS: integrin inhibitor, CK-666: Arp2/3 inhibitor) were used in conjunction with qPCR gene expression experiments to identify pathways regulated by P. marinus exposure. Results showed a specific increase in hemocyte motility following exposure to live P. marinus cells. The increase in motility induced by P. marinus was suppressed by RGDS and CK-666 implicating the involvement of integrins and Arp2/3 in cell activation. Gene expression data suggest that Arp2/3 is possibly regulated directly by an effector produced by P. marinus. The implications of increased hemocyte motility prompted by P. marinus during the early stage of the infection process are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Ting Lau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Laura Gambino
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Bianca Santos
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Song X, Song L. The oyster immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:99-118. [PMID: 28587860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate, oysters have evolved an integrated, highly complex innate immune system to recognize and eliminate various invaders via an array of orchestrated immune reactions, such as immune recognition, signal transduction, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, as well as encapsulation and phagocytosis of the circulating haemocytes. The hematopoietic tissue, hematopoiesis, and the circulating haemocytes have been preliminary characterized, and the detailed annotation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas genome has revealed massive expansion and functional divergence of innate immune genes in this animal. Moreover, immune priming and maternal immune transfer are reported in oysters, suggesting the adaptability of invertebrate immunity. Apoptosis and autophagy are proved to be important immune mechanisms in oysters. This review will summarize the research progresses of immune system and the immunomodulation mechanisms of the primitive catecholaminergic, cholinergic, neuropeptides, GABAergic and nitric oxidase system, which possibly make oysters ideal model for studying the origin and evolution of immune system and the neuroendocrine-immune regulatory network in lower invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, DalianOcean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheong KL, Xia LX, Liu Y. Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) with Anti-Tumor Activities Using an Aqueous Two-Phase System. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15110338. [PMID: 29104211 PMCID: PMC5706028 DOI: 10.3390/md15110338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simple aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was employed for concurrent purification of oyster polysaccharides. The chemical structure and anti-tumor activities of purified oyster polysaccharides (OP-1) were also investigated. Under optimal ATPS conditions, oyster polysaccharides can be partitioned in the bottom phase with 67.02% extraction efficiency. The molecular weight of OP-1 was determined as 3480 Da. OP-1 is a (1→4)-α-d-glucosyl backbone and branching points located at O-3 of glucose with a terminal-d-Glcp. The anti-tumor activity assay showed that OP-1 exhibited good activities, including promotion of splenocyte proliferation, IL-2 release, and inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation. Additionally, OP-1 had no in vivo toxicity. This finding suggests that ATPS is a much simpler and greener system, and it opens up new possibilities in the large-scale separation of active polysaccharides from oysters. OP-1 could be used by the health food and pharmaceutical therapies as potential anti-cancer adjuvants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li-Xuan Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Queiroga FR, Marques-Santos LF, Hégaret H, Sassi R, Farias ND, Santana LN, da Silva PM. Effects of cyanobacteria Synechocystis spp. in the host-parasite model Crassostrea gasar-Perkinsus marinus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 187:100-107. [PMID: 28407513 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsosis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites from the Perkinsus genus. In Brazil, two species, P. beihaiensis and P. marinus, are frequently found infecting native oysters (Crassostrea gasar and C. rhizophorae) from cultured and wild populations in several states of the Northeast region. The impacts of this disease in bivalves from Brazil, as well as the interactions with environmental factors, are poorly studied. In the present work, we evaluated the in vitro effects of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis spp. on trophozoites of P. marinus and haemocytes of C. gasar. Four cyanobacteria strains isolated from the Northeast Brazilian coast were used as whole cultures (WCs) and extracellular products (ECPs). Trophozoites of P. marinus were exposed for short (4h) and long (48h and 7days, the latter only for ECPs) periods, while haemocytes were exposed for a short period (4h). Cellular and immune parameters, i.e. cell viability, cell count, reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and phagocytosis of inert (latex beads) and biological particles (zymosan and trophozoites of P. marinus) were measured by flow cytometry. The viability of P. marinus trophozoites was improved in response to WCs of Synechocystis spp., which could be a beneficial effect of the cyanobacteria providing nutrients and reducing reactive oxygen species. Long-term exposure of trophozoites to ECPs of cyanobacteria did not modify in vitro cell proliferation nor viability. In contrast, C. gasar haemocytes showed a reduction in cell viability when exposed to WCs, but not to ECPs. However, ROS production was not altered. Haemocyte ability to engulf latex particles was reduced when exposed mainly to ECPs of cyanobacteria; while neither the WCs nor the ECPs modified phagocytosis of the biological particles, zymosan and P. marinus. Our results suggest a negative effect of cyanobacteria from the Synechocystis genus on host immune cells, in contrast to a more beneficial effect on the parasite cell, which could together disrupt the balance of the host-parasite interaction and make oysters more susceptible to P. marinus as well as opportunistic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marques-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento (LABID), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Roberto Sassi
- Laboratório de Ambientes Recifais e Biotecnologia de Microalgas (LARBIM), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Natanael Dantas Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Lucas Nunes Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Invertebrados (LABIPI), Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 131:121-36. [PMID: 26003824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of bivalve mollusks (phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia) are important in fisheries and aquaculture, whilst others are critical to ecosystem structure and function. These crucial roles mean that considerable attention has been paid to the immune responses of bivalves such as oysters, clams and mussels against infectious diseases that can threaten the viability of entire populations. As with many invertebrates, bivalves have a comprehensive repertoire of immune cells, genes and proteins. Hemocytes represent the backbone of the bivalve immune system. However, it is clear that mucosal tissues at the interface with the environment also play a critical role in host defense. Bivalve immune cells express a range of pattern recognition receptors and are highly responsive to the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns. Their responses to infection include chemotaxis, phagolysosomal activity, encapsulation, complex intracellular signaling and transcriptional activity, apoptosis, and the induction of anti-viral states. Bivalves also express a range of inducible extracellular recognition and effector proteins, such as lectins, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins, thioester bearing proteins, lipopolysaccharide and β1,3-glucan-binding proteins, fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) and antimicrobial proteins. The identification of FREPs and other highly diversified gene families in bivalves leaves open the possibility that some of their responses to infection may involve a high degree of pathogen specificity and immune priming. The current review article provides a comprehensive, but not exhaustive, description of these factors and how they are regulated by infectious agents. It concludes that one of the remaining challenges is to use new "omics" technologies to understand how this diverse array of factors is integrated and controlled during infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding J, Wang R, Yang F, Zhao L, Qin Y, Zhang G, Yan X. Identification and characterization of a novel phage-type like lysozyme from Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:81-9. [PMID: 24995730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme gene (RpLysPh) with high similarity to the bacteriophage lysozymes was identified in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full length cDNA of RpLysPh is 828bp and contains a 462bp open reading frame (ORF) that codes for a 154 amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that the three residues essential for catalytic activity in phage-type lysozyme (Glu(20), Asp(29), and Thr(35)) are conserved in RpLysPh. The comparison of the 3D models of RpLysPh and Coxiella burnetii lysozyme also suggested that the active sites involved in the binding of substrate have similar conformations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RpLysPh shares a similar origin with the bacterial phage-type lysozyme group. The highest level of expression of RpLysPh was observed in hemocytes, followed by mantle. Induction of RpLysPh expression was observed in gills in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), and whole glucan particles (WGP) challenge. The recombinant protein of RpLysPh showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ding
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yanjie Qin
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jin P, Zhou L, Song X, Qian J, Chen L, Ma F. Particularity and universality of a putative Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein (GNBP) gene from amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri): insights into the function and evolution of GNBP. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:835-845. [PMID: 22986589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins (GNBPs) are important pattern recognition proteins (PRPs), which can initiate host defense in response to pathogen surface molecules. The roles of GNBP in innate immunity of arthropods and molluscs have recently been reported. However, the GNBP gene has not been characterized in the species of higher evolutionary status yet. In this study, we identified and characterized an amphioxus GNBP gene (designated as AmphiGNBP). First, we identified and cloned the AmphiGNBP and found that the AmphiGNBP encodes a putative protein with 558 amino acids, which contains a conserved β-1, 3-glucan recognizing and binding domain. Second, we found that the AmphiGNBP encodes two extra WSC (cell Wall integrity and Stress response Component) domains, which are unique in AmphiGNBP protein. The two WSC domains of AmphiGNBP protein coupled with the expansion of amphioxus immunity repertoire might undergo intensive domain shuffling during the age of the Cambrian explosion. Finally, we found that the AmphiGNBP was mainly expressed in immune tissues, such as hepatic cecum and intestine, and the expression of AmphiGNBP was affected after LPS stimulation. In conclusion, our findings disclose the particularity and universality of AmphiGNBP and provide profound insights into the function and evolution of GNBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Goncalves P, Vernal J, Rosa RD, Yepiz-Plascencia G, de Souza CRB, Barracco MA, Perazzolo LM. Evidence for a novel biological role for the multifunctional β-1,3-glucan binding protein in shrimp. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:363-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Siva VS, Yang C, Yang J, Wang L, Wang L, Zhou Z, Qiu L, Song L. Association of CfLGBP gene polymorphism with disease susceptibility/resistance of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) to Listonella anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:1117-1123. [PMID: 22465359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide and β-1, 3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizing and binding both LPS and β-1, 3-glucan, playing important roles in innate immunity. In the present study, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed in LGBP gene from scallop Chlamys farreri (designated CfLGBP), and eight SNPs were found in its potential LPS and glucanase binding motif. The locus +7679 with the transition of G-A, which produced an amino acid substitution at codon 360 from a non polar Glycine to polar Serine, was selected to inspect their association with disease resistance/susceptibility to Listonella anguillarum. Three genotypes G/G, G/A and A/A, were revealed at locus +7679, and their frequencies were 89.7%, 7.7% and 2.6% in the resistant stock, while 63.2%, 34.2% and 2.6% in the susceptible stock, respectively. The frequency of genotypes G/G and G/A were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the two stocks. The pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) binding activity of two recombinant proteins, rCfLGBP (G) with G variant at locus +7679 and rCfLGBP (S) with A variant at locus +7679, were elucidated by ELISA assay. The binding affinities of both LPS and β-glucan binding affinity were varied in a dose-dependent manner, where the binding affinity of rCfLGBP (G) was significantly higher than that of rCfLGBP (S) (P < 0.05). The results collectively suggested that the polymorphism of +7679 G/G in CfLGBP possibly enhances the binding activity of LPS and β-glucan, and was associated to disease resistance of scallop against L. anguillarum, which could be a potential marker applied in future selection of scallop with enhanced resistance to L. anguillarum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinu S Siva
- Key laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Philipp EER, Kraemer L, Melzner F, Poustka AJ, Thieme S, Findeisen U, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. Massively parallel RNA sequencing identifies a complex immune gene repertoire in the lophotrochozoan Mytilus edulis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33091. [PMID: 22448234 PMCID: PMC3308963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine mussel Mytilus edulis and its closely related sister species are distributed world-wide and play an important role in coastal ecology and economy. The diversification in different species and their hybrids, broad ecological distribution, as well as the filter feeding mode of life has made this genus an attractive model to investigate physiological and molecular adaptations and responses to various biotic and abiotic environmental factors. In the present study we investigated the immune system of Mytilus, which may contribute to the ecological plasticity of this species. We generated a large Mytilus transcriptome database from different tissues of immune challenged and stress treated individuals from the Baltic Sea using 454 pyrosequencing. Phylogenetic comparison of orthologous groups of 23 species demonstrated the basal position of lophotrochozoans within protostomes. The investigation of immune related transcripts revealed a complex repertoire of innate recognition receptors and downstream pathway members including transcripts for 27 toll-like receptors and 524 C1q domain containing transcripts. NOD-like receptors on the other hand were absent. We also found evidence for sophisticated TNF, autophagy and apoptosis systems as well as for cytokines. Gill tissue and hemocytes showed highest expression of putative immune related contigs and are promising tissues for further functional studies. Our results partly contrast with findings of a less complex immune repertoire in ecdysozoan and other lophotrochozoan protostomes. We show that bivalves are interesting candidates to investigate the evolution of the immune system from basal metazoans to deuterostomes and protostomes and provide a basis for future molecular work directed to immune system functioning in Mytilus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva E R Philipp
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujii Y, Kawsar SM, Matsumoto R, Yasumitsu H, Ishizaki N, Dogasaki C, Hosono M, Nitta K, Hamako J, Taei M, Ozeki Y. A d-galactose-binding lectin purified from coronate moon turban, Turbo (Lunella) coreensis, with a unique amino acid sequence and the ability to recognize lacto-series glycosphingolipids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|